Recently, it has been established that a size-consistent second-order Brillouin-Wigner perturbation (BW-s2) theory can be obtained by satisfying a trace condition with a repartitioning of the Hamiltonian between a one-body reference and a correlation-containing perturbation. BW-s2 has the twin advantages of being regular like the conventional second-order BW theory and being conditionally size-consistent like the conventional second-order Mo̷ller-Plesset theory. Conditional size-consistency means that spin-polarized reference orbitals must be used whenever the spin-restricted orbitals are unstable, whereas unconditional size-consistency means that size-consistency follows from the use of orbitals yielding the lowest BW-s2 energy. There is a wide range of possible forms for the partition, and here we present an exploration of the most desirable choices for regularization in the occupied subspace (controlled by a parameter α) and in the virtual subspace (controlled by a second parameter γ). Desirable parameter choices for BW-s2(α, γ) should exhibit (i) numerical stability, (ii) satisfactory accuracy for chemical energy differences, (iii) unconditional size-consistency, (iv) exactness for 2 electrons in 2 orbitals (2-in-2) at dissociation (which requires α + γ = 1), (v) flatness of the 2-in-2 PES approaching dissociation (which requires α + γ = 4), and (vi) particle-hole symmetry (α = γ). Tests on a range of bond-dissociation curves reveal stronger constraints on (α, γ) values that achieve unconditional size-consistency (α + γ > 1) than previously known. We combine this new information with minimizing errors against reference data across 14 data sets of chemical energy differences to recommend the nonempirical choice of BW-s2(α = 2, γ = 2). This choice appears to ensure unconditional size-consistency, as well as satisfactory accuracy on chemical problems, and enforces 2-in-2 flatness toward dissociation and particle-hole symmetry. Our analysis additionally reveals that BW-s2(α = 4, γ = 0), which was previously recommended on the basis of minimizing errors on chemical data, is also an alternative nonempirical choice that sacrifices 2-in-2 exactness and particle-hole symmetry.

The Dirac oscillator is a relativistic quantum system, characterized by its linearity in both position and momentum. Moreover, considering ( 1 + 1 ) and ( 2 + 1 ) dimensions, the system can be mapped onto the Jaynes-Cummings and anti = Jaynes–Cummings models, as illustrated in an exact manner by Bermudez et al. , [Phys. Rev. A 76, 041,801(R) (2007)]. Using the optical counterparts of the Dirac oscillator, we analyze an extension of the model that incorporates a time-dependent frequency. We focus on the consequences of these time modulations on the angular momentum observables and spin-orbit entanglement. Noticeable changes in the Zitterbewegung are found. We show that a specific choice of time dependence yields aperiodic evolution of the observables, whereas an alternative choice allows analytical solutions. Our work has potential implications for simulating relativistic phenomena in optical platforms.

Treatment decision-making in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (R/R DLBCL) is increasingly complex, especially with the emergence of novel, high-cost therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Understanding how physicians weigh various clinical and nonclinical treatment attributes is essential for aligning healthcare decisions with both clinical value and economic sustainability. This study aims to quantify Japanese physicians' preferences in health outcomes and patient experience outcomes through eliciting trade-offs in a choice experiment for specific treatment characteristics in R/R DLBCL. We performed a discrete choice experiment (DCE) with Japanese hematologists and oncologists. Participants completed an online best-worst scaling three alternative discrete choice experiment featuring a series of hypothetical treatment outcomes for DLBCL. The DCE included two patient vignettes: patient Q, a 70-year-old male with two prior treatment lines and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 1; and patient R, a 58-year-old female with three prior treatment lines and ECOG performance status 2. Predefined attributes included: overall survival (OS) rates at 12 and 24 months, change in ECOG status at 6 months, CAR-T related side effects (risk of severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and risk of severe neurological events), duration of hospitalization, time until treatment initiation, and total treatment cost. A conditional logit model was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for each attribute's influence on selecting the preferred treatment recommendation. ORs were translated into willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimates for the health outcomes, changes in adverse event risks and waiting time/hospitalization duration. A total of 231 Japanese hematologists and oncologists participated, each making six treatment decisions for two patient vignettes. Across both profiles, 12- and 24-month overall survival (OS), hospitalization duration, waiting time, and treatment cost significantly influenced preferences. For patient Q, reduced CRS risk was significant, while for patient R, ECOG improvement was influential. Willingness to pay (WTP) for a 1% increase in 24-month OS was approximately JPY 1.4 million (~USD 9520) for patient Q and JPY 1.8 million (~USD 12,240) for patient R; corresponding estimates for 12-month OS were slightly lower. A 1-week reduction in hospital stay was valued at JPY 1.1-1.9 million (USD 7480-12,920), and a 1-week reduction in waiting time at JPY 600,000-1.5 million (USD 4080-10,200). Overall, physicians prioritized long-term survival more strongly for the younger, more severe patient, whereas preferences were more balanced for the older patient. Clinical improvement (ECOG) weighed more heavily for the younger patient, while safety concerns were more salient in the older case. Our findings suggest that Japanese hematologists are cost-aware in their treatment decision-making. While improved OS remains the most valued outcome, reducing hospital length of stay is associated with substantial WTP, highlighting the importance of logistical and economic factors. The severity of prognosis shifted physician priorities to short-term survival and rapid access to care with more tolerance of adverse event risks. Future research should explore how these physician preferences align with patient perspectives.

Infant body temperature stability is paramount, especially for preterm newborns unable to maintain their own thermal equilibrium. Here, we explore a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm implemented directly on a Nextion Human–Machine Interface (HMI) to regulate infant warmer temperature. Unlike typical systems where the microcontroller holds the major PID calculation and the HMI acts as a display only, this method integrates the PID logic into the HMI itself, with possible reductions of microcontroller load, minimization of communication delays, and hardware architecture simplification. Three trials at a constant setpoint of 37 °C with varying combinations of PID gains were used with a fixed experimental setup. Temperature response indicators like rise time, settling time, percent overshoot, and steady-state error were measured and compared. Results indicate that with gains of Kp = 1.50, Ki = 0.05, and Kd = 1.50, the system reached a steady state of 36.97 °C with just 2.16 % of an overshoot and a settling time of about 7 minutes and satisfied neonatal warmer requirements. The results confirm that PID control executed directly on the Nextion HMI can achieve temperature regulation performance comparable to conventional microcontroller-based implementations while improving system simplicity and code efficiency. It presents a good alternative choice of low-power and portable infant warmer and also of other embedded hot and cold control systems.

Subcellular marker staining is very important in clinical diagnosis and biological research. In this study, a peptide-protected platinum cluster probe with functional nuclear targeting was developed. The intrinsic fluorescence and catalytic properties of the prepared TAT-Pt cluster probe were characterized by tube experiments, and the dual-mode labeling imaging of nuclei was realized using the excellent fluorescence and catalytic activities of the prepared TAT-Pt cluster probe. The results suggest that the TAT peptide-protected platinum clusters are promising candidates for specific cell nuclei staining. These cluster probes provide an alternative choice for the labeling and analysis of single cell.

To reduce the carbon footprint, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered an alternative transportation choice. However, increased use of EVs could lead to overloading the existing power network when accounting for all installed chargers. With the increasing deployment of EV chargers, universities are potential locations for the oversized power network issue. This paper applies reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize for EV charging infrastructure at the university scale using real-world data, directly contributing to sustainable energy management by reducing grid burden and increasing renewable energy utilization. The RL-based charger aims to reduce the burden on the grid while increasing renewable energy utilization. This study investigated practical relevance in real-world systems, considering three demand scenarios: random, stochastic historical demand from Qatar University, and actual online data from Caltech University. Three RL algorithms—Deep Q-Network (DQN), Advantage Actor–Critic (A2C), and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)—are applied. While training, the historical stochastic data requires more tuning of the RL framework than the random demand, emphasizing the importance of realistic demand profiles. The performance of the RL approach depends on the type of demand. The results show that the proposed RL approach can efficiently mitigate the peak charging currents. For the Qatar University historical demand scenario, the PPO algorithm minimized the peak charging currents by 50% relative to uncontrolled charging (160 A to 80 A) and Model Predictive Control maintained the energy transfer capability at 99.710%. For the random demand type, the peak charging currents are minimized by 38.3% as compared to uncontrolled charging (128 A to 79 A), with a nominal reduction in energy transfer capability to 95.89%. Scalability is tested by integrating the model into the IEEE-33 bus network. Without solar integration, the proposed RL-based EV charging management model improves the voltage drop by 0.05 p.u., leading to reduction in the line losses by 17% as compared to the MPC benchmark method and by 32% as compared to the uncontrolled charging scheme. Further, the proposed RL approach leads to a 9% reduction in line current during peak hours in the IEEE-33 bus system. With solar integration into the IEEE-bus system, the proposed framework of the RL approach improved the sustainability of the charging infrastructures by enhancing solar energy utilization by 42.5%. These findings validate the applicability of the proposed model used for optimizing the sustainable EV charging infrastructure while managing the charging coordination problem.

Electronic banking or e-banking is the term that describes all transitions takes place among companies, organizations and individual and their banking institutions. The purpose of this article is to study the level of Customer Awareness towards online shopping and E-payment in Uttar Pradesh. This study is based on the descriptive research design. A total of 100 Customers participated out of 130 Customers in the research conducted using the method whereby participants answered the standardized questionnaire. The study concludes that most of the customers are satisfied with E-Payment in certain factors like wide reach, more convenient, time saving and Alternative choice Payment method. However, there are several barriers identified to the adoption of this payment method like most of the customers are dissatisfied with security of E-Payment and network issue. The study recommends that government, e-tailers and the online community involve in online shopping, could engage more creative awareness on online shopping. Attention could be paid to mitigating the identified challenges of online shopping experience.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to modulate neural activity, with applications in clinical treatment, diagnostics, and neuroscientific research. TMS targeting the human primary motor cortex (M1) is well studied, aided by experimental readouts from the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord, and activated muscle targets. One key readout is a series of pulses that descend the spinal cord following TMS, called DI-waves. These reflect the output of M1 to the spinal cord and are influenced by TMS parameters such as orientation, strength, and waveform. Previous modeling studies have deployed numerous strategies to explain DI-wave generation, but generally approximate TMS inputs as semi-arbitrary current or synaptic inputs. A consistent missing piece to these models is a biophysically motivated coupling between TMS and the neural states of cells and cell populations. This study aims to leverage cable simulations of realistic neuron morphologies to couple TMS induced electric fields to average state variables of cortical cell populations. This coupling model quantifies the spatial-temporal activation function of directly stimulated axonal fibers and the average input current that downstream cells receive due to synaptic inputs from directly stimulated cells. An example M1 cortical circuit is studied, in which TMS stimulates layer 2/3 excitatory and inhibitory neurons that project synapses onto layer 5 corticospinal neurons. Results indicate that TMS induces unique directionally sensitive distributions of synaptic outputs in time and space for each cell type. Directional and dosage sensitivity carries forward to the dendritic current flowing into layer 5 cells. Ultimately, the coupling model provides a novel architecture to translate electric fields from TMS into activation functions that alter neural states and serve as inputs to cortical circuit modeling. The study of other brain regions is achievable through an alternate choice of cell morphologies, cell locations, and circuit design.

With the growing development of autonomous underwater vehicles technology, research on conducting long-term underwater mission is gaining popularity. To address the urgent need for timely and efficient charging of autonomous underwater vehicles, a hybrid-energy powered mobile platform is proposed for autonomous underwater vehicles charging under deep-sea environments. The mobile platform integrates two vertical-axis wind turbines, solar panels, and a small waterplane area twin-hull ship, offering a self-sustained power supply system. First, the platform's static stability and large angle stability is checked through Maxsurf Stability. Afterwards, the 6-DOF RAOs and short-term response of the integrated system is verified through a frequency-domain hydrodynamic analysis based on potential flow theory. An aerodynamic simulation of applied wind turbine is conducted. The analysis results demonstrate that through optimizing the hull design, including shape, dimensions, and the implement of the vertical-axis wind turbines and solar panels, the integrated system achieves good stability. The preliminary conceptual design in this paper provides an alternative choice for the charging of autonomous underwater vehicles especially under deep-sea environment.

For efficient conservation of apex predators of any region in remaining fragmented forest and wildlife areas of that region it is important to better understand their dietary habits and patterns in relation to seasons, variety of animals, and region (urban, village). Semi-arid landscapes of the Aravalli hills in southern Rajasthan of Indian sub-continent is primarily dominated by Indian Panther (Panthera pardus fusca) an apex carnivore of the region. Present study investigates the dietary habits, dietary composition and hunting behaviour of the Indian Panther in Sisarma Banki Forest (SBF) and Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) of Southern Rajasthan during the four years of study time period from November 2014 to October 2018. Through the scatological investigation and analysis of 150 scats (86 - SBF & 64 - SWS) collected between 2014 and 2018, total thirteen distinct prey species were identified through microscopic hair and bone examination (8 - wild and 5 - domestic) which revealed a diverse spectrum for Panther prey-base ranging from small rodents to large ungulates. While rodents remained a consistent and primary dietary staple across most seasons with notable exception of summer, a significant transitional increase toward domestic livestock hunting was observed during the summer and winter months in Panthers dietary proportions. Statistical evidence suggests reliance on domestic animals was significant which accounted about 57.85% of the diet in winter and 63.14% during summer exhibiting profound behavioural plasticity of Panthers with increasing cases of exploiting domestic prey -bases when compared to seasonal wild prey-base fluctuations. All these findings agrees to the fact that due to depleting natural prey-base in their fragmented wild landscapes, Panthers without any alternative choice were forced to remain an ecological generalist driving their increased dependency on domestic livestock, which calls an urgent attention to all stakeholders for immediate action to restore natural prey-base and practical implementation of landscape-level conservation strategies on ground-level to mitigate potential Human-Panther Conflicts (HPC).

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nanostructured bismuth oxychloride (nano-BiOCl) in endodontic sealers with respect to radiopacity, color stability, and push- out bond strength under thermocycling conditions. Materials and Methods In this in vitro study, the disk-shaped Elastomeric Polyurethane Sealers (EPS) without radiopacifiers sealer served as the control group, whereas EPS with 20% bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃), with 20% bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl), with 20% nano-BiOCl, and AH26 were designated as the test groups. The specimens were thermocycled to evaluate both short and long-term changes. Discoloration of all photographs was analyzed using ImageJ software. The ΔE values for discoloration were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: The discoloration levels of sealers containing nano-BiOCl and BiOCl showed significantly lower compared to Bi₂O₃ and AH26 samples (P < 0.05). However, the discoloration of the BiOCl samples was greater than that of the nano-BiOCl samples. Sealers containing nano-BiOCl exhibited significantly higher radiopacity than the other sealers (P < 0.05). The PBS for nano-BiOCl and BiOCl were significantly higher than those of Bi₂O₃ and AH26, despite no significant difference between the Bi₂O₃ and AH26. EPS without radiopacifier exhibited significantly lower radiopacity compared to all test groups, while its push-out bond strength (PBS) was comparable to sealers containing BiOCl and nano-BiOCl. Its discoloration after 100 cycles was higher than nano-BiOCl but not significantly different from BiOCl, Bi₂O₃, or AH26. Conclusion Nano-BiOCl can be an appropriate alternative choice for Bi₂O₃ in endodontic sealers, as it demonstrated lower discoloration, higher radiopacity, and greater PBS.

To evaluate whether luminance-matching of non-target elements (Study 1) and incorporating artwork (Study 2) within the newly designed turtle optotype would impact visual acuity (VA) measures. Study 1 evaluated the redesigned four alternative forced choice (4-AFC) turtle optotype to confirm whether luminance-matching of the non-target and target elements was required, through comparing VA with different turtle optotype luminance designs to the Landolt C. Study 2 evaluated whether including artwork in the turtle optotype impacted on VA as compared with the Landolt C chart. In Study 1 (n=12, mean age=34.9±5.7years), there was a significant effect of chart type (p<0.001), where VA was significantly better in the non-luminance-matched design (M=-0.31 logMAR) compared to either of the luminance-matched designs (M=-0.09 logMAR) and the Landolt C (M=-0.13 logMAR) which were not significantly different from one another (p>0.4). In Study 2 (n=14, mean age=29.1±8.8years), including the new artwork did not affect VA (p=0.5); mean VA of the new 4-AFC turtle optotype (M=-0.10 logMAR) was not significantly different to the Landolt C (M=-0.13 logMAR). Findings confirmed that the optotype target needed to be luminance-matched with non-target elements and that new co-designed artwork could be incorporated without a significant effect on VA. Further work will validate the chart in children.

This study explored the experiences and meanings of parents who chose alternative education through narrative inquiry methodology. Korean education currently faces serious challenges, including rising suicide rates among children and adolescents and the lowest life satisfaction levels, and while an increasing number of parents are choosing alternative education amid intense college entrance competition, in-depth research on these parents' selection experiences remains insufficient. For this purpose, three parents currently sending their children to Christian alternative schools were interviewed, and their experiences from childhood to their choice of alternative education were analyzed. The research findings revealed four themes: ‘courage with reason’, ‘passing the baton to children’, ‘parenting together with the school community’, and ‘parents who maintain composure’. This study illuminated the meaning of alternative education choice within the context of parents' life histories and revealed parents' own healing and growth processes and their experiences of parenting together with the school community. Based on the research findings, implications for educational practice and parent counseling were discussed, and recommendations for future research were proposed.

This research serves to find out and explain the ability of the influence of product quality on customer satisfaction, as well as to find out and explain the ability to influence price on customer satisfaction. Herbal beverage packaging in Indonesia, which is influenced by changes in the lifestyle of people who are aware of health and the environment. Packaging of herbal drinks, such as ginger, is a better alternative choice than sweet or carbonated drinks, especially among Generation Z. Warkop Maju Rorotan North Jakarta innovates by selling packaging of herbal drinks to attract the younger generation, with a focus on product quality for customer satisfaction. This research also applies SEM and PLS methods to analyze the data, which allows researchers to obtain the value of variables that are relevant for predictions. Thus, the results of this research are expected to provide new insights in the development of herbal beverage products and improve the quality of educational institutions through scientific work at the University of August 17, 1945 Jakarta.

Chronic hindfoot infections poses a significant threat to limb integrity and quality of life. The one-stage procedure, involving implants removal, debridement, and simultaneous arthrodesis, may serve as an alternative choice. The present retrospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of the one-stage procedure using external fixators for the treatment of chronic hindfoot infections. From April 2016 to December 2022, 21 patients with chronic hindfoot infections underwent one-stage procedure with debridement and arthrodesis using external fixators. Pain and joint function were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Score. Infection recurrence and osseous consolidation were appraised using the Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria and radiological examination. The tibiotalar, tibiotalocalcaneal, and pan-tarsal arthrodesis were performed in 6, 14 and 1 patients, respectively. The surgical debridement procedures were performed using arthroscopic (n = 9) and combined open (n = 12) methods. The mean follow-up duration was 38.2 (range 25-103) months. The procedure achieved significant pain relieve and functional improvement, as evidenced by the substantial improvement in VAS and AOFAS score from 6.4 ± 1.7 and 40.0 ± 11.6 preoperatively to 1.3 ± 1.4 (p < 0.001) and 78.4 ± 10.8 (p < 0.001) postoperatively, respectively. No instance of infection recurrence was observed during follow-up, and successful osseous consolidation was achieved in 20 patients. The one-stage procedure with debridement and arthrodesis using external fixators represented an alternative method for the treatment of chronic hindfoot infections.

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combining intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IVDI) and ranibizumab in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) who are unresponsive to multiple treatments. This study included 36 eyes from 28 patients. Eligibility criteria were persistent DME with a central macular thickness (CMT) ≥300 µm despite ≥3 consecutive monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections and/or focal/grid laser photocoagulation at least 6 weeks before enrolment. Patients with <50% reduction in CMT or <2-line improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after prior treatments were enrolled. All eyes received a single IVDI and were followed monthly for 6 months. If BCVA decreased by ≥5 ETDRS letters or CMT increased by ≥100 µm, additional intravitreal ranibizumab (IVRB) was permitted. The primary outcomes were BCVA, intraocular pressure (IOP), and CMT. The baseline mean BCVA was 0.65 ± 0.30 logMAR, mean CMT 501.2 ± 145.9 µm, and mean IOP 16.2 ± 2.5 mmHg. BCVA improved significantly to 0.53 ± 0.27 logMAR at month 1 (P = 0.002), 0.46 ± 0.27 at month 2 (P < 0.001), and 0.54 ± 0.31 at month 3 (P = 0.014). Correspondingly, CMT decreased to 293.7 ± 77.6 µm, 273.3 ± 51.3 µm, and 351.0 ± 112.3 µm (all P < 0.001). DME recurred in 16-17 eyes between months 3 and 5, requiring additional IVRB. Following retreatment, BCVA remained stable (0.50-0.54 logMAR, P ≤ 0.029) and CMT persisted between 353 and 382 µm (P ≤ 0.001) through month 6. IOP increased significantly during the first 2 months but returned to baseline thereafter. IVDI demonstrated substantial enhancement in patients with chronic persistent DME who were resistant to different treatments, with peak efficacy observed in the second month. Therefore, it may be considered an alternative therapeutic choice.

摘要： 备选是指最终被组织安排承担某项任务或角色, 但并非该任务或角色首选的员工, 近年来逐渐受到学者关注。然而现有研究却忽视了任务分配情境下备选对员工自身态度和行为的影响。本研究基于社会信息加工理论和联想命题评价理论, 采用情境实验(研究1)和三阶段问卷调查(研究2), 探讨了任务分配情境下备选对员工行为的“双刃剑”效应及边界条件。研究结果表明, 当上级发展性反馈水平高时, 备选会激发和谐型激情, 进而引发主动担责行为; 当上级发展性反馈水平低时, 备选会引起工作拖延倾向, 进而发生时间窃取行为。研究结论为大众更加客观、辩证地认识备选提供参考和借鉴。

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;The review is focused on analysis of the paradigm of tracking computer mouse movements in the situation of alternative choice. This paradigm allows to detect deviations of the mouse trajectory from the movement towards the selected response, which can be interpreted as the presence of an internal conflict between responses. This approach allows us to trace the dynamics of choice hidden inside the reaction time, to detect the presence of a conflict of answers even in the situation of choosing the expected answer, as well as to identify the factors influencing the strengthening or weakening of this conflict. &lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; The article presents examples of implementation of the mouse-tracking paradigm in solving various psychological problems, such as studies of social cognition, action control, studies of economic decision-making, memory, judgment bias, self-control, and describes standard experimental procedures, indicators, and software for laboratory, online testing, and mouse trajectory data processing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The problem of defining and understanding the emotional process of children in the presented work the solution within the framework of the study of categorization of the rate of expression of basic emotions in children of primary and secondary school age. Two resistances were put forward: the categorization of dynamic basic emotions by children of primary and middle school age is characterized by the peculiarities of the relationships between the assessments of dynamic expressions of basic emotions and their verbal designations; the categorization of dynamic expressions and verbal designations of basic emotions in children of middle school age will be more accurate, in contrast to the assessments of children of primary school age.. The theoretical basis for the research was the provisions of the scientific school of V.A. Barabanshchikov, within which the categorization of emotions can be considered as an intellectual-perceptual phenomenon. Children of primary school age (22 people) and senior school age (25 people) participated in the study. We will offer both groups stimulating material in the form of stimulating expressions of basic emotions from the Child-EFES (CEFES) Database. After involving the stimulus material, the respondents included the semantic differential (children's version) of events &amp;mdash; direct impact on the expression of basic emotions and then their verbal designations, children of middle school age, additionally used the alternative choice technique. Significant connections were revealed between the level of increase in expression and verbal symbolic basic emotions, as regards the number of connections in younger schoolchildren than in children of middle school age. However, younger schoolchildren are characterized by the description of different basic emotions by one scale. Differences in the indicators of verbal designations of basic emotions between students of the first and fifth grades were revealed for six basic forces &amp;mdash; &amp;ldquo;fear", &amp;ldquo;calmness&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;surprise&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;contempt&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;sadness&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;disgust&amp;rdquo;. The greatest number of innovations is observed in children of different ages in the categories of emotions &amp;ldquo;disgust&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;joy&amp;rdquo; and the smallest differences in the levels of &amp;ldquo;surprise&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;contempt&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;sadness&amp;rdquo;. Students in the 5th grade (middle school age) most accurately categorize such emotions as &amp;ldquo;disgust&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;sadness&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;anger&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;joy&amp;rdquo;, less accurate categorization was carried out by children in relation to such emotions as &amp;ldquo;surprise&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;contempt&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;fear&amp;rdquo;, the least accurate categorization was categorized confidence &amp;ldquo;calmness&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the leading food commodities in Indonesia whose availability is often not optimally met. The decline in productivity in agricultural land caused by pest attacks is a very damaging and detrimental factor. Biological control using biological agents in the form of entomopathogenic fungi is an alternative choice for controlling corn pests that is quite cheap but environmentally friendly so as to maintain the balance of the environmental agro-ecosystem. The purpose of this research is to identify the types of entomopathogenic fungi from exploration using the insect bait method in several lowland soil samples that have great potential as biological agents to control Spodoptera frugiperda pests that attack corn plants. The results of the study showed that the lowland soil samples of Tojan, Klungkung and Saba, Blahbatuh, Gianyar did not find symptoms of entomopathogenic fungi that infect the insect pest S. Frugiperda, while the lowland soil samples of Padanggalak, Sanur found symptoms of entomopathogenic fungi that infect the insect pest S. Frugiperda. The results of the pathogenicity test and macroscopic and microscopic identification showed that the characteristics of the isolates refer to the fungus Aspergillus flavus.