Ammatory Cytokines Research Articles

Hidradenitis suppurativa, intestinal microbiome and SIBO – a comprehensive overview of the issue

Hidradenitis suppurativa, intestinal microbiome and SIBO – a comprehensive overview of the issue

Impact of modulators of nitric oxide synthesis on the level of cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome.

Aim: The aim of the research is to study the cytokine prof i le (IL-1β, IL 6, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10) in bronchoalveolar lavage of lungs in experimental APS and its correction with L-arginine and aminoguanidine. Materials and Methods: Antiphospholipid syndrome was modeled on white female BALB/c mice. L-arginine (25 mg/kg) and aminoguanidine (10 mg/kg) were used for its correction. The concentration of cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage from the lungs was assessed using the ELISA test. Results: It was established that in cases of APS the concentration of proinf l ammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-a increased in 1.9, 2.3 and 6.6 times, respectively, compare to the control. At the same time a decrease of the IL-4 in 1.7 and IL-10 in 1.8 times was found in the APS group compare to the control. L-arginine reduced the level of proinf l ammatory cytokines IL-1β by 22%, IL-6 - by 36%, and TNF-α - by 23% compare to the animals with APS. At the same time, the level of anti-inf l ammatory cytokines increased: IL-4 - by 46%, IL-10 - by 57% compare to the APS animal group. Aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, did not cause any signif i cant decrease in pro-inf l ammatory cytokines but the level of anti-inf l ammatory cytokines IL-4 increased by 44% and IL-10 - by 49%. Conclusions: The precursor of the NO synthesis L-arginine leads to a decrease in the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a and an increase of IL-4 and IL-10 compare to the group of BALB/c mice with APS.

POSSIBILITIES OF CORRECTING CELLULAR-HUMORAL IMMUNE DISORDERS AND CYTOKINE STATUS IN HIGH-RISK PREGNANT WOMEN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA

POSSIBILITIES OF CORRECTING CELLULAR-HUMORAL IMMUNE DISORDERS AND CYTOKINE STATUS IN HIGH-RISK PREGNANT WOMEN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA

CHANGES IN CYTOKINE BALANCE IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS IN THE PAST MEDICAL HISTORY AND THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA

CHANGES IN CYTOKINE BALANCE IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS IN THE PAST MEDICAL HISTORY AND THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA

The Potential Protective Eff ects of Pirfenidone on Diclofenac Sodium Induced Gastric Ulcer in a Rat Model

Introduction: Non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are widely prescribed in clinical practice because of their ability to reduce pain, fever, and infl ammation. However, NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage is the major side eff ect of these medications. This study aims to reduce gastric mucosal lesions caused by NSAIDs by using pirfenidone by investigating their eff ect on histological, gastric gross mucosal damage. Method: 30 healthy male albino rats were divided into 3 groups each of ten (N=10). A single oral dose of diclofenac sodium (150 mg/kg body weight) was used to induce ulceration for all groups except fi rst. The vehicle (tween 80+NS) was given to the fi rst group, while diclofenac sodium was given to the second group and to all pre-treated groups. The third group were pre-treated with pirfenidone (300 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, histological examination, and antioxidant and antiinfl ammatory parameters by immunohistochemistry method were evaluated. Results: Diclofenac sodium at a dose (150 mg/kg) produces a signifi cant increment (p > 0.01) in gastric damage score, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase, malonaldehyde, and the ulcer formation percent, compared to the healthy rat’s group. Pirfenidone at a dose of (300 mg/kg) pretreatment in diclofenac induced-ulcer in rats produces a signifi cant reduction (p > 0.01) in gastric damage score, the expression of TNF-alpha, myeloperoxidase, the expression of TNF-alpha, myeloperoxidase, malonaldehyde, and in the ulcer formation percent, yet, less eff ectively than omeprazole and pirfenidone. Conclusion: Diclofenac can be reduced or prevented by the pretreatment of pirfenidone. Pirfenidone showed similar results to the standard treatment (Omeprazole), the protective eff ect of pirfenidone was mainly through their antioxidant and anti-infl ammatory activity by reducing oxidation markers like MPO and MDA, and also reducing infl ammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha

The Protective Eff ects Trimetazidine on Indomethacin Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rat Model

Introduction: Gastric ulcer (GU) is the most common gastrointestinal tract disorder, representing about 20% of peptic ulcer due to an imbalance between gastric defense mechanisms and aggressive factors, mainly Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The study aims to evaluate trimetazidine’s protective eff ect on histopathology, GU severity, infl ammatory and oxidative stress markers (TNF- alpha, MPO and MDA) in rate model of indomethacin induced GU. Method: Total 30 healthy male albino rats were divided into fi ve groups each of ten (N=10). Group A: Given indomethacin vehicles (normal saline 0.9% and tween 80) orally via gavage tube and serve as control positive group. Group B: Induced ulcer by Indomethacin 60 mg/kg orally via oral gavage serve as control negative. Group C: Pretreated with trimetazidine 50 mg/ kg orally by gavage tube 1-hour before administering indomethacin 60 mg/kg. At the end of study histological examination, anti-infl ammatory and antioxidant markers were evaluated. Results: TMZ 50 mg/kg pretreated groups show a signifi cant (p 0.01) reduction in GU severity score and histopathology damage score in comparison with the indomethacin ulcerated group. Moreover, pretreated groups TMZ 50 mg/kg showed a signifi cant reduction in infl ammatory markers (TNF-alpha and MPO) and oxidative stress marker (MDA) in comparison with the induction group, similar to the results of the reference drug. Conclusion: TMZ dihydrochloride has similar effi cacy as standard omeprazole drug by a decrease in oxidative stress status manifested by a reduction in lipid peroxidation indicator marker and a reduction in pro-infl ammatory cytokine level and leukocyte recruitment indicator marker and fi nally, macroscopic and microscopic evaluation show a reduction GU severity.

CORRELATION BETWEEN CRP AND INTRA-OPERATIVE DIFFICULTY IN LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY : A CASE SERIES

A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder from precipitated bile components. The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones. Among American adults the prevalence of cholelithiasis is about 10% while in Western Europe the prevalence ranges from 5.9% to 21.9%. Prevalence rates of 3.2% to 15.6% have been reported from Asia. The standard treatment for symptomatic gallstones is to remove the gallbladder entirely. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be the easiest or the most difcult laparoscopic operation. Conversion to open surgery has been a traditional marker of difcult Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and anticipation of conversion can help in consenting patients and preparing them for longer stay and complications. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant protein secreted by the liver in response to interleukin-6 and other pro-inammatory cytokines in the context in inammation, infection, trauma, malignancy and tissue infarction. Its circulating concentration is determined by its rate of synthesis reecting the intensity of the pathological process, and hence it is a good indicator of severity of inammation.

CORRELATIONS OF ENDOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE AND DHEA-S IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

Background: Peripheral arterial disease is Occlusive disease of the arteries of the extremity. Common causes are Atherosclerosis (most common), Buerger's disease, vasculitis and other arteritis, thromboembolism etc. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a treacherous disease as it remains asymptomatic for so long. As PAD progresses, it may lead to classical intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemia. DHEAS has been demonstrated to have an antiatherosclerotic effect by prevention of platelet aggregation, uptake of cholesterol and a decrease in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Testosterone causes vasodilation of the peripheral arteries by acting on the endothelium of the vessels and in turn results in release of nitric oxide (NO) which is a vasodilator and helps in vasodilation. Testosterone suppresses expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (proinammatory cytokines), anti-inammatory factors by its derivative 5-dihydrotestosterone which is the earliest step in atherosclerosis. Interestingly Testosterone and DHEAS also has benecial effects on cardiac ischemia, angina and chronic heart failure. The aim of this study is to look for any relationship of Testosterone and DHEAS in Peripheral Arterial Disease. Total 50 patients both inpatients and out Methods: patients were studied. The period of study was from September 2016 to June 2018. Patients who were proven to have peripheral arterial disease on colour doppler were taken for study. The study was done to look if any relationship is present between serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in a peripheral arterial disease patients. Data were documented and stored in a proper database format. At the end of data collection from the samples, data analysis was done using SPSS 16 software and appropriate tests of signicance were applied. For categorical variables Chi-square test and Fischer's Exact test was used. For comparing two groups of mean student's t-test was used. To correlate more than two continuous data Pearson and Spearman Correlation Coefcient was used. P value <0.05 considered as statistically signicant. Our results showed that total serum testosterone Results: and DHEA-S were not signicantly decreased in PAD patients in comparison to the control group. We could not observe any signicant correlation. These results express that there is no signicant correlation Conclusion: of Serum Testosterone and Dehydroepiandosterone with Peripheral arterial Disease. In our study there are signicant correlations with inammatory markers (C reactive protein, Interleukin6, Homocysteine) Lipid prole (cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, VLDL) and HbA1C with serum Testosterone and Dehydroepiandosterone in Peripheral Arterial Disease

WBC & THEIR ROLE IN TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT (TME) OF ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA-A REVIEW

Oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) that affect approximately 4.5% of the world's population usually precede the occurrence of Oral squamous cell carcinoma. These lesions are now included in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Majority of OPLs regress, yet, up to 30% of them ultimately progress through increasingly grades of dysplasia &culminate as oral cancer. Therefore, OPLs represent an intermediate phase during the evolution of normal mucosa into malignant tumor, owing to their acquisition of a subset of the genomic alterations from those necessary to develop into Oral Squamous cell Carcinoma(OSCC).(1) In India OSCC is responsible for more than 20% of new malignancies diagnosed every year, being the most prevalent malignancy in the nation. There are several prognostic factors which help to evaluate the risk associated with the OSCC and serve as subsequent treatment guidelines. Increasing evidence has, so far, suggested that inammation may be linked to pathogenesis of oral cancer. Also, the tumor microenvironment is considered a crucial component in the understanding of the biologic behavior of a neoplasm. Leukocytosis is common in patients with progressive oral squamous cell carcinoma, is related with T-classication, lympho-vascular permeation, and recurrence or metastasis, &, therefore could decrease survival. Tumor-related leukocytosis results from hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors and inammatory cytokines from solid tumors. (2,4) One of the new most promising histopathological factor in prognostic evaluation of OSCC is, the density of tumour inltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Different subsets of lymphocytes have different or even opposing functions in the tumor microenvironment. (2,6,7) Neutrophils contribute to cancer progression or regression via multiple mechanisms, including the suppression of cytotoxic as well as helper Tcell responses and the stimulation of tumor angiogenesis.(8) B cells also act as antigen-presenting cells, promote differentiation of Th1 cells and Tcyt cells, and directly kill cancer cells through release of Granzyme B, thus, having a tumor suppressive role. (9) Inltrating eosinophils in the tumor microenvironment (TME), supply direct and indirect mitogenic growth mediators that stimulate proliferation of neoplastic cells, as well as educate other stromal cell types to induce paracrine and juxtacrine mitogenic signaling molecules to support neoplastic growth which also appears true for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). (10) The plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), are specically important in cancer immunity as, these cells have been identied in many solid malignant tumors, including those of head and neck & may play a key role in tumor occurrence and development.(9,12) Mast cells have a long life and form a heterogeneous population of cells that seem to have both a positive and negative regulatory effect on the immune system. MCs accumulate into tumor microenvironment by the help of tumor cell-released chemoattractants such as SCF or CCL15 and actively recruit cells of the innate immune system mainly neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils and cells of the acquired immune system (B and T cells) to orchestrate antitumor immune responses (13) In cancer tissues, the inltration of macrophages is signicantly increased. Macrophages are recruited to this edge by tumor-derived chemotactic agents and are a major inltrating cell type in the leading edge of a carcinoma.(16) OSCC are highly immunogenic tumors that are often characterized by abundant inltration of immune cells, however, their function & prognostic value vary. (19, 20)

Alteration of immune status during treatment with β-blockers in patients with essential hypertension

The balance of cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, IF-γ) in patients with essential hypertension beforeandaftertreatmentwithβ-blockerswasstudied.20patientsaged45-65yearsbefore and after treatment with β-blockers was studied. 20 patients aged 45-65 years anddiagnosedwithessentialhypertension(12women,8men)wereinvestigated.Forand diagnosed with essential hypertension (12 women, 8 men) were investigated. For thetreatmentofhypertension,patientsreceivedsecond-generationbeta-selectivethe treatment of hypertension, patients received second-generation beta-selective β-blockersEgilokandBetalokZok,andthird-generationβ-blockerNebiletforoneβ-blockers Egilok and Betalok Zok, and third-generation β-blocker Nebilet for one month.Patientsperformedtheirbloodpressuremeasurementsdailyinthemorningmonth. Patients performed their blood pressure measurements daily in the morning duringImonth.Thecontentofinterleukins(IL-2,IL-10,IF-γ)inthebloodbytheduring I month. The content of interleukins (IL-2, IL-10, IF-γ) in the blood by the immuneenzymaticELISAmethodonasemi-automaticreaderStatFax3200withimmune enzymatic ELISA method on a semi-automatic reader Stat Fax 3200 with RayBio,(USA)reagentwasmeasured.TheresultsofourstudiesshowanincreaseRayBio, (USA) reagent was measured. The results of our studies show an increase inthelevelofCD4+(IL-2)cytokinesinthebloodofthestudiedhypertensivein the level of CD4+ (IL-2) cytokines in the blood of the studied hypertensive patients,whichcoincideswiththeliteraturedataontheimportantroleofCD4+patients, which coincides with the literature data on the important role of CD4+ pro-inflammatorycytokinesinthepathogenesisofhypertension.After1monthofpro-infl ammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of hypertension. After 1 month of treatmentwithβ-blockers,thepatient’sarterialpressureandIL-2levelcontentintreatment with β-blockers, the patient’s arterial pressure and IL-2 level content in theblooddecreased.Thesedataindicatetheimportantroleofinflammationinthethe blood decreased. These data indicate the important role of infl ammation in the pathogenesisofhypertensionandtheanti-inflammatoryeffectsofβ-brokers,usedpathogenesis of hypertension and the anti-infl ammatory effects of β-brokers, used inthetreatmentofhypertension.in the treatment of hypertension

Preserved egg white alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice through the reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of infl ammatory cytokines, NF-κB, MAPK and gut microbiota composition

Traditional Chinese preserved egg products have exhibited some anti-inflammatory effects, but their mechanisms of action remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of preserved egg white (PEW) treatment on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that treatment with PEW in mice with DSS-induced colitis for 14 days effectively improved the clinical signs, inhibited the secretion and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and oxidative stress levels. In addition, western blotting results showed that PEW significantly suppressed DSS-induced phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in colon tissues of mice with colitis. PEW also enhanced the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and modulated gut microbiota composition in mice with DSS-induced colitis, including increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Muribaculaceae, and reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria Proteobacteria. Taken together, our study demonstrated that preserved egg white could alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice through the reduction of oxidative stress, modulation of inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB, MAPK and gut microbiota composition.

Study of the effect of liraglutide on the correlation between NLRP3 inflammasome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective: To observe the effect of liraglutide on the correlation between nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) infl ammasome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Thirty-nine NAFLD cases (group N) and thirty-nine healthy subjects (group C) were selected from the physical examination center, and their general data were collected to determine the serum levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18. The differences and correlations were analyzed between the two sets of indicators. Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into normal (NC, n=10) and high-fat diet group (HF, n=20). The normal group were fed with normal diet and high-fat diet group were fed with high-fat diet. After 12 weeks of feeding, HF group was randomly divided into HF group (n=10) and liraglutide group (100L, n=10), and were given 0.5 ml/kg sterile isotonic saline and 100 g/kg liraglutide subcutaneously twice a day, respectively. Four weeks later, serum biochemical indicators, liver NLRP3 infl ammasome protein expression, and infl ammatory cytokine conditions were detected in each group. Statistical analysis was performed using t test, oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) or χ2 test. Results: There were no statistically signifi cant differences between N and C group in terms of age, gender, diastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, erythrocyte distribution width, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Ch), total cholesterol, and total bileacid. Compared with group C, group N had elevated systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, blood creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), NLRP3, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, TG, blood uric acid, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and white blood cell counts, while HDL-Ch and total bilirubin were depleted than group C, and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05). NLRP3 was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, BMI, fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine, IL-1β, IL-18, triglycerides, serum uric acid, GGT, ALT, AST, but negatively correlated with total bilirubin and HDL-Ch, and the difference was statistically signifi cant. Compared with NC group, HF group had significantly increased body mass, liver mass, serum biochemical indicators (triglycerides, AST, ALT), liver NLRP3 inflammasome protein expression, and inflammatory cytokines. After treatment with liraglutide, 100L group indicators were signifi cantly decreased when compared to HF group. Conclusion: Compared with healthy subjects, the infl ammation-related indicators, body mass, blood lipids and liver function-related indicators are signifi cantly changed in patients with NAFLD, which is also consistent with the results of rat model study. Liraglutide treatment had improved NAFLD to certain extent in NAFLD rats, so NLRP3 regulation may be one of the mechanisms to improve liver inflammation and steatosis.

EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY IN PATIENT WITH ACUTE UPPER LIMB FINGER GANGRENE WITH COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic (Corona Virus Diseas) was caused by a new beta coronavirus in early 2020, also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Predilection sites of virus entry are the lungs, intestines, blood vessels, kidney, and adipose tissue cells are the virus reservoir. The virus causes a violent reaction of inammatory cytokines - cytokine storm, activation of coagulation and formation of thrombin. The initial coagulopathy of COVID-19 is manifested by a pronounced disorder of D-dimer and brin/brinogen degradation products, while abnormalities in prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and platelet count are relatively rare at the onset of the disease. Later, the phenomenon of thrombotic microangiopathy occurs, which is a consequence of inammation of the blood vessels endothelium. In severe cases of infection, thromboembolism or acute thrombosis of peripheral blood vessels may occur. The paper presents a case of a patient with COVID-19 infection in whom, in addition to the usual clinical picture of the disease with changes in lung parenchyma (bilateral pneumonia), thrombosis of the a. radialis and a. ulnaris of the left hand developed, and fteen days after the infection development, the development of gangrene of the distal articles II, III and IV of the nger occurs. In addition to therapy used according to the national guide to COVID-19, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) was used. The effect of this therapy was used to increase vascular permeability and create factors that affect angiogenesis and improve blood ow in the ischemic region. HBOT also affected the demarcation of necrotic from healthy tissue, and stimulated wound healing. After two sessions of HBOT treatment, there was a complete restitution of blood ow with full function of the left hand and all its ngers.

EFFICACY OF REMDESIVIR VERSUS REMDESIVIR PLUS TOCILIZUMAB IN MODERATE TO SEVERE COVID-19 PATIENTS ADMITTED IN THE CRITICAL CARE UNIT OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Background And Aims: Severe corona virus infection is often associated with hyper immune response and liberation of inammatory cytokines. Anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody like tocilizumab might be effective in corona virus infection. Present study was designed to assess the effect of adding tocilizumab to remdesivir and other supportive therapy in management of critically ill covid-19 patients. Methods: This Randomized open-level clinical trial was done in 50 critically ill Covid-19 patients (from December 2020 to February 2021). They were randomly allocated in two group; to receive either injection remdesivir (Group R) or injection remdesivir plus tocilizumab (Group RT) intravenously. Patients were assessed using daily record sheets capturing data on the six-category ordinal scale and safety prole from day-1 to day28 or discharge or death. Other clinical data were recorded using the WHO International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) case record form. Primary endpoint with respect to the efcacy of the drugs was based on proportion of patients achieving clinical improvement dened as a two point reduction in six point ordinal scale from patients admission status or live discharge from the hospital, which ever came rst. Results: Baseline characteristics were identical in both R and RT group. Biomarkers, C reactive protein, IL-6 and serum ferritin levels were signicantly more in RT group as compared to R group on day 1,3 and 7. But C reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin and IL-6 levels from day 1 to day 7 gradually decreased in RT group and increased in R group. Conclusion: In spite of higher levels of biomarkers morbidity and mortality of patients did not increase in RT group; use of tocilizumab might be responsible for the gradual reduction in the level of biomarkers in this group.

Novel Potential Immune Response Biomarkers to Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the Last Five Years

Rapid and accurate detection performs an important role in the control of raising MDR-TB. Currently, studies on biomarkers as targets for TB diagnostic tests using immune response products to indicate the presence, mycobacterial load, early markers, and activity, diff erentiation, and progression markers of TB infection are rapidly available. This systematic review aims to summarize the last fi ve years of potential biomarkers studies from the immune response for MDR-TB rapid diagnostic development. The authors performed a literature search on four databases as ProQuest, EBSCO Academic Search, Universitas Gadjah Mada Online Library Journal Database, and Google Scholar, retrieved from January 2016 to December 2021. In total, 18,288 articles were identifi ed and three tudies met the inclusion criteria. Several promising biomarkers were found for MDR-TB diagnosis purposes, such as sCD14, PGLYRP2, FGA, Indoleamine 2, 3- dioxygenase (IDO), and Complement Receptor 2 (CR2). A combination of sCD14, PGLYRP2, and FGA were bringing a diagnostic design with a higher sensitivity (94.7%) and specifi city (80%) than the design of a single protein. Higher IDO activity towards the MDR-TB group than in the DS-TB group with a sensitivity of 87.50 %, specifi city of 72.22 %. CR2 was the main focus due to its association with IL-6. After induction of CR2 peptide in a dose-dependent manner, the expression level of IL-6 was decreased signifi cantly. It might because of CR2 peptide regulating the macrophages proinfl ammatory cytokines secretion to decrease the local infl ammation of the immune response. These biomarkers are strong candidates for MDR-TB diagnosis due to their important role as the pathogenesis marker of MDR-TB. There is a need of further research to investigate those immune response products and their role to eliminate infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly.

THE ROLE OF IMMUNITY IN SCRUTINIZING OMICRON VARIANT

Immunology is truly a fascinating discipline that meets the challenge and offers opportunity in ghting and checking the spread of diseases. Many viruses infect humans.The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected hundreds of millions of people over the world, with more than 4.5 million deaths.The introduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the human population represents a tremendous medical , economic crisis that remains a world health concern.SARS-CoV-2 infection causes excessive production of pro-inammatory cytokines thereby leading to the development of “Cytokine Storm Syndrome The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unparalleled pursuit of vaccines to induce specic adaptive immunity, based on virus-neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses.Cytokines are cellular signaling molecules that mediate many biological and immunological actions. Omicron infection can increase immunity against Delta variant, but only if you are vaccinated against coronavirus.

EFFECT OF KIDNEY DISEASE ON THE MORTALITY OF COVID POSITIVE PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, INDIA

INTRODUCTION: CKD and kidney failure are signicant comorbidities associated with unfavourable outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Patients with CKD/kidney failure also have a disproportionate burden of other comorbidities 1 (e.g., coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) associated with more severe presentations of COVID-19 . SARS-CoV-2 infection frequently triggers a massive release of proinammatory cytokines and may induce coagulation abnormalities that increase the risk of 2 cardiovascular events and multiorgan dysfunction. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: It is a retrospective study done in government general hospital Vijayawada from patients admitted with covid positive status having comorbidities, with the help of medical records department, done during 1st April 2020 to 31st March 2021. RESULTS : Out of 150 patients who had a renal abnormality, 40 (27%)had AKI, 110 ( 73%) had CKD, and of these patients, 96( 64%) patients underwent dialysis, 54( 36%) patients did not undergo dialysis, having high mortality mainly in patients having CKD than AKI. Compared to patients with comorbidity without renal abnormality and patients with renal abnormalities, the mortality was high in the later group of patients. CONCLUSION: There is a signicant effect of kidney disease on mortality in covid positive patients. Patients having CKD will have higher mortality compared with AKI. Even though the mortality was seen in patients having comorbidities without renal involvement, mortality was much higher in patients with renal involvement.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction – new elements of evidence in the field of pathophysiology and new treatment options

Consistent with the understanding of the comorbidity-infl ammation relationship, concomitant diseases and especially metabolic comorbidities are thought to stimulate the development and severity of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction through a cascade of mechanisms supporting systemic tissue infl ammation leading to myocardial fi brosis. Recently, new experimental and clinical evidence has emerged that enhances validity and verifi es the infl ammatory-profi brotic paradigm. This evidence consists of: (1) myocardial infi ltration with immunocompetent cells not only due to metabolic load caused by obesity but also due to arterial hypertension-induced haemodynamic loading of extracellular matrix components (such as basal laminatin interacting with basal laminate); (2) expression in cardiomyocytes of inducible nitric oxide synthetase under the infl uence of circulating proinfl ammatory cytokines, which leads to accumulation of degraded proteins in the myocardium due to an unfolded protein response; (3) defi ning phenogroups of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with a distinct infl ammatory and profi brotic component by machining algorithms; (4) direct association. in mediation analysis between comorbidities, infl ammatory biomarkers and impaired myocardial structure and function with endothelial expression of adhesion molecules already accumulated in early preclinical heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (CH stage A, B). This new evidence paves the way for future treatment of heart failure with a conserved ejection fraction with biologics directed against 1) infl ammatory cytokines, 2) stimulating the development of a complete protein response and non-accumulation of protein in the chiocardia by phosphodiesterase inhibitors 1) the rigidity of titin by natriuretic peptide – the particular guanylyl cyclase – PDE9 (phosphodiesterase 9) and 4) molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms that control myocardial fi brosis.

HERBAL FORMULATION (IMMUHELP) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION.

The Upper respiratory tract infection is mainly attributed to viral infections so focus should be given to inhibition of viral-host interaction, their entry and replication in the host cells and release of inammatory st cytokines, resulting physiological disturbances. The host's immune system is the 1 line of defence against such threats so multitargeted herbal immune-boosters, with antioxidant, anti-inammatory and tissue repair potential would be preferred. The natural cocktail of medicinal plants has shown promising results both by using bioinformatics based drug docking studies, in animal experiments and in clinical trials. Here we have reviewed the 6-medicinal plants, used in making “Immuhelp”, towards their established role in management of viral-host interaction, activation of innate and adaptive immunity, inhibition-potential against release of inammatory cytokines, immunosuppressive and chemoattractant agents and antioxidant potentials.

Evaluation of Serum NF-κB, IL-6, IL-8 and their Relation to Leptin in Patients with Active Behcet’s Disease

BEHCET’S DISEASE (BD) is a chronic systemic infl ammatory autoimmune disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by elevated levels of proinfl ammatory cytokines that have been previously reported, yet the pathogenesis is still unknown.Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that remain latent in the cytoplasm and shuttles to the nucleus whenever activated. On activation, NF-κB regulates the enzymes cytokines (IL-6, IL-8). NF-κB has been contributing to a wide variety of autoimmune diseases amongst which is BD. NF-κB pathways were involved in the anti-apoptotic activity of leptin in neutrophils in vitro. The present study was conducted to determine serum NF-κB levels, and its role in modulating the expression of different cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) in active BD patients. This is in addition to studying the relationship of leptin with NF-κB, IL-6 and IL-8.The current study included 25 patients with active BD and 25 healthy controls. Serum IL-6, IL-8 and NF-κB levels were measured with quantitative sandwich ELISA kit enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, while leptin serum levels were measured using specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits.IL-6, IL-8, NF-κB and leptin were significantly higher in BD group than in the control group. Also, there was a positive correlation between IL-8, IL-6, NF-κB and leptin.New insights of the role of leptin in the autoimmune pathophysiology was studied, and its relationship with NF-κB, IL-6 and IL-8 in these patients was detected and might help in elucidation of its pathogenesis. Further studies, are required to encourage the use of anti- NF-κB and anti-Leptin as recent treatment modalities in BD.