The research investigates the potential of economic evaluation as a strategic lever for enhancing architectural and landscape heritage in fragile contexts, adopting a life-cycle perspective and integrating it into sustainable regeneration processes promoted by Renewable Energy Communities (RECs). It is assumed that the energy transition can represent an opportunity for local administrations to initiate collaborative governance processes aimed at territorial revitalization, particularly in marginal areas. This study proposes a methodological approach to economically evaluate energy empowerment interventions on underutilized historic buildings and cultural sites awaiting reactivation. At the core of the approach lies Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), employed as a decision-support tool to guide long-term economically sustainable public policies. The methodology has been applied to the Former Ammunition Depot of Sangano (Turin), a decommissioned military site under municipal ownership, lacking specific heritage protection and located within a fragile territorial context with limited resources. Particular attention was devoted to the reuse of public spaces and the design of lighting scenarios, conceived both for the functional and symbolic renovation and enhancement of the site. The economic evaluation, conducted through LCCA, simulated the integration of the complex into a local REC to verify the capacity of energy-sharing models to offset the costs of adaptive reuse, with a specific focus on public space lighting. The direct involvement of the Municipality demonstrated how analytical tools such as LCCA can support multi-level decision-making and foster the transformation of dormant heritage assets into strategic resources for local development. La ricerca esplora il potenziale della valutazione economica quale leva strategica per la valorizzazione del patrimonio architettonico e paesaggistico in contesti fragili, adottando una prospettiva di ciclo di vita e integrandola nei processi di rigenerazione sostenibile promossi dalle Comunità Energetiche Rinnovabili (CER). Si assume che la transizione energetica rappresenti per le amministrazioni locali un’opportunità per avviare processi di governance collaborativa volti alla rivitalizzazione territoriale, in particolare nelle aree marginali. Questo studio propone un approccio metodologico per valutare interventi di efficientamento energetico su edifici storici sottoutilizzati e siti culturali in attesa di riattivazione. Strumento centrale è la Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), impiegata come supporto decisionale per orientare politiche pubbliche economicamente sostenibili. L’approccio è stato applicato al Deposito Munizioni (ex Polveriera) di Sangano (Torino), ex sito militare di proprietà comunale e privo di tutela specifica, inserito in un contesto di fragilità territoriale e risorse limitate. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata al riuso degli spazi pubblici e alla progettazione di scenari di illuminazione, funzionali e simbolici per la riattivazione del sito. La valutazione economica ha simulato attraverso la LCCA l’inserimento del complesso in una CER locale per verificare la capacità dei modelli di condivisione energetica di compensare i costi di un riuso adattivo, in particolare per l’illuminazione degli spazi pubblici. Il coinvolgimento diretto del Comune ha dimostrato come strumenti di analisi quali la LCCA possano sostenere decisioni multilivello e favorire la trasformazione di patrimoni in attesa in risorse strategiche per lo sviluppo locale.

Past studies conducted at CFAD Dundurn (Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot – Dundurn) indicated a minor accumulation of munitions’ residues either in the surface soil and groundwater, with a few exceptions, including perchlorate, which travelled to the groundwater resulting in an important plume. The perchlorate plume moves to the west with a velocity around 7.5 m/y and sink deeper in the aquifer at a velocity of 0.3 m/y. Considering the geological/hydrogeological context in Dundurn, it would take more than 700 years to reach the limit of the property (Dakota First Nation land). In 2023, the mass flux was estimated at 258 g/y which is half than previous years (2020-2022) on the North-South transect. The maximum perchlorate mass discharge (26% of the total flux) is recorded in a well at depth and is related to a high perchlorate concentration and a high hydraulic conductivity (K). K values spread over three order of magnitude (10-4 to 10-7 m/s) at the site and increased with depth. Low K values on the upper part of the aquifer allows the plume to sink. Tracer tests allowed to indicate that the geology of the site is heterogeneous and more complex than anticipated. An effective porosity of 0.32 was measured. This value can be used for the design of an is situ remediation technic of the plume. The 50-hour pumping test at 13 L/min confirms a global hydraulic conductivity value of 10-4 m/s for the aquifer in this vicinity, a radius of influence of 23 m and a capture zone that extended on 220 m. This information can be used for the design of a pump and treat system to capture the perchlorate plume. The meteorological data from the Saskatoon weather station RCS (35 km from the site) show that precipitations decreased from 400 mm to 200 mm over the last 11 years (2012-2023). The precipitation recorded at the site station is around 65 mm in 2023 indicating a desertic climate (with precipitation <100 mm). The site's desert conditions, lack of nearby receptors (natural or man-made) and low population density make it an excellent location for ordnance destruction.

At ∼00:56 UTC on 2024-Sep-18, the first seismo-acoustic event in a series over a period of ∼15 h occurred at an ammunition depot in Toropets, Russia. Over 25 events have both seismic [recorded at FINES, Finland (638 km)] and infrasound [recorded at IS43, Russia (339 km)] arrivals associated, with the seismic station OBN (342 km) recording both seismic and air-to-ground coupled arrivals. Additionally, there are >40 events observed as infrasound-only arrivals. Where seismic arrivals exist, we can determine the origin time of the events and the celerities of the associated infrasound signals at IS43. The observed signals generally show two arrivals with typical stratospheric celerities (∼307 and ∼280 m/s for the first and second arrivals, respectively), followed by a later thermospheric arrival (∼246 m/s). The two “stratospheric” arrivals show variation in amplitude and frequency content both relative to each other and through time. Seismic magnitudes also vary through time, indicating variable explosive yield and ground coupling. Atmospheric specifications predict a weak stratospheric duct that cannot explain the two stratospheric arrivals at IS43. Our analysis focuses on how to characterize complex event sequences using far-field infrasound. [UK Ministry of Defence © Crown Owned Copyright 2024/AWE.]

Infrasound in the rarefied thermosphere (altitudes >85 km) exhibits waveform stretching and wavefront steepening due to non-linear propagation effects. Such characteristics are a function of both the acoustic pressure amplitudes and the thermospheric propagation path length. If the propagation path can be accurately estimated, the extent of waveform stretching can be used to evaluate near-source pressure amplitudes, providing information on the acoustic source size. On 2024-September-18 a series of explosions occurred at the Toropets ammunition depot, in Russia, reportedly due to a Ukrainian drone attack. Recordings of >20 thermospheric phases were recorded at a distance of 339 km on the IS43 six-element microbarometer array near Dubna, Russia. Across a period of 4 h the group velocity (celerity) of these arrivals increases from 238 to 252 m/s, likely indicating a continuous reduction in the propagation path turning height. We compare these observations with numerical propagation modeling results using state-of-the-art meteorological specifications and consider how the observations can assist in better characterizing the propagation path. The implications for source size estimation and associated uncertainties will be discussed. [UK Ministry of Defence © Crown Owned Copyright 2025/AWE.]

During the war, the safe provision of the required ammunition at the desired place and time can affect the fate of the war and even the country. Determining the amount of ammunition to be needed in the war is as important as planning its distribution. Two problems are important research topics in the field of military logistics. A two-stage methodology is presented in the study to solve these problems. In the first stage, an analytical approach based on suitability tests is presented to estimate the amount of ammunition that military artillery units will need based on past general data, and ammunition requirements for possible battles are estimated. In the second stage, a distribution network design is carried out for the distribution of ammunition from the ammunition depot to the deployed artillery units. This distribution network also includes reverse logistics activities, as it is necessary to collect the waste left by the ammunition used by the artillery units. In order to achieve this in the study, a Multi-Period Multi Depot Simultaneous Pick Up&Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem Model has been developed. The results obtained as a result of the solution of the model have been examined in detail and analyzed by comparing with the current situation.

The exceptional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performances of core-shell catalysts are well documented, yet their activity and durability origins have been interpreted only based on the static structures. Herein we employ a NiFe alloy coated with a nitrogen-doped graphene-based carbon shell (NiFe@NC) as a model system to elucidate the active structure and stability mechanism for the ORR and OER by combining constant potential computations, ab initio molecular dynamic simulations, and experiments. The results reveal that the synergistic effects between the alloy core and carbon shell facilitate the formation of Fe-N-C active sites and replenish metal sites when central metal atoms detach. The metal core and catalytic environment function as an "ammunition depot" and "automatic loader," respectively, ensuring long-term stability. Notably, atomic diffusion behaviors are identified as critical for the formation and regeneration of active sites during the ORR/OER. This work provides new insights into the activity and stability of core-shell catalysts and emphasizes the importance of reconstruction and dynamic structural evolution in electrocatalysts.

Taking the reconstruction of Melbourne central bullet depot as the reading object, this paper reveals how the old and new buildings are connected and symbiotic in the intersection of history and modernity, and analyzes the relationship between their design strategies and symbiosis theory. Using the symbiosis thought put forward by Kurokawa as a theoretical framework, this paper discusses the historical background of Melbourne central bullet factory and its transformation method, and realizes the continuation of cultural memory and field integration through spatial reconstruction; Multi-sensory synesthesia evokes the memory of urban historical context; The integration of the individual and the whole promotes the dynamic balance within the city. Melbourne central's planning shows the characteristics of metabolic urban complex, the harmonious creation of old and new buildings, the revival of culture, and the connection and symbiosis of modern society. As a visual interpretation of symbiosis theory, it truly reflects the sustainable development idea of urban planning. The concept of symbiosis provides a new path for future urban development, so as to promote the inheritance of history and culture and the liveliness of space.

It is widely believed that banks in Switzerland keep their hoards of gold safely in vaults in the city, but during the Second World War, the banks discovered a more efficient, secure, and spacious place for their gold: the Alps. Using built objects as evidence, this article describes how, in 1939, a military ammunition depot in the Bernese Alps was converted into a mountain vault, for the Swiss National Bank to store its domestic gold reserves. What started as an evacuation site, along the way changed purpose from protection against the enemy to catering to them. As the gold reserves of the National Bank grew, its vaults in Bern and Zurich were no longer large enough to store all the incoming precious metals. Only by its decentralization to the Alps could Switzerland keep up the gold trade with, amongst others, Nazi Germany. Based on extensive research in the Swiss National Bank's archives, the article discloses, for the first time, evidence of the wide-ranging infrastructures and bureaucracies that facilitated the storage of gold in the Alps - a history that until today has been dominated by popular myths rather than critical historical inquiry.

During the war, the safe provision of the required ammunition at the desired place and time can affect the fate of the war and even the country. Determining the number and locations of ammunition depots needed in the war is as important as planning their distribution. Ammunition supply has always been a force multiplier for military units. Although the timely delivery of ammunition to the unit is not sufficient for success on its own, it is an important factor. These two issues are directly related to each other. This study presents a two-stage methodology to solve the problems in question. In the first stage, it was decided which of the 3 different types of depots, whose establishment locations were known with the p-median model, would be opened, and the unit-depot assignments were determined. In the second stage, the distribution network design for the distribution of ammunition from the ammunition depot to the deployed artillery units was realized with the Capacity-Constrained Vehicle Routing Problem (CCVRP) model. This methodology was tested for a fictitious situation where the geographical location and numerical information of the depots and artillery batteries were generated generically. By solving the mathematical model in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) program, it was determined which depot should distribute how many vehicles to which artillery batteries, and the results were presented visually.

Chemotherapy-based combination regimens are recommended as first-line treatment for colorectal cancer. However, multidrug resistance (MDR) and limited drug infiltration in tumor microenvironment remain critical challenges. Herein, a pH/redox dual activated supramolecular DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) nanoparticles (NPs) via host-guest molecular recognition to achieve relay drugs delivery of active oxaliplatin (OxPt (IV)) and Src inhibitor dasatinib (DAS) between tumor cells is developed. DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs exhibit prolonged circulation in the blood and intra-tumoral retention. Triggered by the endo/lysosome (pH 5.0), flexible DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs exhibited proton-driven in situ assembly to form nanofiber in tumor cells. Dual chemotherapeutic agents released from DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs synergistically cause irreversible DNA damage by blocking p53-mediated DNA repair. Supramolecular nanofibers can further serve as the "ammunition depot" to continuously release drugs from dying cells and transport them into neighboring tumor cells, leading to domino-like cell death and enhanced immunogenicity. Furthermore, DAS@CD-OxPt (IV) NPs combined with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy strikingly suppress CT26 tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis.

Headline CHAD: Ammunition depot explosion may hurt government

Due to economic changes and population growth, the facilities in military need to be changed, and in particular, ammunition depots for wartime occupy a large number of sites, so management policies need to be improved. The Ministry of National Defense is presenting the design of the underground ammunition depot according to the guidelines, but concrete improvements are needed in consideration of wartime preparation. Our study aims to explore the importance and priorities of how to utilize the technology of the 4th Industrial Revolution necessary for smartization of underground ammunition depots for implementing Defense Innovation 4.0. To this end, the present study conducted an AHP analysis based on the criteria (guard, safety, environment, logistics system, equipment facilities, and life management) to be considered as a smartization plan for underground ammunition depots, and the need to apply it in the relative importance of AI, IoT, big data, cloud, and robots was confirmed. As a result of the analysis, this paper has shown that it is necessary to strengthen the safety and guard-related systems of underground ammunition depots in the future, and to monitor the condition of ammunition using IoT and AI and pursue efficient operation. This study provides practical and academical considerations for future research. priority determination and policy implementation using the 4th Industrial Revolution technology are required for the effective construction and operation of smart underground ammunition depots. Subsequent studies need to expand the underground ammunition depot in consideration of the characteristics of the weapon system, taking into account the safety and availability considering the total cycle.

Sustainable retinal codelivery poses significant challenges technically, although it is imperative for synergistic treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). Here, a microemulsion-doped hydrogel (Bor/PT-M@TRG) is engineered as an intravitreal depot composing of temperature-responsive hydrogel (TRG) and borneol-decorated paeoniflorin (PF) & tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)-coloaded microemulsions (Bor/PT-M). Bor/PT-M@TRG, functioning as the "ammunition depot", resides in the vitreous and continuously releases Bor/PT-M as the therapeutic "bullet", enabling deep penetration into the retina for 21 days. A single intravitreal injection of Bor/PT-M@TRG yields substantial reductions in choroidal neovascularization (CNV, a hallmark feature of wAMD) progression and mitigates oxidative stress-induced damage in vivo. Combinational PF&TMP regulates the "reactive oxygen species/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1" pathway and blocks the "hypoxia inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor" signaling in retina, synergistically cutting off the loop of CNV formation. Utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques, they present compelling multifaceted evidence of sustainable retinal codelivery spanning formulations, ARPE-19 cells, in vivo eye balls, and ex vivo section/retina-choroid complex cell levels. Such codelivery approach is elucidated as the key driving force behind the exceptional therapeutic outcomes of Bor/PT-M@TRG. These findings highlight the significance of sustainable retinal drug codelivery and rational combination for effective treatment of wAMD.

At present, one of the most acute environmental problems is environmental pollution and the consequent deterioration of the health of the population due to the use of depleted uranium munitions. The latter is a new persistent factor of man-made origin, leading to a significant change in the natural radiation background. The main damaging effect of depleted uranium on public health is due to its chemical toxicity and radiation activity. The article discusses the most negative scenario for the development of the consequences of the combat use of shells with depleted uranium in the fields of agricultural land for the population. The negative consequences are not related to 238U, but to its decay products 226Ra and to the decay products of 226Ra – 210Pb, 210B and 210Po. These radionuclides are found in the air and soil in the form of a finely dispersed aerosol after combat use. The conclusion that the isotope 226Ra is in depleted uranium was made on the basis of the fact that the isotope 214Bi, a short-lived isotope of the decay chain 226Ra, was found in the cloud formed after the destruction of the ammunition depot with depleted uranium. An agrotechnological method of reducing negative consequences by introducing organic fertilizers and simple superphosphate into the soil is proposed. The paper presents data on the content of 226Ra in the soils of the regions bordering Ukraine and data on the content of 137Rs in the most polluted areas of the Bryansk region.

The purpose of this study is to determine depot locations where expired ammunition will be controlled before being sent to recycling facilities. Expiration of ammunition means that using, transporting and even storing that ammunition where it is located poses a greater risk. For this reason, it is important to determine facility locations so that ammunition is stored in places that will least harm the environment and human health. The criteria to be used for ammunition depot location selection were determined through literature review, various researches and expert opinions. The proposed model is based on the combined use of Geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision making. For an example application of the model, a generic study on a district basis in Turkey is presented. Candidate depot locations were determined using GIS with the help of 6 main criteria and 18 sub-criteria. Then, candidate depot locations were ranked by the Pythagorean Fuzzy Set-based WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessing) method, taking into account the opinions of military experts for the main criteria. WASPAS method selected location A1 as the most suitable ammunition depot location. The results show that the proposed methodology can be practically applied.

The demolition of Sophiatown, Cato Manor, District Six and other areas under the apartheid regime hugely impacted the socio-economic lives of various South Africans (particularly those people classified as non-whites). The classification of South African cosmopolitan townships as slums according to the Slums Act of 1934, and the ambitions of achieving social segregation, resulted in the geographical separation of races facilitated by the Group Areas Act of 1950. The act legally justified the forced removal of Indian families from Sophiatown. Then, they were temporarily placed in a military base next to Lenasia. Through the use of oral interviews, this article interrogates the unknown history of the Indian families in their transitional period from Sophiatown to Ammunition Depot 91 (also referred to as the ‘military camp/military base’ in Lenasia). Furthermore, the article sheds light on their untold experiences; particularly on the arrival of Indian families in the military camp, their living conditions, health-related matters, the utilisation of coping mechanisms such as religion and recreational activities, perceptions about their stay, effects on transportation and their general experiences in the transition camp. The article accentuates the rapid nature of these removals particularly in Sophiatown which resulted in the lack of adequate alternative accommodation for the Indian residents.Contribution: The article offers fresh perspectives for deeper interrogation of the consequences of forced removals in apartheid South Africa, by reflecting on the memories and lived experiences of interviewees in a case study that has hitherto not been addressed by social historians.

Weak political systems and poor governance in certain developing countries are found to have a war-like environment where structures are being targeted by blasts and bombs. Industrial blasts due to frail know-how and mishandlings are also quite common. Recent accidental explosions like that occurred at the Beirut Port, Lebanon (August 2020); ammunition depot in the outskirt of the Ryazan City of Russia (November 2020) are of concern for the safety of adjacent building infrastructure and their users. Such intense loading events cause damage to certain elements of a structure which may result in disproportionate or progressive collapse. It necessitates a clear understanding of the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it, and response of the target structure under such loadings. In this study, the state of research on air-blast and ground shockwave parameters, shallow underground blasting, and on the ground and buried shallow blast-resistant shelters are presented. The phenomenon of the self-Mach-reflection of the explosion, loading parameters and empirical blast models available in the open literature followed by the damage criteria for the buildings subjected to the underground blasting and available peak particle velocity (PPV) prediction models have been discussed. To make the application of advanced materials such as fibrous concrete, ultra-high performance concrete, FRP composites, etc., it is important to comprehend the existing blast/shock-resistant shelters and their response under such loading. The shelters are primarily designed by incorporating features of the materials like high degree of deformability/ductility, use of the shock-isolation panels and the mechanism for controlling crack formations. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future studies are summarised. This paper presents prospects to engineers, town planners, researchers, policymakers and members of the core drafting sectional committees to understand the phenomenon of the blast and extreme loads induced out of it.

The location of field ammunition depots is related to the efficiency and effectiveness of ammunition supply and support, and is affected by the changing needs of different stages of operations. In response to complex situations such as damage to transportation roads, repairs, and dynamic changes in demand in the course of combat, the fastest supply speed is the primary goal, while the satisfaction rate, balance, and cost factors of the ammunition supply at each demand point are taken into account to build a multi-stage supply Site selection planning model for field ammunition depot. Use Dijstra algorithm’s hierarchical sequence method to determine the shortest supply time, gradually increase the supply time, find the relationship between supply time, satisfaction rate, balance and cost, and find a satisfactory location plan. Finally, the simulation case calculations show that the model can cover some key dynamic changes during wartime, with strong adaptability and more scientific site selection.

Former ammunition depot Mitholz: seismic response of a rock mass damaged by accidental explosions

Background: In 2016 midnight of summer a bomb blast occurred at ammunition depot Pulgaon. Blast wasso severe that villagers in the radius of 10km witnessed the blast wave. It had killed 19 people which includedArmy officers, soldier & fire brigade men. As per police inquest & alleged history given by eyewitness,anauthority of Central Ammunition Depot at Pulgaon noticed fire at ammunition store of the depot. For thisreason emergency task force team of the depot got activated and few army personnel including fire brigadepersonnel rushed to the spot to control the fire. But unfortunately large amount of ammunition blastedsuddenly as the fire spread inside the ammunition storage. Because of this 19 parsons were died on thespot & many were injured. To tackle the disaster civil authority were informed. When it was noted thattotal 19 personnel were died in the mishap, the District civil authority approached to Mahatma GandhiInstitute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram to send forensic medicine expert team to do spot Post Mortem (PM)examination. The main challenge before the forensic team was to establish the identity of the unidentifiedbody apart from doing PM examination, so that the body can be handed over the kin as early as possible toend the uncertainty of their loved ones.Aims & Objective: Forensic casework was carried out with aim to study the pattern of injuries in the bombblast cases, and to assess forensic management done in mass disaster.Material and Method: Study was carried out on 15 dead bodies involved in the bomb blast injury. Itincludes observation based on post mortem examination and assessment of forensic management done byour team.Result: Bomb blast injury includes complex of injuries like burn injury(100%), decapitation (33%), injuryof internal abdominal organs (40%) & chest organs (80%), fracture of bones (46%), Amputation of limbs(33%), and external mechanical injuries like contusion, abrasions and lacerations (100%). Due to destructiveinjuries identity of the victim gets obscured (40%).Conclusion: Medicolegal postmortem, sample preservation and humanitarian action of establishing theidentity of victims are the forensic management in bomb blast injury.