Amateur Groups Research Articles

Anthropometric profile and dietary intake of amateurs and professional mixed martial arts athletes

Nutritional habits and anthropometric profiles are directly linked to competitive performance; however, there is a great lack of information on amateur or professional mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes outside the competitive period. The aim of this study was to compare food consumption and anthropometric profile of amateur and professional MMA fighters. The sample was composed of 24 male MMA athletes, middleweight category (age: 27.5 ± 5.0 years; body mass: 79.0 ± 12.1 kg; height: 173.5 ± 0.1 cm; %BF: 19.5 ± 4.0 %, BMI: 26.0 ± 2.8 kg/m2). Food consumption was evaluated based on three 24-hour food diaries using the Multi-Step method in a non-competitive period and analyzed using the Dietbox v2.92 software. The professional group was younger (p = 0.001) than the amateur group. Total energy expenditure was similar between amateur (4364 ± 469 kcal) and professional (4312 ± 381 kcal). Amateur and professional reported an energy deficit between the estimated energy requirement and energy intake. Carbohydrate consumption was below the suggested minimum limits (amateur: 3.3 ± 1.6g/kg/day and professional: 3.3 ± 1.4g/kg/day). Protein intake was within the suggested limits (amateur: 1.4 ± 0.9g/kg/day and professional: 1.8 ± 0.8g/kg/day) and lipids presented borderline values about to with concerning the recommendations in the literature (amateur: 0.9 ± 0.6 / g/kg/day and professional: 1.8 ± 0.9 g/kg/day). Amateur and professional athletes did not differ in terms of food consumption and anthropometric profile. Both groups, amateur and professional, demonstrated negative energy balance and inability to reach the suggested levels of macronutrient intake according to the classification. Thus, it is recommended that both MMA groups receive attention regarding nutritional strategies.

Healthy and Efficient Voice Use Awareness in Amateur Group Singers: A Multi-Sensory Self-Assessment Protocol Trial

ABSTRACT Group singing is beneficial for health and well-being but many new clients presenting in the singing teaching studio come from choir backgrounds and with established voice problems. Amateur group singers do not usually receive individual feedback on their singing efforts, so there is a need to establish a self-monitoring procedure. This qualitative inquiry involved purposive sampling of 18 amateur choir singers trialing a self-assessment (SA) protocol for three weeks. A pre-trial and post-trial online questionnaire was completed to assess the impact of the SA protocol on singing behaviors. Three follow up online interviews were conducted to further interrogate the processes experienced by participants. Post-trial results revealed an increased awareness of healthy and unhealthy singing habits evidenced by changes in thinking and mental attitude, and in behavior and practice improvement. Visual and aural self-assessment were easiest for participants to employ with kinesthetic self-assessment being the most difficult. Choir leaders need to continue to educate the singers in their care concerning vocal health and efficiency and encourage self-assessment during singing and speaking acts. Individual singers in an amateur setting must be encouraged to become independent learners, taking responsibility for their vocal health through self-monitoring procedures.

Enhancing Adaptability and Sustainability in Hunan Province Amateur Choirs through Diversity in Repertoire Linguistic

Amateur choirs in mainland China have experienced a steady growth in numbers in recent years, with even two team ranked among the top ten choirs globally in the INTERKULTUR 2023 World Choir Rankings. However, despite the overall development in choral arts, amateur choirs exhibit significant regional disparities in performance quality. To address this issue, the authors investigated three (3) amateur choirs in Loudi City, Hunan Province, aiming to enhance their adaptability and sustainability in the region through the means of diversification in repertoire, balancing the regional disparities. The study employed a qualitative approach, collecting, categorizing and researching the repertoire presented by the three choirs over the past five years (2018-2023). Through further observation and interviews with choir directors, conductors, and choir members, the authors sought insights into their repertoire selection criteria, providing valuable references for developing practical strategies in strengthening the overall adaptability and sustainability of amateur groups in Hunan Providence.

Effects of golf instructors' professional certification levels on amateur golfers' perception of instructor expertise, instructor credibility, and lesson participation intention: testing placebo and nocebo effects.

This study investigated the differences in amateur golfers' perceptions of instructor expertise, instructor credibility, and lesson participation intention depending on the golf instructor's certification level to investigate whether placebo and nocebo effects exist depending on the certification level. Accordingly, the study analyzed 153 amateur golfers with at least 1 year of playing experience, and the results were as follows: First, there was a difference in the perception of instructor expertise among amateur golfers depending on the golf instructor's certification level. Specifically, there were significant differences in perceived performance and teaching skills but no differences in personality and emphasis on basic principles. Second, the participants reported significant differences in their perceptions of instructor credibility depending on the instructor's certification level. Instructor credibility of the tournament professional group was the highest, whereas that of the amateur group was the lowest. Third, the results showed differences in lesson participation intention among amateur golfers depending on the instructor's certification level. Lesson participation intention was higher for semi-professional and tournament professional instructors than for amateur instructors. These results verified the presence of psychological biases, such as placebo/nocebo effects, that result in differences in the perception of instructor expertise, instructor credibility, and lesson participation intention depending on the certification level of instructors. Additionally, based on the data obtained from this study, further research is required to improve the performance of golf instructors and create an efficient teaching environment.

Descriptive analysis of injury types and incidence during futsal preseason across different competitive levels.

This study aimed to verify the typology and incidence of injury by comparing the different competitive levels of futsal during the preseason. The sample consisted of 68 senior male futsal players (24.26 ± 4.63 years). Data were collected using an injury recording grid that examined the affected body part, anatomical region, type of injury, mechanism, and severity. It was found that the elite group has the lowest incidence rate of injury (4.8 injuries per 1,000 h of exposure) compared to the sub-elite (11.8 injuries per 1,000 h of exposure) and amateur groups (13.9 injuries per 1,000 h of exposure). However, at this level, there is the highest percentage of injury occurrence (38.5%), the lower limb was the most affected part of the body (30.8%), and ligament (23.1%) and muscle (15.4%) injuries are the most prevalent. The most frequent mechanism of injury was non-traumatic (30.8%), and the majority were moderate injuries in the elite (23.1%) and sub-elite (17.9%) groups and severe injuries in the amateur group (12.5%). The amateur futsal players had the highest incidence of injury during the preseason period compared to the other competitive levels. Still, it was at the elite level where the highest percentage of injuries occurred, most of them non-traumatic and of ligament origin, primarily affecting the ankle region. The results highlight the importance of adopting specific injury prevention programs for ligament and muscle injuries during the preseason phase, regardless of the competitive level.

Modern practices of kunachestvo and good neighborliness in the South of Russia

Modern practices of establishing good neighborly relations between the people of the South of Russia, implemented through festival projects and various social and cultural events organized by leaders of public organizations and representatives of government structures, are revealed. It is shown how the festival "Peace to the Caucasus", which started in 1996, influenced the establishment of a peaceful dialogue between representatives of Ingushetia and Ossetia, between artists of professional groups from all over the South of Russia; psychologically set people up for general civil unity and a positive attitude towards each other. The expansion of the content of the Festival, the inclusion of exhibitions of arts and crafts and demonstrations "Podvoriy" also allowed to expand the composition of festival participants, to include amateur groups and soloists in its programs. The issues of choosing the locations of festivals, their financing, established traditions and the gradual expansion of the geography of participants are discussed. At the same time, the presence of certain problems associated with the lack of new "life-giving forces" aimed at achieving the general goal of establishing peace and harmony in the South of Russia is emphasized. Other practices of kunakry between creative teams and their leaders (Viktor Zakharchenko and Aslan Nekhay) are also shown, as well as examples of promoting initiatives aimed at highlighting the facts of good neighborliness and cooperation. These include the Kunaki documentary film festival and the Kunachestvo project, implemented by the Ministry for Cooperation with Civil Society Institutions and Ethnic Affairs of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The study used a content analysis of information from open sources and expert interviews on the spectrum of reflection and application in the modern culture of the North Caucasus and the South of Russia of the creative potential of the practices of kunakry and good neighborliness

The Reich Chamber of Culture: Ideology, Structure and Interaction With an Artist in the Third Reich

The presented article aims to analyse the activities of one of the key management structures in the Third Reich, the so-called Reich Chamber of Culture. The main focus is placed on such aspects as the ideological influence of culture and the formation, through culture, of a united and consolidated "spirit of the nation". It is argued that the foundation of notions propagated by Nazi ideologists lied in the philosophical tradition of understanding the values and significance of German culture, which supported the perceived uniqueness of the "national cultural spirit". The article delves into the organisational mechanisms of control over cultural processes in the Third Reich. A special attention is given to exploring how the complex bureaucratic apparatus that amalgamated seven chambers would control literally all spheres of culture — from book publishing to cinema, from amateur groups to professional theatres and concert halls. Interaction with artists became one of the principal methods of cultural consolidation for the Reich Chamber of Culture under the Nazi regime. All artists, except for those of Jewish origin, were obliged to join the Reich Chamber of Culture; otherwise, they were barred from conducting their professional activities. Accordingly, based on typical examples of how individual artists were able to fare in their creative activities, the article discusses various ways of artists’ interaction with the totalitarian regime — from cooperation to cultural resistance and creativity in exile — and outlines the key models of such interaction. In conclusion, the author points out to the strategic nature of the Reich Chamber of Culture in the Nazi policies, its orientation towards diversifying the forms in which the regime’s goals were to be implemented through the extensive bureaucratic system, of the kind specially built to transmit state ideology

Dragon boat exercise reshapes the temporal-spatial dynamics of the brain.

Although exercise training has been shown to enhance neurological function, there is a shortage of research on how exercise training affects the temporal-spatial synchronization properties of functional networks, which are crucial to the neurological system. This study recruited 23 professional and 24 amateur dragon boat racers to perform simulated paddling on ergometers while recording EEG. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the brain were analyzed using microstates and omega complexity. Temporal dynamics results showed that microstate D, which is associated with attentional networks, appeared significantly altered, with significantly higher duration, occurrence, and coverage in the professional group than in the amateur group. The transition probabilities of microstate D exhibited a similar pattern. The spatial dynamics results showed the professional group had lower brain complexity than the amateur group, with a significant decrease in omega complexity in the α (8-12 Hz) and β (13-30 Hz) bands. Dragon boat training may strengthen the attentive network and reduce the complexity of the brain. This study provides evidence that dragon boat exercise improves the efficiency of the cerebral functional networks on a spatiotemporal scale.

Kinematics and biomechanics analysis of classic 24-style taijiquan

Abstract Inheriting and promoting Taijiquan, most of the process of oral teaching and teaching by words, the lack of scientific data support, there is an urgent need to standardize the interpretation level measurement standards. In this paper, based on the high-speed infrared motion capture technology, the HelenHayes method is used to select the bony landmarks of human anatomy, establish the coordinate system, and optimize the traditional posture-solving algorithm by using Mahony to design the kinematic and biomechanical analytical model used for the movements of the classical 24-step Taijiquan. The analytical model was used to analyze the kinematics and biomechanics of a total of 6 taijiquan practitioners in both professional and amateur groups. It was finally found that the center of gravity of the taijiquan champion was 0.077, 0.080, and 0.034 during the white crane bright wing movement, and the center of gravity of the three stages of the single whip was 0.062, 0.075, and 0.059, without excessive undulating movements, and basically remained at the same height. In the four stages of the movement, the left hip joint angle of the amateur group has been deviating from the standard, with a maximum deviation of 22.98 degrees, which is significantly different from that of the professional group. This study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement, rationalization, and simplification of Taijiquan movements and scientific experimental data for the standardized teaching and training of these movements.

Formation and development of female choral performance in Ukraine

Statement of the problem. Ukrainian women’s choral performance has long traditions. Today, there are women’s choirs in Ukraine that adequately represent the musical culture of our country. Nevertheless, in scientific research, the issues related to female choral performance do not attract enough attention: there are only isolated works on the activities of female choirs, therefore a systematic study of the genesis of female choral performance is relevant. Recent research and publications. Currently, there is only one textbook in Ukraine: Theory and Methods of Working with female Choirs (Kravtsova, Patskan, & Shkilnyuk, 2010). There are separate articles by K. Davydovskyi (2016), T. Martyniuk 92017), Yu. Olach (2017), and N. Kryzhanovska (2009), which study the activities of the female choirs and their conductors. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the study is to trace the process of formation of female choral performance in Ukraine, to determine its ways of development at the present stag, which is carried out for the first time in national art history. The study is based on the principle of historicism, systematic and complex approaches to the subject under consideration, and uses cultural, source studies, biographical and local studies, executive and interpretive research methods. Research results. Female choral singing has a long tradition that is closely linked to pagan rituals. The origins of professional women’s choral singing are associated with the founding of nunneries in Ukraine. Institutes for noble girls, diocesan schools and private boarding houses appeared in the second half of the XIX century. 13 women’s diocesan schools existed in Ukraine between 1854 and 1917. Singing in the church choir used to bean important element of education in these institutions. First female gymnasiums that appeared in Ukraine were called Mariinsky. They functioned in Kyiv (from 1859), Kharkiv (from 1860), and Odesa (from 1868). Education in Ukraine underwent significant changes after the revolution of the 1917. Most monasteries were destroyed and institutions for noble girls ceased to exist. The choral art of the first decades of the Soviet period was represented by the activities of amateur groups at factories and plants. Professional female choral singing continued to exist thanks to the emergence of music departments in pedagogical colleges. Nowadays, such collectives as S. Fominykh Choir (Mykolaiv, conducted by T. Ostrovska), the Women’s Choir of the R. Glier Kyiv Municipal Academy of Music (conducted by H. Horbatenko), and the “Pavana” Women’s Choir of the Drahomanov National Pedagogical University (Kyiv, conducted by L. Baida) bring to us outstanding examples of the female choral performance. The activity of bright female choirs in the contemporary space encourages composers to create highly artistic choral music. The works of L. Dychko, V. Stepurko, H. Havrylets, V. Poliova, I. Shcherbakov, V. Zubytskyi and others adorn the concert programs of many female choirs in Ukraine. Conclusions. The state’s gender policy has led to a significant spread of the female choral performance. Contemporary female choral performance is divided into amateur, educational, and church. Today in Ukraine there is not a single female choir that has the status of a professional one, but the performance skills of some educational groups actually put them on the level of professional choirs.

Bohdan Antkiv's Contribution to the Development of Musical Art of Galicia in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century

The purpose of the work is to systematise and give a comprehensive assessment of the musicological and compositional heritage of Bohdan Antkiv, his cultural and educational, musical activities in the context of the processes of professionalisation of Ukrainian musical art of Galicia in the second half of the twentieth century. The methodology of the research is to apply the following methodological approaches: analytical, systemic, historical and musical. Scientific novelty of the work. For the first time a thorough analysis of the musical activity of Bohdan Antkiv was carried out, the contribution of the artist to the musical art of Galicia of the second half of the twentieth century was characterised. Conclusions. Bohdan Antkiv is a music artist who crosses the line of amateurism and achieves success and recognition in professional music art Ternopil and Lviv regions. He participated in rural amateur groups and circles in early years, led by his father, Mykhailo Antkiv. The musician obtained a professional music education, studying at conducting courses at the Ternopil branch of Mykola Lysenko Lviv Music Higher Institute, and later at the Conducting Faculty of Mykola Lysenko Lviv State Conservatory. He successful conducted activities in the children’s choir of the society ‘Prosvita’ local unit, in the singing and music society ‘Torban’, in the choir of the T. Shevchenko youth organisation ‘Sokoliata’, in the mixed choir of Ostriv village, which won the Regional Choir Competition in Lviv, in the choir group of the song and dance youth ensemble ‘Cheremosh’, which acted at I. Franko Lviv State University. Bohdan Antkiv also started a brass band in Ostriv village. The article also traces composer and arranging activities. Keywords: Bohdan Antkiv, musician, conductor, choirmaster, composer, musical art, Ternopil, Lviv.

Eye Movement on Predicting Serve Return of College Female Tennis Players of Different Levels in Henan Province

Objective: To quantitatively evaluate the influence of sports level on the behavioral indexes and eye movement indexes of female tennis players by independent sample T test analysis, and to provide strategic basis for visual search of athletes. Methods: In this study, 20 female tennis players from colleges and universities in Henan Province were randomly selected as professional group, and 20 female tennis students from colleges and universities in Henan Province were randomly selected as amateur group. All the tested players had normal vision (5.0 after correction), healthy body, and were right-handed racket holding players. The experiment was conducted to compare the two groups of subjects' prediction accuracy rate, reaction time, total number of effective gaze, gaze track and interest area and other eye movement characteristics when watching videos. Results: The professional group had shorter reaction time, and the correct rate was obviously higher than the amateur group. The total effective fixation point of the professional group was more than that of the amateur group, and the professional group could focus more information. The professional group had a mature grasp of cognitive processing strategies, and their visual search times were targeted; Athletes in the professional group can allocate more attention to the key areas of interest that affect the serve landing point, and highly focus on the interest areas directly related to the direction of the serve, so that they can search information more accurately and improve the accuracy of the prediction.

The legacy of the Altai composer Afanasy Stepanovich Anokhin as a focus of the formation of the national choral culture of the mid-twentieth century

The authors of the article consider the main directions of the development of choral culture of the twentieth century in the context of domestic and regional socio-cultural processes through the prism of the legacy of the multifaceted creative personality of A. S. Anokhin, as well as through the analysis of the biography and creative path of the composer, based on his diaries and memoirs; presenting his views on the historical events of that time from the point of view of the musician and a teacher. The figure of Afanasy Stepanovich Anokhin is one of the key figures in the musical education and enlightenment of the Altai Territory in the XX century, about his creative and educational activities. The novelty of the research lies in the reconstruction of the integral creative image of the composer in the context of the formation of musical culture in the Soviet period in the Altai Territory. In this work, for the first time, a complete list of the composer's published works is published. A. S. Anokhin's main compositional legacy is connected with mass songwriting, one of the most popular genres of the Soviet era. The article also examines the development of musical and choral culture in the Altai Territory from amateur groups to professional performance and the development of musical education throughout the twentieth century, as well as raises issues of preservation and reclamation of regional cultural heritage.

Comparison of mechanical energy transfer during right-forward lunge between female amateur and professional badminton players

BackgroundRegarding their skill levels, badminton players present different movement patterns during front and right lunging. The main objective of this study was to compare the mechanical energy transfers attributable to right-forward lunges between amateur and professional badminton players to study variations in mechanical efficiency at various skill levels.MethodIn this cross-sectional study, twenty female badminton players were recruited (Professional group n = 10 and Amateur group n = 10). The kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremities were recorded while performing right-forward lunges using Vicon motion capture and Kistler force plates. Mechanical energy expenditures (MEE) were extracted in eccentric transfer, concentric transfer, and no-transfer phases for the hip, knee, and ankle joints. At each joint, mechanical energy compensations (MEC) were also determined. Independent samples t-tests were used to analyze data at a significance level of α = 0.05.ResultRegards to mechanical energy expenditures at the initial heel contact phase, the professional players demonstrated statistically significant more ankle no-transfer (p < 0.003), less knee concentric transfer (p < 0.026), more knee eccentric transfer (p < 0.001), and less hip no-transfer (p < 0.001). At the same time, the amateur athletes showed significantly more ankle eccentric transfer (p < 0.042) at maximal knee flexion angle time point. Analyzing mechanical energy compensation coefficients showed that the professional athletes had significantly less ankle concentric transfer (p < 0.001), more knee concentric transfer (p < 0.001), more knee eccentric transfer (p < 0.001), and more hip eccentric transfer (p < 0.001) at initial contact phase. While they found to have significantly more ankle eccentric transfer (p < 0.007), less knee concentric transfer (p < 0.001), less knee eccentric transfer (p < 0.001), more hip concentric transfer (p < 0.001), and more hip eccentric transfer (p < 0.001) at maximal knee flexion angle.Conclusionit is shown that the mechanical energy efficiency of the right-forward lunge is skill-related. It seems that altered lunge landing biomechanics may increase the risk of ankle and knee injuries and muscular damages in amateur athletes. It is recommended for amateur players to follow a injury prevention training program that promotes proper lunging technique.

Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society in the Study of Archaeological Heritage

The purpose of the research paper is to analyze the role of Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society (1865-1920) in the study of archaeological heritage and to determine its significance in the overall heritage of its scientific achievements.&#x0D; Scientific novelty. After studying the documentary sources it has been found out that during its activities Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society evolved from an amateur group into a true center of historical research in Podillia, and archeology became one of the main components that secured the Society recognition and authority in scientific circles at the end of the 19th century – early 20th century.&#x0D; Conclusions. In order to write the history of Podillia with pro-Russian ideological content, a group of priests and local intellectuals at Podillia Theological Seminary was organized and got the name of the Committee for Historical and Statistical Description of Podillia Eparchy. Over the years, the Committee had grown into a full-fledged center for studying the history of Podillia, called Podillia Church Historical and Archaeological Society, whose work had acquired scientific features, and the areas of research and their content had gone far beyond the tasks set by the ruling elite.&#x0D; The high level of organization and results of research in the field of archeology ensured the Society to be recognized in the academic world at the end of the 19th – early 20th century. And such achievements as the collecting and well-argued systematization of the collection of archaeological objects, as well as the system of the compiled Archaeological Map of Podillia, are patterns that retain their relevance and meaning to this day. Such a high assessment of the results of the Society’s activities was given by authoritative Ukrainian historians of that time, such as V. Antonovych, D. Doroshenko, I. Krypiakevych, and O. Ohloblyn.&#x0D; From the experience of the Society, it follows that the main condition and reason for its progressive evolution was the very content of Ukrainian history, the objective study of which naturally formed individual national self-awareness and fostered patriotism.

Analysis of technical characteristics of typical lower limb balance movements in Tai Chi: a cross-sectional study based on AnyBody bone muscle modeling.

Tai Chi is an excellent traditional Chinese physical fitness exercise, and its unique balancing movements are very important for improving human balance. In this study, the two most representative Tai Chi balance movements, "knee lift balance" and "leg stirrup balance", were selected to establish the lower limb bone muscle model of Tai Chi balance movements by using computer simulation modeling technology, aiming to analyze the characteristics of the lower limb movement mechanisms of typical balance movements, to provide a quantitative theoretical basis for improving the scientific level of Tai Chi. A total of 16 subjects were recruited for this study. the BTS three-dimensional motion capture system and three-dimensional force platform were used for motion data acquisition, the physiological electromyographic signals were collected using BTS surface electromyography, and the lower limb bone muscle model of Tai Chi balance movements was established by AnyBody human simulation. In the knee lift balancing movement, the balance leg hip abduction/adduction angle, hip flexion/extension moment, and the strength of the rectus femoris muscle, biceps femoris short capitis, and iliacus muscle of the amateur group was significantly smaller than that of the professional group (P<0.01). In the leg stirrup balance movement, the knee flexion/extension angle of the balancing leg in the amateur group was significantly greater than that in the professional group (P<0.01), and the hip flexion/extension angle, hip inversion/abduction angle, knee flexion/extension moment, hip flexion/extension moment, the strength iliacus, gluteus maximus, and obturator internus were significantly smaller than those in the professional group (P<0.01). The integral EMG of the biceps femoris of the support leg in the amateur group was significantly smaller than that of the professional group (P<0.01). The integral EMG of the lateral femoral muscle of the balance leg was significantly smaller than that of the professional group (P<0.01). In this study, we found that the balancing leg of the balancing movement has a larger hip joint angle, the stirrup balancing knee joint angle is smaller, and the hip and knee joint moments are larger. This is related to joint activity and muscle activation, and amateurs should pay attention to increasing the range of motion of the hip joint and decreasing the range of motion of the knee joint when practicing to better stimulate exercise of the lower limb joints. In addition, the practice of balancing movements should strengthen the iliacus muscle, which plays an important role in maintaining the stable balance of the lower limbs, and strengthen the knee flexor and extensor muscles and hip adductor/abductor muscles of the balancing leg, thus promoting the stability of the balancing leg movements.

Newly compiled Tai Chi (Bafa Wubu) promotes lower extremity exercise: a preliminary cross sectional study.

Tai Chi (Bafa Wubu) is a new type of simplified Tai Chi widely practiced by Tai Chi enthusiasts that has developed and perfected simplified Tai Chi movement and enriched Tai Chi practice methods. When practicing, Tai Chi athletes and enthusiasts can choose the Bafa Wubu movements to practice according to their physical conditions. The purpose of this article is to discuss the mechanism by which Bafa Wubu promotes lower extremity exercise from the perspective of exercise biomechanics. This article aims to explore the scientific training methods and technical characteristics of Bafa Wubu, and its contribution to comprehensive exercise of the lower extremities, by analyzing the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremities of participants who practice Bafa Wubu at different levels and by comparing their ground reaction force, lower limb joints, and muscles during Bafa Wubu. A total of 16 male participants were recruited and divided into an amateur group (N = 8) and a professional group (N = 8). The data were collected by a BTS 3D infrared-based motion capture system, and Kistler 3D force plate. The lower extremity joint forces and muscle strength were calculated by anybody simulation software with inverse dynamics. During elbowing and leaning sideways with steps sideways (ELS), the ground reaction force of the professional group was significantly higher than that of the amateur group in the sagittal, vertical, and frontal axes (P < 0.01). While stepping forward, backward, and sideways, the professional group's joints loading at the hip, knee, and ankle was always higher in the vertical direction (P < 0.01). Furthermore, during warding off with steps forward (WOF), laying with steps forward (LF), and rolling back with steps backward (RBB), hip joint loading increased in the med-lat direction. During actions with steps backward and sideways, the professional group's ankle flexion/extension torque and hip abduction/rotation torque were significantly larger than those of the amateur group (P < 0.01). Different actions in Bafa Wubu activate muscles to different degrees, whereas the iliacus is mainly responsible for stabilizing postures when practitioners perform standing knee lifting motions. Professional groups who have been practicing Tai Chi (Bafa Wubu) for a long time have higher ground reaction force, and the force on the three joints of the lower extremities is different for various movements, which has positive significance for exercising the joints of the lower extremities. In addition, various motions activate muscles of different types at different levels. For amateurs to practice different movements to stimulate the muscles, targeted areas of practice promote the lower extremity muscles' synergistic force. In summary, the muscles and joints of the lower extremity can obtain comprehensive and balanced exercise through Bafa Wubu.

Study on the eye movement characteristics of the badminton practitioners of different levels regarding visual attention.

Badminton is a highly sophisticated, fierce, and competitive tactical game. It requires the same action of hitting a ball with different landing points. Therefore, the complexity of badminton practitioner's sports decision-making is relatively high. Accordingly, it is extremely important to study the difference between the eye movement characteristics of different levels of badminton athletes and the difference between the eye movement characteristics of different sports levels of amateur athletes. Overall, 15 students from the badminton professional training team of the Physical Education College of the Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University and 15 students from the common public sports and badminton course were included as experimental participants in the present study. The laboratory experimental test on the virtual sports situation in badminton was conducted using an eye tracker. The eye movement index of both the badminton professionals and the experimental participants was recorded for statistical analysis, and the following results were obtained: (1) In the cognitive decision-masking task, the reaction time of the professional badminton practitioners was faster than that of the amateur practitioners. Similarly, in the intuitive decision-masking task, the reaction time and accuracy of the former were better than those of the latter. (2) The professional badminton practitioners' group was able to process and integrate the searched information in the process of sports attention selection information; although the amateur group was able to search and filter information, they were passive and could not actively process and assimilate the searched information. (3) The professional badminton practitioners could allocate their attention reasonably and process information in the process of attention transfer, while their amateur counterparts were affected easily by external interference factors. The level of motor intelligence of badminton practitioners in the professional group was higher than that of the amateur practitioners. Thus, these two groups of different levels showed attention transfer. (4) The mental skills of the professional group were higher than those of the amateur group.

In-Field Recording of Six Biaxial Angles and Plantar Pressures in Weightlifting through a Wearable System.

Monitoring and evaluation of the techniques used in weightlifting are based on the subjective observation of the coach, which can ignore important aspects of short duration. This study aimed to implement an embedded system to register the angular variation of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, and plantar pressure during training. Four professional and four amateur athletes performed five snatch lifts. To evaluate the angular measurement, the tests were simultaneously videotaped and the results were contrasted. The angular data presented a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and a delay of 495 ± 200 ms. The characterization of the sensors was implemented in a microcontroller with a mean absolute percentage error of 18.8% in the measurements. When comparing the average results between the elite and amateur groups, the amateur group performed a delayed descent in the first three phases of the lift and an accelerated descent in the fourth phase. A not uniform plantar pressure was registered in the same group, causing a reduction in the final speed of recovery with the barbell. The proposed system has been developed for biaxial angular registration of hip, knee, ankle, and plantar pressure during weightlifting snatch. The option to contrast between signals presented by the system met the requirements requested by the coaching staff and is seen as a promising quantitative analysis tool to support the coach and the athlete.

Organization of amateur and professional folk choirs

In this article, a person can reflect on his inner feelings and real events by listening to music, performing it, creating amateur and professional folk choirs, the activities of Uzbek composers, and the activities of artistic amateur groups, detailed information about their complaints.