Alternative Sources Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Inverse Transient Thermoelastic Problems of Semi-Infinite Hollow Cylinder on Outer Curved Surface

Abstract PDF Full-Text e-Pub For every single issue that is sensitive to mankind, correct assessment of the involved variables must be attained, before any well-defined decision can be taken. The unique times that Humanity is going through brings many and various changes that affect all economic sectors, leading to behavioural modifications in both industry and society. Mining sector is not an exception in this context. In fact, nowadays, it is critical to find alternative sources of distinct Critical Raw Materials (CRM) of mineral origin, and this issue demands innovation and the establishment of new paradigms, which need to be correctly evaluated and well pondered. The increase of environmental and socioeconomic responsibility in mining activities, as well as research and innovation, are pushing technical an.....

МЕТАЛЛОНОСНОСТЬ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОЙ И МИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ ЧАСТИ НЕФТЕБИТУМИНОЗНОЙ ПОРОДЫ

Heavy high-viscosity oils and natural bitumen are increasingly attracting research attention as al-ternative sources of hydrocarbon raw materials. The development and rational use of their deposits is considered to be essential for extracting synthetic oil and rare earth metals, as well as for obtaining astringent materials for road construction. Since natural bitumen is rich in microelements, this research sets out to investigate their distribution across the mineral and organic fractions of the rock, as well as in the tar-asphaltene substances contained in natural bitumen. The concentration of nickel, vanadium and accompanying trace elements is found to be uneven in all kir constituents. The largest share of the metals is observed to be concentrated in high-molecular compounds. The data obtained on the distribution of metals in the mineral and organic fractions of petroleum bituminous rock, as well as in the tar-asphaltene substances obtained from natural bitumen are deemed useful for developing technological schemes for their comprehensive processing. In addition, complete utilization of oil bituminous rock can be achieved.

THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH OF DETERMINATION POULTRY GRADE AND POULTRY PRODUCTS

There was proposed the system of classification of poultry by grades, taking into account the rate of individual bone-in and boneless pieces, and minced meat according to objective quality indexes, namely the ratio of the mass fraction of fat and mass fraction of protein in terms of protein quality (ratio of tryptophan to hydroxyproline), the ratio of the energy value and other indicators established for land and water-floating bird and is comparable to similar measures for beef and pork. Was given the quantitative criteria for rating the quality of poultry meat for content of muscle, connective and fatty tissues (skin with fat) in gutted carcass and its parts, installed there output and factors consumer value (FCV). Also was given the comparative rate of biological value of raw meat of slaughter animals and poultry, poultry meat mechanically deboning and nutritional supplements of animal and vegetable origin. It is established, that poultry meat mechanically separated on the functional-technological properties and bioavailability significantly superior to animal and vegetable proteins. The biological value of the lump meat of chickens-broilers and hens egg directions 1 grade has values 73.12 and 72.92%, the same time the biological value of goose meat from deboning carcasses of 2 and 1 grades has high values and varies from 79.77 to 81.14%. The new approach of the definition types of meat poultry and poultry products increases the range of foods allowed by the introduction in the recipe of sausage stuffing alternative sources of raw materials of animal and vegetable origin, adequate and balanced protein composition that is a definite contribution to the solution of the problem of providing the population with goods of high quality and enhance production efficiency.

Ash as an alternative source of raw materials

The objective of the work is to study the aluminosilicate fractionation from fly ash, physical and mechanical properties of fly ash derived from the Thermal Power Plants (TPP) wastes. Ash, carbon concentrate (unburned carbon), ash concentrate and products of their treatment with reagents were tested by optical methods. The particle morphology of the objects of research was studied with the scanning electron microscope REM-100. The composition of the ash phases was investigated using the X-ray diffractometer DRON-2. A dispersed analysis of the TPP fly ash suggests a conclusion that it is advisable to separate particles of a narrow grain-size class within the range from 40 to 150 μm with an ash content of about 33%. The first product may be enriched by flotation method. Such a coal product may be used as a reducing medium in metallurgical processes, agglomeration, etc. The calorific capacitance of the concentrate is about 6000 kcal/kg (25000 kJ/kg).

Application areas of phosphogypsum in production of mineral binders and composites based on them: a review of research results

The increase of the consumption of gypsum products in construction industry with a limited amount of natural gypsum deposits requires alternative sources of gypsum-containing raw materials. In some countries which have fertilizers industry plants, the problem can be solved using industrial wastes, e.g. phosphorgypsum – a byproduct of fertilizers’ production. Kept in dumps over decades, phosphorgypsum is subjected to the chemical changes due to washing out impurities with rain and other natural factors. However, there are observed deviations of harmful impurities in dumped PG depending on its age., Phosphorgypsum of any age requires chemical treatment to neutralize remains of phosphorus and sulfuric acids, fluorine compounds. According to our researches one of the most simple and effective method of neutralization the impurities is using lime-containing admixtures. The paper presents results of laboratory tests of phosphorgypsum as a component of clinker and non-clinker binders. There were investigated the impact of phosphorgypsum as admixture for clinker binders to substitute natural gypsum. Neutralized phosphorgypsum can be applied as mineralizing admixture in calcination of Portland cement clinker. Adding 2 to 2.5% of phosphorgypsum as setting time regulator resulted in a similar physical and mechanical properties compared to mix made with natural gypsum. Another important area of phosphorgypsum application is sulphate activatoion of low-clinker blast-furnace slag cement (clinker content is less than 19%). According to results, the incorporation of phosphorgypsum as sulphate activator in cement has the better effect as natural gypsum. Other development has been carried out to modify the phosphorgypsum binder properties. Complex additive consisted of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer and slaked lime permitted an increase mechanical properties of hardened phosphorgypsum binder due to significant a reduction of water consumption. Such modified binder can be used as partial or complete replacement of gypsum binder for filling cements and finishing plasters. It can substitute gypsum in non-clinker binders like supersulphated cements. There were also developed compositions of supersulphated cements based on low-alumina blast furnace slag and phosphorgypsum. Supersulphated cements were tested in normal-weight and light-weight concrete.

Tailings reprocessing from Cabeço do Pião dam in Central Portugal: A kinetic approach of experimental data

Abstract The mining waste and tailing dam are object of discussion due to the accidents that occur due to a lack of control or due to interest in the remaining minerals present in these materials. Most of the old tailings dams have high contents of heavy metals which could represent potential risks to the environment or be an alternative source of some critical raw materials. The case study of the Cabeco do Piao dam in Central Portugal involved tailings from a processing plant that belonged to the Panasqueira Mine Complex, which has been in operation for over 120 years. Waste rock and mining tailings were deposited in the area until 1995, and they represent an environmental liability for the local population due to their high content of toxic metals. Tailings reprocessing can be considered as a solution that minimizes social and environmental impacts, recovers some essential minerals, such as Zn, W, and Cu which can help to offset investments made. The project design involves several stages of metal concentration, determined by experiments, as well as a model of the process. The overall model will take into account technological constraints, social-economic conditions and environmental impacts. A preliminary result of an optimization study of the kinetic approach is presented in this piece of work.

Cellular Ceramics Produced from Ceramic Shell: Processing and Characterization

In this work, ceramic shell (mullite source), an industrial solid waste from the lost-wax casting process, after crushing and milling steps, was used and evaluated as an alternative raw material source for the production of cellular ceramics for high temperature applications (> 1400 °C). The obtained ceramic shell powder, with particle size distribution (d50 < 2 µm) suitable for the production of ceramic foams, was characterized from the point of view of their physical, chemical, morphological and crystallographic properties. Samples were prepared and obtained by direct foaming and gelcasting routes, dried at room temperature and then fired in two steps (650 °C/2 h and 1550 °C/2 h), and cooled in the furnace to room temperature. The effects of solids loading (35 and 42 vol. %) and stirring velocity (500 and 2000 rpm) on the cellular structure (pore size distribution and porosity) and mechanical properties of the produced ceramic shell foam samples were evaluated. The results showed that it is possible to obtain ceramic foams based on mullite-zirconite, with pore sizes between 100 and 900 µm, porosities up to 77% and compressive strength varying from 3 to 20 MPa.

Chromatographic characterization of bio-oils from fast pyrolysis of sugar cane residues (straw and bagasse) from four genotypes of the Saccharum Complex

Residues of four different genotypes of sugarcane (Saccharum sp., Saccharum Robustum, Miscanthus sp. and Erianthus sp.), belonging to the Germplasm Bank of the Saccharum Complex (BAGCANA) from EMBRAPA, were subjected to a pyrolysis process and the bio-oils produced were analyzed by GC and GC×GC. The main objective was to start the studies in the integrated use of these residues (sugarcane straw and sugarcane bagasse) in view of a bio-refinery. The species Robustum, Miscanthus and Erianthus were compared with the cultivated variety of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) because they are candidate to application as “energy-cane”, which is a sugarcane with higher amount of cellulose being cultivated for energetic purposes. The residues (straw and bagasse) are not adequately used and tend to be inadequately discarded, causing environmental impacts. However, if these residues be re-processed by pyrolysis, the produced bio-oil can be found many potential uses.The goal of this paper is to compare the amount and quality of bio-oils produced from these residues (bagasse and straw), intending to aggregate value to these materials and to indicate their best uses. The bio-oils were analyzed by GC×GC coupled to mass spectroscopy, allowing the detection and identification of their major constituents. Phenols were the main classes of identified compounds that can indicate the use of the bio-oil as alternative source of raw material for chemical industries. It is important to highlight that not only the straw but also the bagasse produced similar bio-oils, differing only in the relative amount of these compounds in the bio-oil, allowing an integrated utilization of these materials. The goal of this paper is to compare the amount and quality of bio-oils produced from these residues (bagasse and straw), intending to aggregate value to these materials and to indicate their best uses. The bio-oils were analyzed by GC×GC coupled to mass spectroscopy, allowing the detection and identification of their major constituents. Phenols were the main classes of identified compounds that can indicate the use of the bio-oil as alternative source of raw material for chemical industries. It is important to highlight that not only the straw but also the bagasse produced similar bio-oils, differing only in the relative amount of these compounds in the bio-oil, allowing an integrated utilization of these materials. The identified compounds are approximately the same in all the samples, differing only in the relative amount of these compounds in the bio-oils. The major compounds were slightly different in the studied bio-oils, but they can be represented by benzofuran-2,3-dihydro, 4-vinyl-guaiacol, syringol and 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural. The aldehyde contents increased significantly in the Miscanthus and Erianthus bio-oils samples, mainly due to furfural derivatives, which are not found in the other samples. In addition, only the species Erianthus sp. presented yield in bio-oil superior to the commercial specie, which may indicate its use in the production of furfural and derivatives.

Soda-Anthraquinone Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) Rind Linerboard and Corrugated Medium Paper: A Preliminary Test

A preliminary test was conducted to investigate the characteristics of linerboard and corrugated medium paper made from durian rind waste. Naturally dried durian rinds were pulped according to Soda-Anthraquinone (Soda-AQ) pulping process with a condition of 20% active alkali, 0.1% AQ, 7:1 liquor to material ratio, 120 minutes cooking time and 170°C cooking temperature. The linerboard and corrugated medium paper with a basis weight of 120 gsm were prepared and evaluated according to Malaysian International Organization for Standardization (MS ISO) and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI). The results indicate that the characteristics of durian rind linerboard are comparable with other wood or non-wood based paper and current commercial paper. However, low CMT value for corrugated medium and water absorptiveness quality for linerboard could be improved in future. Based on the bulk density (0.672 g/cm3), burst index (3.12 kPa.m2/g) and RCT (2.00 N.m2/g), the durian rind has shown a good potential and suitable as an alternative raw material source for linerboard industry.

Variation of chemical characteristics and pulpability of dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa) on location

Dhaincha ( Sesbania bispinosa ) is a crop generally cultivated for improving soil quality. Due to the lack of forest worldwide, alternative source of raw materials for cellulose industries is the main concern today. In this investigation dhaincha samples were collected from 21 accessions of different districts of the country in order to study variation of chemical characteristics and its pulpability. The lignin, pentosan and α –cellulose content were varied from 21 to 23%, from 16 to 18% and from 38 to 43%, respectively. The highest and lowest α –cellulose content were found in two location of Mymensngh district. There was no correlation was found among the district. Therefore, pulping of dhaincha from selected seven districts was carried out in kraft process at the conditions of 18% active alkali at 170 o C for 2 h. But the pulping properties did not show any mentionable distinction for place variation. Average pulp yield is 42.9% with kappa number 11. The highest brightness 85% ISO was reached with D 0 E p D 1 bleaching. The papermaking properties were very close to the conventional raw materials used in Bangladesh. Therefore, dhaincha can be used as a raw material for pulp production in Bangladesh.

Geoecological Еvaluation and Reconstruction of Violated Territories by Materials on the Basis of Large-twin Sludge Wastes

The formation of facilities for the placement of industrial slime wastes leads to the degradation and exclusion of great territories from economic circulation. Conducting restoration works and further targeted development of these territories involves the use of natural materials, which leads to their appreciation. The way out of this situation is the use of alternative sources of raw materials. This article presents the main stages of the assessment of disturbed territories, taking into account their resource, geoecological and technological features for further recovery using materials based on large-tonnage slurry waste.

PRE-FEASIBILITY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT VITAMIN A (RETINOL PALMITATE) INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA

The Government regard to the Ministry of health andMinistry of industry make policy in order to prevent an increase in vitamin A deficiency sufferers in Indonesia. The policy made in the Ministerial RegulationNo. 87/2013 about SNI mandatory of Palm cooking oil with vitamin A (fortification). The problem is the whole vitamin A circulating domestically is imported products. Withthe enactment of this policy, then the needs of vitamin A in the country will be very large. Theoretically, Vitamin A can be generated from the content of certain commodities contained vegetable or animal sources available in the country. Until now, there has been no research that explains the availability of animal or vegetable sources as the industrial raw material of Vitamin A. Research shows that availability of animal and vegetable raw materials in Indonesia to support its industry is not sufficient. Delivered also alternative sources of raw materials that can be used as raw material for the manufacture of Vitamin A as Palm cooking oil. In addition, the results of the analysis of the economic establishment of techno-economicindustries Vitamin A in Indonesia using Benefit Cost Ratio, showing that this plan is worthy of particular consideration. Keywords: fortification, palm oil, techno-economic, Vitamin A. © RASĀYAN. All rights reserved

Safety aspects of the production of foods and food ingredients from insects.

At present, insects are rarely used by the European food industry, but they are a subject of growing interest as an alternative source of raw materials. The risks associated with the use of insects in the production of foods and food ingredients have not been sufficiently investigated. There is a lack of scientifically based knowledge of insect processing to ensure food safety, especially when these processes are carried out on an industrial scale. This review focuses on the safety aspects that need to be considered regarding the fractionation of insects for the production of foods and food ingredients.

MICROWAVE IRRADIATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROCESS FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING MACAUBA OIL (Acrocomia aculeata)

Macauba is an oleaginous palm tree widely found in Brazil. Its productive potential can reach 6000 kg of oil per hectare. In this study, crude vegetable oil was mechanically extracted from the mesocarp (pulp) of fresh Macauba fruit and subjected to physical-chemical determinations to analyse the following parameters: acid value, moisture content and kinematic viscosity. The results strongly indicate that Macauba palm oil is an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel production. Furthermore, concerning fatty acid composition, a predominance of unsaturated compounds was noted (75.92%) of which 63.21% are oleic acid, and 9.21% are linoleic acid. In this context, to produce ethyl esters, Macauba palm oil was subjected to alkaline transesterification by homogeneous catalysis, with microwave irradiation being applied to the heating step. The results indicated a conversion rate of 96.6%, for a molar ratio ethanol/oil of 12:1, a catalyst concentration equal to 1.0 wt% (KOH) and a reaction time equal to 60 seconds.

Recycling of steelworks refractories: processing and properties

The maintenance of several steel-making equipment of the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN/Brazil) builds up about 11 000 tons of refractory waste per year. Most of that refractory waste is disposed off in landfill sites without any application. That action permanently excludes an important alternative source of raw material from the productive cycle. In this context, in the particular case in CSN, all critical points of the generation cycle and recycling of refractory waste were investigated, aiming to use these residues as reprocessed raw material in the Refractory Industry – reverse logistics. The project implementation, through an integrated solution, was technically and financially feasible with an economic return of about US$ 1 million per year in terms of net present value. The reuse of this refractory waste also minimises the environmental impact generated by the production, consumption and disposal of refractory materials from steel production.

Enhancement of properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete using bacteria

ABSTRACTDue to rapid construction, necessity for raw materials of concrete, especially coarse aggregate, tends to increase the danger of early exhaustion of the natural resources. An alternative source of raw materials would perhaps delay the advent of this early exhaustion. Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) plays a great role as an alternative raw material that can replace the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) for concrete. Previous studies show that the properties of RCA concrete are inferior in quality compared to NCA concrete. This article attempts to study the improvement of properties of RCA concrete with the addition of bacteria named as Bacillus subtilis. The experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the improvement of the compressive strength, capillary water absorption, and drying shrinkage of RCA concrete incorporating bacteria. The compressive strength of RCA concrete is found to be increased by about 20% when the cell concentration of B. subtilis is 106 cells/ml. The capillary water absorption as well as drying shrinkage of RCA are reduced when bacteria is incorporated. The improvement of RCA concrete is confirmed to be due to the calcium carbonate precipitation as observed from the microstructure studies carried out on it such as EDX, SEM, and XRD.

Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.

Evaluation of the mechanical and physical properties of particleboard manufactured from Canola (Brassica napus) straws

This study examined possible feasibility of canola (Brassica napus) straws in the production of particleboard. Three-layer experimental particleboards with density 0,7 g/cm3 were manufactured using different canola straws particle ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) properties of the boards were evaluated and a statistical analysis was performed in order to examine possible feasibility of these straws in commercial particleboard manufacturing. The results indicated that, the addition of canola straws particle significantly improved modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of the panels and greatly reduced their internal bonding. Overall findings showed that most panels made from above-mentioned materials exceed the EN Standards for MOR, MOE and IB. Also, the water absorption and thickness swelling increased with increasing canola straws content in the panels. The experimental results have shown that production of general purpose and furniture grade particleboard used in dry conditions using canola straws is technically viable. The results of the study demonstrate that canola straws can be an alternative raw material source for particleboard industry.

Physical modeling of the formation of clathrate hydrates of methane

Nowadays natural gas hydrates attract special attention as a possible source of fossil fuel. According to various estimates, the reserves of hydrocarbons in hydrates exceed considerably explored reserves of natural gas. Due to the clathrate structure the unit volume of the gas hydrate can contain up to 160–180 volumes of pure gas. In recent years interest to a problem of gas hydrates has considerably increased. Such changes are connected with the progress in searches of the alternative sources of hydrocarbonic raw materials in countries that do not possess the resources of energy carriers. Thus gas hydrates are nonconventional sources of the hydrocarbonic raw materials which can be developed in the near future. At the same time, mechanisms of methane clathrate hydrates formations have not reached an advanced level, their thermophysical and mechanical properties have not been investigated profoundly. Thereby our experimental modeling of the processes of formation of methane clathrate hydrates in water cryomatrix prepared by co-condensation from the gas phase onto a cooled substrate was carried out over the range of condensation temperatures 12–60 K and pressures 10−4–10−6 Torr. In our experiments the concentration of methane in water varied in the range of 5%–90%. The thickness deposited films was 30–60 μm. The vibrational spectra of two-component thin films of CH4 + H2O condensates were measured and analyzed.

Thorough Characterization of Brazilian New Generation of Eucalypt Clones and Grass for Pulp Production

Eucalypt wood is becoming the most important raw material for the pulp industries in South America. However, due to the high wood cost in comparison to other raw material sources, nonwoody materials are also being investigated aiming at pulp production. In this way, this paper aimed at the evaluation of eighteen eucalypt clones obtained from the Brazilian Genolyptus project, regarding their potential characteristics for pulp production. Aiming at the same goal, two species of elephant grass were also evaluated as alternative raw material sources. Through the analyses of the anatomic and chemical characteristics, five eucalypt clones and one elephant grass species were indicated for pulp production and biorefinery application. The results of this study indicate the high technological quality ofEucalyptusclones evaluated and indicate that they can be used for biorefinery applications since they have the suitable characteristics. In general, the eucalypt clones are less moist and denser and contain fewer minerals and extraneous materials than the elephant grass species, which make them more attractive for utilization in deconstruction studies aiming at production of bioproducts.