Amorphous Nanocomposites Research Articles

Surface oxidation and crystallization of FeNi-Based soft magnetic nanocrystalline and amorphous nanocomposite alloys

In this work, we present characterization of surface oxidation and crystallization behavior of Metal Amorphous Nanocomposite (MANC) (Fe 70 Ni 30 ) 80 Nb 4 Si 2 B 14 alloys via complementary x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. An adherent amorphous oxide of roughly 15–20 nm in thickness is observed on the wheel side of the ribbon, enriched in Fe relative to Ni and with significant content of Si and Nb as would be expected based upon a comparison of the Gibbs free energy of formation of the stable oxide phases. The amorphous character of the oxide is likely to result from the significant Si-content coupled with the amorphous and nanocrystalline character of the underlying metallic layer. Higher density of FeNi-enriched nanocrystals is also observed within ∼100 nm of the wheel-side surface, presumably due to reduction in local glass former concentration. A rough, crystalline copper oxide layer is also present and forms through contact between the copper wheel and the solidifying melt during the rapid solidification process. On the air side of the ribbon, a crystalline oxide layer of ∼15–20 nm is formed as well as intergranular oxidation that penetrates along the grain boundaries between highly textured surface crystallites of ∼50–100 nm in size. The crystalline nature of the oxide on these surfaces is asserted to result from the lack of significant Si-content and the pre-existing surface crystallites that form during the rapid solidification process which promote a crystalline oxide surface layer. These results shed new insights into the details of surface oxidation and can help to inform processing and alloy composition adjustments which seek to tailor surface properties.

Ultrastable and colorful afterglow from organic luminophores in amorphous nanocomposites: advanced anti-counterfeiting and in vivo imaging application

Special attention has been paid to the organic afterglow materials (OAM) for their fascinating properties. However, poor stability at air and complicated structure design hinder the development of OAM. Herein, sol-gel, a facile and simple technique, is employed to synthesize a series of organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposites (N1/SiO2, N2/SiO2, and N3/SiO2) by covalently linking three common aryl imides with crosslinked silica skeleton. These nanomaterials show excitation wavelength-dependent and colorful (yellow, red and green) afterglow of organic imides with long lifetime up to 1.1 s at air. Interestingly, the ultralong phosphorescence is ultrastable under various conditions: water, high temperature, UV irradiation and in vivo, due to the protection of inorganic silica. In particularly, heating to 500 °C does not quench the afterglow of organic luminophore in nanocomposites, but forms new ultralong phosphorescence originated from space-conjugation of silica and carbonyl. The afterglow nanomaterials display huge advantages in the applications of advanced anti-counterfeiting and bioimaging.

Novel, large area scalable polycrystalline Zn1-xCoxO films RF sputtered from a single mixed target for electrochemical water oxidation

The compound semiconductor Zn1-xCoxO (x = 0.42; ZnO:Co) has recently gained interest as a highly active electrocatalyst material for water oxidation (WOCs). We report on the significant structural and electronic transformations under anodic oxygen evolution reaction conditions of a novel, large area scalable sputtered ZnO:Co electrocatalyst. ZnO:Co sputtered films showed the transition of the polycrystalline ZnO:Co electrocatalyst material to a partially amorphous nanocomposite (ZnO:Co/Co(OH)2/CoOOH). A high reactivity of the electrocatalyst material compensates effectively the low specific surface area of sputtered electrocatalyst thin films. The aim of this work is to examine the polycystral morphology of sputtered electrocatalyst thin film material, which can be also produced industrially on large areas and has a high WOC performance.

Multiple phase transitions in Sc doped Sb2Te3 amorphous nanocomposites under high pressure

Subnanosecond switching speed from an amorphous state with stable crystal precursors to the crystalline state was recently achieved in amorphous Sc-doped Sb2Te3 (a-SST) phase change materials (PCMs), which is about two orders of magnitude faster than that in the well-studied Ge2Sb2Te5 and Ge1Sb2Te4 PCMs. However, the phase change mechanism and phase stability of a-SST remain unknown. Here, we prepared amorphous Sc0.3Sb2Te3 nanocomposites within a minute amount of face-centered-cubic (FCC) type nanograins embedded in the amorphous matrix. Using in situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we found that nanograins were frustrated under high pressure and gradually dissolved into the matrix around 11.0 GPa. Beyond 11.0 GPa, the a-SST matrix transformed into a uniform high density metallic like amorphous state with a five orders of magnitude drop in electric resistivity compared to the pristine materials. When further compressed to 23.97 GPa, the high density amorphous (HDA) phase switched into a body-centered-cubic (BCC) high-pressure structure, a different phase from the ambient pressure crystalline structure. Upon decompression back to ambient pressure, a pure amorphous phase was sustained. The present study provides additional insight into the phase change mechanism of amorphous nanocomposites.

Amorphous Metal-Organic Framework-Dominated Nanocomposites with Both Compositional and Structural Heterogeneity for Oxygen Evolution.

Amorphous metal-organic frameworks (aMOFs) are an emerging family of attractive materials with great application potential, however aMOFs are usually prepared under harsh conditions and aMOFs with complex compositions and structures are rarely reported. In this work, an aMOF-dominated nanocomposite (aMOF-NC) with both structural and compositional complexity has been synthesized using a facile approach. A ligand-competition amorphization mechanism is proposed based on experimental and density functional theory calculation results. The aMOF-NC possesses a core-shell nanorod@nanosheet architecture, including a Fe-rich Fe-Co-aMOF core and a Co-rich Fe-Co-aMOF shell in the core-shell structured nanorod, and amorphous Co(OH)2 nanosheets as the outer layer. Benefiting from the structural and compositional heterogeneity, the aMOF-NC demonstrates an excellent oxygen evolution reaction activity with a low overpotential of 249 mV at 10.0 mA cm-2 and Tafel slope of 39.5 mV dec-1 .

Effect of low thermal treatment temperatures on the morphological, optical and electrical properties of Sn1-xMnxTe nanocomposite films incorporated with indium cations

Amorphous chalcogenide semiconductors have advantageous optical and electrochemical properties, but the influence of the thermal treatment temperature on these properties is not clearly understood. In this study, In3+-incorporated Sn1-xMnxTe nanocomposite films were prepared on commercial glass substrates using a solution-based doctor-blading method and low thermal treatment temperatures. The effect of the thermal treatment temperature (50–200 °C) on the optical and electrical properties of the nanocomposite films was investigated. X-ray diffraction results confirmed that an amorphous nanocomposite film was formed at each thermal treatment temperature. However, variation in the optical parameters and electrical performance of the nanocomposite films with the thermal treatment temperature indicated that this temperature should not exceed 150 °C. Optimization of the thermal treatment temperature improved the light-harvesting ability of the nanocomposite films and enhanced the polarization of the incident radiation. These phenomena were caused by an increase in atomic oscillations associated with higher dipole moments in the films. The nanocomposite films subjected to thermal treatment at temperatures below 150 °C also exhibited the highest electrical conductivity. These results will allow the synthesis of improved materials for applications in solar selective surfaces and electro-optical, photovoltaic-thermal, and sensor devices.

Finite-Element Analysis Modeling of High-Frequency Single-Phase Transformers Enabled by Metal Amorphous Nanocomposites and Calculation of Leakage Inductance for Different Winding Topologies

The solid-state transformer (SST) is an emerging technology which is gaining increasing importance for future power distribution systems. Here, we present 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) of single-phase SSTs for operating frequencies of 50 kHz. We consider designs to benchmark materials aimed at controlling high-frequency losses to achieve higher power densities. The FEA model is solved in the time domain for frequencies of 50 kHz, at a fixed 800 V input voltage and 10 kW output power for the first four cycles. This paper analyzes the influence of leakage inductance on the waveform with an increasing number of turns and discusses how to calculate the leakage inductance of the different winding topologies by FEA. In addition, transformer topologies are coupled to a power analysis using a Steinmetz parameterization of magnetic losses capturing induction and field scaling for transformer losses for FeNi-based metal amorphous nanocomposites (MANCs) for SST applications and their benchmarking with amorphous and other MANCs and ferrites. Recently, discovered FeNi-based MANCs allow smaller transformers at equivalent power as compared to Si steels, Metglas, and Co-based MANCs. These Fe-rich and non-Co containing MANCs also offer economies based on lower raw materials costs as compared with Co-based MANCs and significantly improved mechanical properties with respect to commercially available Fe-based MANCs.

Hollow core-shell nanostructured MnO2/Fe2O3 embedded within amorphous carbon nanocomposite as sensitive bioplatform for detecting protein tyrosine kinase-7

Abstract We designed and synthesized a novel bimetallic MnFe oxides embedded within amorphous carbon layer (represented by MnO2/Fe2O3@aC) and exploited it as the scaffold to construct a label-free electrochemical aptasensor for selectively detecting the trace cancer marker, i.e., protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7). The used MnO2/Fe2O3@aC composite was derived from the composite of the bimetallic MnFe Prussian blue analog (MnFe PBA) and polypyrrole (PPy) by calcination at 400 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations revealed that coexisting metal ions (Mn2+, Mn3+, and Fe2+) and metallic Fe (Fe0) were contained in the pristine hollow MnFe PBA and MnFePBA@PPy nanoboxes. After calcination, metallic ions (Mn2+ and Fe2+) were oxidized to their corresponding metal oxides (MnO2 and Fe2O3). Meanwhile, the covered PPy layer over MnFe PBA was transferred into carbon nitride. The coexistence of MnO2, Fe2O3, amorphous carbon, and various functional N-related groups endows the as-prepared MnO2/Fe2O3@aC composite strong binding interaction with aptamer strands and good electrochemical activity. Most importantly, the synergistic effect between bimetallic oxide particles and amorphous carbon can improve the electrochemical activity of the substrate and also can enhance the G-quadruplex stability in aqueous solution formed between the aptamer strands and PTK7 via biorecognition force. This force further improves the sensing performance toward PTK7. The fabricated MnO2/Fe2O3@aC -based aptasensor exhibited a low detection limit of 44 fg mL−1 within a broad PTK7 concentration from 0.1 pg mL−1 to 10 ng mL−1 and 20 cell·mL−1 toward human esophageal cancer EC9706 cells ranged from 1 × 102 to 1 × 106 cell·mL−1, along with high selectivity, good stability and reproducibility, and acceptability in the human serum. The elaborated aptasensor provides a novel strategy for building PBA-based and PBA derivative-based sensors for the sensitive detection of various cancer markers.

Amorphous CoFe Double Hydroxides Decorated with N-Doped CNTs for Efficient Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution.

The development and design of a highly active and affordable nanostructured material as an efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxygen evolution is a pressing necessity to realize industrial production of hydrogen by water electrolysis. Amorphous nanocomposites have recently attracted interest owing to their superior electrocatalytic activity derived from their unique structure. Herein, amorphous CoFe double hydroxides (Am-CFDH) decorated with N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) is synthesized by a facile and simple one-pot approach under room temperature. Through electrochemical measurement, the bare Am-CFDH nanocomposite already exhibits a comparable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity to the commercial IrO2 catalyst on account of its amorphous nature and the interaction between Co and Fe. The introduced NCNTs can provide better electrical conductivity, more anchoring sites, and functional groups for enhancing the transfer of electrons and reactants, preventing the agglomeration of Am-CFDH to expose more active sites, and improving the synergistic effect between Am-CFDH and NCNTs. Thus, the Am-CFDH/NCNTs hybrid displays favorable durability beyond 20 h and advanced OER activity, owning a small overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a low Tafel slope of 56.88 mV dec-1 in alkaline medium.

Crystallization-induced semiconductor-metal transition in an amorphous CoFeTaBO magnetic semiconductor nanocomposite

In the present study, we investigated the effects of crystallization on magnetic and electrical properties of an amorphous CoFeTaBO magnetic semiconductor nanocomposite. Crystallization was found to trigger a semiconductor-metal transition in the nanocomposite. The room-temperature resistivity was decreased by nearly three orders of magnitude due to the crystallization. The crystalline phase in the sample was determined to have CoFe2O4-type cubic spinel structure. In comparison with the amorphous nanocomposite, the crystallized nanocomposite exhibited much harder ferromagnetism. The out-of-plane coercivity of the as-prepared sample was increased from below 1 Oe to ∼490 Oe. In addition, the crystallized sample exhibited enhanced anisotropic magnetoresistance. The crystallization-induced significant difference in the magnetic and electrical properties may enable the amorphous nanocomposite as a magnetic phase change material to play an important role in magnetoelectric devices.

Virtual bound states elements and their effects on magnetic and electrical properties of Fe-Ni based metal amorphous nanocomposites

Metal amorphous nanocomposite alloys, with compositions (Fe70Ni30)80-xNb4Si2B14TEx (0 ≤ x ≤ 5), where TE is a transition element, and (Fe70Ni30)80-yNb4+ySi2B14 (0.5 ≤ y ≤ 2) were synthesized. Samples were annealed at 440 °C and strain-annealed at 440 °C and 300 MPa. Resistivity was found to increase with small substitutions of TE elements. Increasing V resulted in reduced Bs from 1.2 T to 0.5 T. Further Mo additions lowered Bs to 0.6 T, and consistently reduced the permeability. For Cr and Nb, resistivity increased, and strain-annealed permeability was lower than the annealed permeability. Lastly, toroidal core losses on (Fe70Ni30)79.5Nb4Si2B14V1 yielded W1.0/400 = 2.1 W/kg, and W1.0/1 k = 6.0 W/kg.

Amorphous phosphorus-doped MoS2 catalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

Splitting water is an important method for producing clean and sustainable hydrogen to replace finite fossil fuels in future energy systems. MoS2 is reported as a promising catalyst without noble metallic elements to accelerate the rate of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. However, there is a real need and strong demand for further improvement of the MoS2-based catalyst. In the present study, a novel amorphous phosphorus-doped MoS2 nanocomposite (P-MoS2) is prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. Compared with crystalline molybdenum disulfide, the amorphous P-doped MoS2 catalyst exhibits much better activity with a smaller Tafel slope of 39 mV dec−1. Moreover, good stability is also demonstrated over the P-MoS2 catalyst in acidic electrolyte. This highly active amorphous P-doped MoS2 catalyst is a promising candidate to facilitate the development of economical hydrogen production systems.

Impact of ZnO nanoparticle morphology on relaxation and transport properties of PLA nanocomposites

In this work we study the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle morphology and concentration on the resulting relaxation and transport properties of polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites. Films containing spherical and rod-shaped ZnO nanoparticles were incorporated into an amorphous polylactide (PLA) matrix through a solvent-precipitation and compression moulding method. Morphological analyses carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results indicate a much better distribution of rod-shaped ZnO within PLA matrix. Relaxation experiments reveal faster physical aging kinetics of PLA in presence ZnO nanoparticles notwithstanding their shape, suggesting the presence of non-interacting surfaces between the amorphous PLA matrix and the ZnO nanoparticles. Interestingly, both helium and oxygen permeability remained stable or increase upon nanoparticle addition, and anisole sorption kinetics showed faster mass transport in the nanocomposites, suggesting that the low interfacial adhesion between PLA and ZnO brings supplementary voids to the material increasing mass transport. Overall, the experimental findings here reported provide a deeper understanding on the influence of metal oxide nanoparticle morphology on the resulting relaxation and gas transport properties of amorphous polymeric nanocomposites.

Novel synthesis of a clay supported amorphous aluminum nanocomposite and its application in removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions

A bentonite supported amorphous aluminum (B–Al) nanocomposite was synthesized by the NaBH4 reduction method in an ethanol–water interfacial solution and characterized with SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR and XRF. Surface morphology and line scans obtained from TEM imaging suggest the successful synthesis of the nanocomposite while XRF data shows a drastic change in Al concentration in the synthesized nanocomposite with respect to raw bentonite. This synthesized nanocomposite was further utilized for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(vi)) from aqueous solutions. The very high removal efficiency of the composite for Cr(vi) (i.e. 49.5 mg g−1) was revealed by the Langmuir sorption isotherm. More than 90% removal of Cr(vi) in just 5 minutes of interaction suggests very fast removal kinetics. Inner sphere complexation and coprecipitation of Cr(vi) can be concluded as major removal mechanisms. No influence of ionic strength suggests inner sphere complexation dominated in Cr(vi) uptake. pH of the solution didn't influence the sorption much but comparatively the removal was higher under alkaline conditions (99.4%) than under acidic conditions (93.7%). The presence of humic acid and bicarbonate ions reduced the sorption significantly. The final product, Cr–Al(OH)3 results in precipitation by forming alum which indicates that clay supported amorphous aluminum nanocomposites can be considered as potential sorbents for toxic metal ions in the environment.

Effects of CNTs on thermal transitions, thermal diffusivity and electrical conductivity in nanocomposites: comparison between an amorphous and a semicrystalline polymer matrix.

Two series of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) based on amorphous styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and semicrystalline linear low-density polyethylene (PE) matrices were filled with 2-15 wt% carbon nanotubes (CNT) and were studied by employing calorimetry, dielectric spectroscopy and laser flash analysis. The electrical conductivity, σ, increased with CNT loading and similar values were exhibited for the two matrices, uniquely depending on the concentration of the CNTs, suggesting practically no effects of the crystalline fraction (CF) on σ. For both types of matrix, a fraction of the polymer was found to be immobilized (rigid amorphous fraction, RAF). For the amorphous SBR, the RAF in PNCs originates uniquely from the presence of the filler (RAFfiller up to 0.19 wt). On the other hand, for the semicrystalline PE, the RAF is significantly larger (0.4-0.6 wt) due to the severe contribution of the RAF around the crystals (RAFcrystal). The thermal diffusivity, α, is quite low in both types of PNCs and exhibits higher values in the semicrystalline matrix (PE-based PNCs). Our results suggest that in these PNCs, heat transport mechanisms are activated mainly in the crystalline domains, more so with the additive contribution of the RAFcrystal. In the amorphous SBR-based PNCs, heat transport is facilitated mainly by CNTs, whereas the RAFfiller is found to be a good measure of the thermal resistance behavior of CNT/polymer interphases and consequently, of thermal diffusivity. Direct correlation of the results obtained by the three techniques with each other revealed the systematic dependence of α on the amount of RAF in each matrix; the α(RAF) trends, however, are different for the two matrices. Furthermore, the results suggest that the two RAFs exhibit different structural characteristics, e.g. the RAFcrystal exhibits a more ordered structure than the RAFfiller; this issue is still an open debate in the literature.

Immediate release of helicid from nanoparticles produced by modified coaxial electrospraying

In this paper, a modified coaxial electrospraying process was explored for the generation of novel nanoscale composite materials. A solution comprising 5% (w/v) of the model drug helicid and 10% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K10 in a mixture of N,N-dimethylacetamide and ethanol (4:6, v:v) was employed as the shell working liquid. This could not be processed into a solid product when processed by single-fluid electrospraying. However, when undertaking co-axial electrospraying with a core shellac solution (40% w/v in ethanol) solid particles were obtained. An extremely thin nanocoating layer of drug-polymer composite with an estimated thickness of 7 nm was deposited on a shellac core. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the drug was converted into an amorphous nanocomposite with the PVP in the shell layer, losing its original crystalline state. In vitro dissolution tests revealed that all the helicid loading could be released within one minute, suggesting the particles have potential applications to deliver very rapid therapeutic effects. Mechanisms are proposed underlying the formation and functional performance of the materials.

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETORICOXIB LOADED SOLUPLUS® NANOCOMPOSITES

Objective: The objective of this study was to prepare and characterize etoricoxib (ECB) loaded Soluplus® nanocomposites to improve its physicochemical properties. The effect of polymer and surfactant concentration on particle size, in vitro percentage dissolution efficiency and the anti-inflammatory activity of nanocomposites were also investigated.Methods: The nanocomposites were prepared by using a freeze-drying technique. The analytical evidence for the formulation of lyophilized nanocomposites in solid state were generated and confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray powder diffractometry (XPRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro drug release profile of nanocomposites was compared with pure ECB powder.Results: The nanocomposites of ECB were contained in a nano range with particle size and zeta potential of 63.5 nm and 46.5 mv, respectively. The solubility and dissolution of the nanocomposites were significantly (p<0.001) improved as compared to ECB alone, evidenced by decreased log P values (1.90±0.002) of the nanocomposites. The characterization studies revealed the formation of amorphous nanocomposites of ECB with existence of physical interactions between drug and polymer. The anti-inflammatory activity of nanocomposites evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model demonstrated nonsignificant (p>0.05) increase in anti-inflammatory activity as compared to pure ECB.Conclusion: From the results, it could be concluded that the formation of ECB nanocomposites with Soluplus® could be an effective and alternative approach to modify the physicochemical properties of ECB.

Hollow Ni-CoSe2 Embedded in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocomposites Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks for High-Rate Anodes.

Developing high-rate anode materials with large capacity for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is quite necessary for the booming electric vehicles industry. The utilization of stable and conductive hollow structures for electrode composite materials could make the desired performances possible in the future. Thus, in this study, a hollow structured Ni-CoSe2 embedded in N-doped amorphous carbon nanocomposite (Ni-CoSe2@NC) has been successfully synthesized with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as precursors. Such strategy integrates both the merits of the multicomponents and the hollow structure; the latter could facilitate both mass and charge transport, and the former (the N-doped carbon) could not only offer plenty of surface defects, improving the surface capacitive contributions, but also stabilize the electrode structure during the charge/discharge processes. As a result, the metal selenide composite delivers outstanding high-rate properties with good stability as the anode for LIBs. The structure and components design could also be extended to other anode composites in the future.

Mechanical properties of strain annealed metal amorphous nanocomposite (MANC) soft magnetic material

Metal amorphous nanocomposites (MANCs) offer lower losses than silicon steels and higher saturation inductions than amorphous alloys. Their application in motors will require a detailed understanding of their mechanical properties. Co74.6Fe2.7Mn2.7Nb4Si2B14 was studied by nanoindentation and tensile testing to determine hardness, elongation, Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and Poisson's ratio. Young's modulus was observed to increase with crystallization at 50 MPa, and then decrease when annealing under applied stress. Annealing at even higher stress resulted in no significant change in Young's modulus. This trend was replicated in nanohardness results. The UTS and elongation decrease with crystallization and show a large increase in standard deviation. Reduction in UTS and elongation has been attributed to embrittlement, as well as the high surface roughness of the ribbon material. Poisson's ratio remained relatively constant at 0.31–0.33 for all samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on annealed samples, revealing fine nanocrystals. Profilometry indicates significant surface roughness, which contribute to reduction of UTS and elongation. Hardness, UTS, and elongation compare favorably to existing materials, but embrittlement of the material needs to be addressed to allow use in electric motor applications.

Amorphous Nanoparticulate Formulation of Sirolimus and Its Tablets.

Nanocrystallization and amorphization have proven to be two effective strategies to improve the bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs. The purpose of our work was to develop a nano-formulated tablet of sirolimus (SRL) for enhanced dissolution. Amorphous SRL nanocomposites were prepared using anti-solvent precipitation via a high-gravity rotating packed bed. Various factors that affect particle size and size distribution, such as excipients, rotating speed, antisolvent/solvent flow rate, were investigated. Structure, stability and in vitro dissolution of the as-prepared SRL were evaluated. Furthermore, the nanoparticulated SRL tablet formula was screened to control drug release. Importantly, SRL tablets exhibit different dissolution profile by adjusting HPMC (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) content, which makes them more suitable for various formulation developments.