Amino Acid Composition Of Seeds Research Articles

Protein content and amino acid composition in seed of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The aim of this study was determination of protein content and amino acid composition in seeds of bread wheat, with particular focus of evaluation essential amino acids (EAAs). For analysis used flour samples of grained seed of 10 wheat variety, which selected in different breeding center (in Novi Sad and Kragujevac, Serbia). Kjeldahl method was used for determination of nitrogen (N) contents which value multiplied with coefficient 5.7 for computing protein content (protein contents = 5.7 x % N contents). Amino acids analyses of wheat samples were performed by ion exchange chromatography, followed by the ninhydrin colour reaction and photometric detection at 570 nm and 440 nm (for proline). The results showed that the mean protein content for wheat varied from the lowest value 10.24% in Ljubicevka to the highest 14.21% in Fortuna variety. The mean contents (g 100 g-l protein) of nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) were aspartic acid 5.42%, serine 4.23%, glutamic acid 18.51%, proline 12.18%, glycine 4.17%, alanine 3.64%, tyrosine 2.52%, arginine 5.02%, while mean contents of essential amino acids (EAAs) were threonine 2.86%, valine 4.52%, methionine 1.28%, isoleucine 3.87%, leucine 5.87%, phenylalanine 4.62%, histidine 2.46%, lysine 2.91%. The wheat variety contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs. The variety Ljubicevka contained relatively high concentration of the most deficient EAAs (threonine, valine, leucine, lysine,). The highest value (29.31 g 100 g-l protein) of total essential amino acids (TEAA), 59.79 g 100 g-l protein of total nonessential amino acids (TNEAA) as well as the highest value (90.35 g 100 g-l protein) of total amino acids (TAA). Obtained results provide variability of wheat variety on the base of amino acid contents and indicate reliable variety for selecting desirable parents in breeding program for improving nutrient quality.

Valorization of some minor plants of Côte d'Ivoire: Biochemical parameters and nutritional composition of the legume Mucuna pruriens seeds according to their maturity stage

The present study was aimed at investigating some biochemical properties, mineral contents and amino acid composition in seeds of Mucuna pruriens as a function of ripening stage. These seeds were harvested at different stages of maturation in a field carried out in the center of Côte d'Ivoire (Gbèkê Region). Seeds and pod were separated, and they were oven dried and ground to obtain the crude flour and analyzed according to standard procedures. Results showed that levels of dry matter (85.229-94.025 g.100g-1 dw), lipids (1.503-2.973 g.100g-1 dw), proteins (17.810-28.617 ± 0.296 g.100g-1 dw), fiber (6.483-7.477 g.100g-1 dw), ash (3.922 -9.231 g.100g-1 dw) and total sugars (10.338 -26.210 g.100g-1 dw) , increase significantly with the stage of maturity, while those of carbohydrates (70.282-51.703 g.100g-1 dw) and the energy value (365.893-348.037 Kcal.100g-1) decreases. Mineral analysis revealed that seeds are rich in essential minerals. Potassium (915.54- 20065.73 ug.100g-1) were the most abundant mineral, followed by magnesium (1335.33-16546.66 ug.100g-1), calcium (808.66-7739.39 ug.100g-1) and phosphorus (732.33-7440.00 ug.100g-1). The least abundant minerals were sodium (0.00-60.22 ug.100g-1), zinc (20.25-56.33 ug.100g-1), iron (41.63-475.52 ug.100g-1), copper (9.76-37.99 ug.100g-1) and manganese (0.00-5.94 ug.100g-1). For all assayed minerals, highest levels were founded in the seeds harvested 45 days after fertilization. Amino-acids profile has showed nutritionally useful amounts of essential amino acids such as histidine (18.32-40.81 mg.g-1 protein), isoleucine (30.76-66.35 mg.g-1 protein), leucine (72.47-103.51 mg.g-1 protein), lysine (27.22-57.28 mg.g-1 protein), methionine (25.51-51.74 mg.g-1 protein), threonine (10.91-37.40 mg.g-1 protein), tryptophan (29.22 -61.62 mg.g-1 protein) and valine (35.71-72.74 mg.g-1 protein). The study revealed M. pruriens seeds are rich in energetic and nutritional compounds. However, to optimize their nutritional qualities they may be harvest 35 days after the fertilization of the flowers.

Morphological characteristics, chemical and amino acids composition of flours from velvet beans tempe (Mucuna pruriens), an indigeneous legumes from Yogyakarta

Velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) an under-utilized legume which grown predominantly in tropical area, including in Indonesia. The morphological characteristics, chemical and amino acid composition of seeds, fermented velvet beans (Benguk tempeh), and Benguk tempeh flours from the legumes Mucuna pruriens was evaluated to determine their potential practical applications. The seeds of velvet beans contains 12.73±0.10, 4.34±0.33, 25.49±0.06, 3.66±0.03, 3.90±0.06, and 53.79±0.26 (% wb) of moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate, respectively. The mineral content of velvet seeds was 76.38±8.77, 6.64±0.67, and 3.08±0.12 mg 100 g1 of calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. Fermentation process on velvet beans into tempeh brings nutritional changes including the breakdown of certain nutrition content and reduction of anti-nutritional compounds. The velvet beans tempeh contains 54.76±0.24, 2.40±0.16, 12.84±0.56, 1.02±0.13, 3.66±0.49, and 28.99±0.60 (% wb) moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate, respectively. The mineral content of velvet beans tempeh was 55.49±13.91, 6.56±0.39 and 2.60±0.33 mg 100 g1 of calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. The flours were prepared by steam blanching, oven-drying (60°C) for 7h and milling. The flours contains 13.13±0.52, 6.78±0.72, 25.29±0.41, 0.76±0.04, 4.34±0.32, and 54.06±0.47 (% wb) of moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate, respectively. The mineral content of flour was 29.43±0.00, 5.87±1.36 and 2.56±0.04 mg 100 g” 1 of calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. The essential amino acids profile of total flour proteins compared favourably with the FAO/WHO reference pattern except for deficiency of sulfo amino acids (methionine and sistin) with concentration of 9.72 mg g1 crude protein. The flours have potential as flour alternatives for food product development.

AMINO-ACID COMPOSITION OF ATRIPLEX PATULA L. AND AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L. (AMARANTHACE-AE) GROWING IN CENTRAL YAKUTIA

The research goal is comparative study the amino acid composition of seeds and leaves of Atriplex patula L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. from the flora of Central Yakutia (the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Leaves and seeds of A. patula and A. retroflexus were sampled in August 2016 in the fruiting phase. Biochemical and amino acid composition, the content of crude protein, fat, calcium and phosphorus of the abovementioned plants was studied at the premises of the State budgetary institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) "Yakut Republican Veterinary Testing Laboratory". From 14 studied amino acids, 9 are stated to be irreplaceable. The total amount of the studied amino acids in A. patula made up 3.3±0.2% in leaves and 3.6±0.2% in seeds; while A. retroflexus contained 4.2±0.2% in leaves and 3.8±0.2% in seeds. The irreplaceable amino acid composition included lysine, leucine and isoleucine, methionine, valine, threonine, arginine, histidine, and phenylalanine. The interchangeable amino acid composition was represented by tyrosine, proline, serine, alanine and glycine. The sum of irreplaceable amino acids in A. patula made up 2.07±0.10% in leaves and 2.30±0.12% in seeds; in A. retroflexus the irreplaceable amino acids totaled 2.63±0.13% in leaves and 2.20±0.11% in seeds. It should be noted that histidine is absent in seeds and the low content of phenylalanine in seeds – 2.8 times and leaves – 4.5 times in A. patula compared to A. retroflexus. The obtained data indicate that in the leaves and seeds of A. retroflexus in comparison with A. patula, the content of crude protein is 1.5 times higher, the calcium content is higher to 2.3 times, the phosphorus content is lower: in leaves 3.3 times, in seeds - in 1.4 times. The results of the study show the biological value and perspectivity of the two studied species as a promising source of natural biological active substances to be used in medicine and agriculture.

Morphogenetic and Biochemical Study on University Common Bean Collection

This research has been conducted to reveal the outcomes of rotation of crops in mountain and steppe districts near Almaty. The main morphogenetic characteristics have been investigated for the collection of representatives of common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. by using samples from various countries such as Kazakhstan, USA, China, Czech Republic, Poland, Turkey and Russia under different climate and soil conditions. A series of useful genetic stocks for the main economically valuable traits were detected. Several introduced varieties of common bean have showed high seed germination, maturation and significant resistance to water deficit, whereas some Kazakhstani varieties have been exceeded certain foreign specimens and varieties by weight of seeds and other parameters. It has been proven that “Luna” belonging to Czech collection would ripe the first (80 days from planting to complete technical maturity). Other varieties could approach the same conditions 10-12 days later. Using local specimen “Aktatti”, the effect of new bio organic mineral fertilizer produced by the Faculty of Chemistry has been demonstrated on morphogenetic traits of common beans. Basic catalogue of common bean resources including approximately 40 parental varieties and specimens of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and their relatives originally from different geographic regions has been compiled. It is planned to complete it by six bushy and runner representatives of French collection. The data have been completed by quantitative and qualitative amino acid evaluations. Kazakhstani and foreign cultivars and specimens respectively have been groupped by the data on amino acid composition of seeds which was analized by the method of liquid chromatography. Essential amino acids have approached approximately of total amino acids pool in Kazakhstani specimens. If tyrosinylation index (Phe/Tyr ratio) for local specimens achieved 0.90-0.95, similar index for external varieties was equal to 0.88-0.89. This difference may accentuate the role and the quality of membrane proteins in local lines strengthening a composite stability (resilience, temperature and metabolic) in comparison with international common bean specimens under present study.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT HARVEST TIME AND SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF LENTIL

The effects of sulfur (S) fertilization and harvest time on amino acid composition of seeds of field-grown lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) at two different sites were studied. The aim of this study was to determine amino acid content of seed protein and to increase low levels of sulfur amino acids and trytophan in lentil seeds, which are major components for grain quality, with sulfur fertilization and farming practices in lentil. For this purpose, lentil was sown at two locations on 18 and 19 October 2007, 0 kg S ha−1, 25 kg S ha−1, and 50 kg S ha−1 rates were used in the study. The plants were harvested at three different periods: early, optimal, and late period. According to the results, amino acid contents of protein were increased by sulfur fertilization and by the late harvest period.

Phytochemical Investigation of Plant Seeds of Chhattisgarh: Amino Acid Composition of Seeds of Butea monosperma and Ocimum gratissium

Phytochemical Investigation of Plant Seeds of Chhattisgarh: Amino Acid Composition of Seeds of Butea monosperma and Ocimum gratissium

Overexpression of a bacterial branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex in Arabidopsis results in accumulation of branched-chain acyl-CoAs and alteration of free amino acid composition in seeds

Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) is a multienzyme complex that plays an important role in branched-chain amino acid catabolism. It occupies a key position in intermediary metabolism and provides metabolic precursors for secondary metabolism. Multigenes encoding a bacterial BCKDC were introduced and overexpressed in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plants expressed an over seven-fold increase of BCKDC activity than control plants and accumulated significant high levels of branched-chain acyl-CoAs in seeds. Overexpression of the BCKDC also resulted in alternation of free amino acid composition in seeds with enhanced levels of branched-chain amino acids.

Systematic relationships of podocarpales, cephalotaxales, and taxales based on comparative seed anatomy and biochemistry data

The morphology of female reproductive organs and anatomy, ultrastructure, and ultrasculpture of seed integuments were studied in more than 150 species of Podocarpales, Cephalotaxales, and Taxales. The main trends of morphological-evolutionary transformations of female fructifications were established in three studied groups of gymnosperms. The taxonomic weight of structural features of the female reproductive organs of Podocarpales, Cephalotaxales, and Taxales was determined. Seeds of 20 species of these orders were investigated using amino acid and Western blot analysis. The index of remoteness from the least specialized hypothetical taxon and degree of difference between taxa were calculated from data on amino acid composition of seeds and embryos. The differences in the degree of similarity between Podocarpales and other groups of gymnosperms were demonstrated. An original concept was proposed for phylogenetic relations between Podocarpales, Cephalotaxales, and Taxales.

Proximate and amino acid composition of seeds of Canavalia ensiformis.Toxicity of the kernel fraction for chicks

La composition chimique globale des graines de Canavalia ensiformis (CE) semble voisine de celle des graines de feveroles. La concentration en proteine brute de CE devrait etre corrigee pour tenir compte de la teneur elevee de CE en canavanine, un acide amine sans valeur nutritionnelle. Les enveloppes n'ont pas revele d'action toxique mesurable. Les regimes contenant les cotyledons ou les graines entieres ont fait fortement diminuer l'ingere alimentaire et la croissance des poussins

Amino acid composition of seeds of some lesser known tree crops

The amino acid composition of seeds of twenty-six species were determined by column chromatography. Total nitrogen was initially determined by the Kjeldahl procedure. Chemical scores were calculated for the different species using FAO amino acid patterns. Crude protein (N × 6·25) ranged between 8·8% in Afzelia bella (calyx) and 33·2% in Parkia clappertoniana. Afzelia bella (calyx) had the highest values of valine ( 8·9 g 16 gN ); iso-leucine ( 12·5 g 16 gN ); leucine ( 16·8 g 16 gN ) and phenylalanine ( 7·1 g 16 gN ). Parkia clappertoniana, Afzelia bella (seed), Irvingia gabonensis, Monodora tenuifolia, Pterocarpus osun and Cedrella odorata had the highest values of lysine ( 8·0 g 16 gN ); histidine ( 6·3 g 16 gN ); methionine ( 1·9 g 16 gN ); tyrosine, ( 9·1 g 16 gN ); tryptophan ( 2·5 g 16 gN ) and cystine ( 3·6 g 16 gN ), respectively. The proportion of total nitrogen derived from essential amino acids ( E T N ratio) varied from 1·0 in Carapa procera to 4·2 in Afzelia bella (calyx). Chemical score ranged between 22·4 in Afzelia bella (calyx) and 64·7 in Khaya ivorensis.

Crude protein content and aminoacid composition of seeds: variability and correlations

The main crop species (cereals, legume seeds and oilseeds) are reviewed with respect to their seed proteins. In the first section, a few points dealing with available analytical methods and nitrogen conversion factors are briefly discussed. The average crude protein contents of different cultivated species of grain are compared. The variability of seed protein content within a same species (phenotypic variations and biochemical mutations) is also discussed. The same kind of survey is then devoted to seed aminoacid composition in a second section. The analytical problems which are involved are summarized. The average aminoacid compositions of the main species are compared and the variations occurring within the same species are described, for the phenotypic ones as well as for some mutants. A last section concerns the relationships between aminoacid composition and protein content. The significance of these relations and their practical consequences are indicated.

Nutrients in Seeds, Amino Acid Composition of Seeds from 200 Angiospermous Plant Species

Nutrients in Seeds, Amino Acid Composition of Seeds from 200 Angiospermous Plant Species