Recently, macroalgal extracts have gained attention for their valuable biologically active metabolites, known for their antimicrobial activities. This study aimed at exploring the antifungal properties of the aqueous (AQ), ethanolic (ET), and methanol: chloroform (MCF) extracts of brown macroalga Hormophysa triquetra, collected from Ad-Dukhan, Qatar. The extracts were evaluated for antifungal potential against Fusarium species, Alternaria alternata, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, using the agar disc method. The results revealed that the AQ extract exhibited no inhibitory action against phytopathogens, whereas ET and MCF extracts demonstrated antifungal potential against Fusarium species and A. alternata. Although fungal radial growth was not inhibited by the application of the extracts, significant morphological variations were evident indicating fungistatic behaviour of extracts. Microscopic images of the fungi treated with extracts showed hyphal deformations, compaction, abnormal thickness, vacuolization, and presence of pseudo-hyphal morphotypes. SEM analysis further confirmed alterations in structure of the fungi treated with extracts as compared to controls. Invivo analysis on cucumber further validated the extract's ability to suppress fungal growth, with a disease incidence of 66.7% and disease severity of 37.8%. GC/MS of the extracts revealed the presence of different bioactive compounds, primarily fatty acids, in both ET and MCF extracts.

Sodium alginate-green synthetic nano-silica/chitosan-thyme essential oil bilayer film for tomato preservation.

Enhanced efficacy of sugarcane bagasse based ZnO Nanoparticles conjugated with Propiconazole for management of Leaf spot of Bottle gourd

Chitin synthase (CHS) enables the construction of fungi cell wall and insect skeleton by catalyzing the formation of chitin. CHS inhibitor (CHSI) disrupts the integrity of these structural barriers, leading to fungal cell lysis. Notably, CHSIs are considered non-toxic to vertebrates, making CHS a promising target for the development of novel antifungal agents. Thirty-three novel uridine-based derivatives (UDs) were designed and synthesized through fragment-based drug design (FBDD) to discover potential CHSIs. Bioassays demonstrated that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited excellent fungicidal activity against Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea, with inhibition rates exceeding 80% at 100 μg mL-1. Specifically, compound 5a showed significantly stronger fungicidal activity (EC50 = 0.78 μg mL-1) than the commercial CHSI fungicide polyoxin B (EC50 = 46.56 μg mL-1). In vivo antifungal assays revealed that compound 5a effectively suppressed the infection of Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea, outperforming the positive control. SEM and TEM analyses indicated that compound 5a disrupted the fungal cell wall and membrane. Enzyme inhibition assays confirmed that compound 5a exhibited superior CHS inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.47 μg mL-1) compared to polyoxin B (IC50 = 1.84 μg mL-1), and molecular docking simulations demonstrated a stronger binding affinity of compound 5a to CHS relative to polyoxin B. A 3D-QSAR model was established to elucidate the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and provide guidance for further structural optimization. Toxicity tests showed that compound 5a had no significant inhibitory effect on mung bean seed germination and exhibited low toxicity to zebrafish. Compound 5a is a promising antifungal agent with a unique mechanism of action by targeting fungal CHS. This study discovered a series of novel CHSIs with excellent fungicidal activities, offering valuable candidates for fungicide development. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

The drug resistance is one of the challenges in cancer chemotherapy, due to the development of different drug-efflux pumps that expels the drug out of the cells, thus, searching for new compounds with multiple targets in tumor cells, could be an affordable chemotherapy. Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was preliminary recognized as a cytotoxic compound, however, its availability and equivocal activity are the hurdles for further applications. Alternaria alternata EFBL-025, PV342518.1, endophyte of Catharanthus roseus, exhibited the highest AME productivity (550 μg/l). Chemically, the structure of putative compound of A. alternata was committed from the TLC, HPLC and LC-MS/MS, with molecular mass 274.2 m/z, and typical fragmentation pattern of authentic AME. The purified AME of A. alternata exhibited a substantial activity against the MCF-7 (IC50 2.5 μM), HepG-2 (IC50 3.5 μM), Caco2 (IC50 3.9 μM), compared to OEC (IC50 13.5 μM), i.e with selectivity indices 5.4, 3.9 and 3.5, respectively. The AME has a highest inhibitory activity of Topoisomerase II (IC50 10.2 nM), than Topoisomerase I (IC50 16.7 nM), with a noticeable ability to arrest the division of MCF-7 cells at the G2/M and S phases by 1.5 and 2 folds, respectively, compared to the control. The AME of A. alternata significantly induces the total apoptosis, early apoptosis and necrosis of MCF-7 by 20, 22 and 2.9 folds. The docking analysis showed that AME had a favorable binding affinity for topoisomerases I/II with binding scores -7.72 and -6.06 kcal/mol, normalized to camptothecin and etoposide that have binding scores -9.44 and -6.82 kcal/mol, respectively. The molecular dynamics simulations explored the reliable stability of protein-AME complexes.

ABSTRACTPostharvest fungal diseases cause substantial losses in horticultural crops and are commonly managed using chemical fungicides, which raise concerns regarding resistance development and environmental impact. Plant‐derived antifungal peptides represent a promising alternative for sustainable disease control. Here, we evaluated the antifungal activity and mode of action of three nodule‐specific cysteine‐rich (NCR) peptides—NCR044, NCR192 and NCR13_PFV2—against major postharvest fungal pathogens. Among the peptides tested, NCR13_PFV2 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Penicillium expansum, although activity against C. gloeosporioides was predominantly fungistatic rather than fungicidal. Mechanistic analyses using A. alternata as a model pathogen revealed that NCR13_PFV2 rapidly associates with fungal membranes, induces membrane permeabilization and exhibits selective binding to anionic phospholipids and phosphoinositides. Peptide treatment was associated with mitochondrial depolarization, elevated reactive oxygen species accumulation, reduced cellular respiration and disruption of vacuolar integrity. These intracellular effects were accompanied by loss of turgor pressure and hyphal collapse. Importantly, application of NCR13_PFV2 to wounded bell pepper fruit significantly reduced lesion development caused by A. alternata in a concentration‐dependent manner. Together, these findings demonstrate that NCR13_PFV2 suppresses postharvest fungal infection through a multi‐target mechanism that disrupts fungal cellular homeostasis, highlighting its potential as a peptide‐based alternative to synthetic fungicides.

Fungal pathogen causes a persistent threat to global agricultural productivity. Thiazole and hydrazide derivatives exhibit broad-spectrum and potent antifungal activity, demonstrating significant potential as novel antifungal agents. In this article, 45 thiazolyl hydrazide derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitors. These compounds exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against seven pathogens, notably compounds A5 and A33 showed the most significant activity against Pythium aphanidermatum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and compound A37 with cyclopropyl and 3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl substituents showed significant efficacy against Rhizoctonia cerealis (half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 = 0.49 mg L-1) and Alternaria alternata (EC50 = 1.81 mg L-1), while maintaining a comparable protective effect (88.5%) to that of the reference fungicide bixafen. The structure-activity relationship has also been analyzed in detail. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that compound A37 disrupted the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle through inhibiting SDH. Concurrently, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were reduced, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, which will damage the integrity of fungi cells. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the binding affinity of compound A37 with SDH. The cytotoxicity experiments indicated that the thiazolyl hydrazide derivatives belong to the low-toxicity compounds. Bioactivity screening and antifungal mechanism suggested the potential of thiazolyl hydrazide derivatives as promising, eco-friendly candidates for the development of novel antifungal agents. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenazines represent a promising class of natural products with diverse biological activities, including antitumor, antiparasitic and antibacterial properties. Among them, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA)-a registered biopesticide-stands out for its broad-spectrum antifungal efficacy, low environmental toxicity and potential as a lead structure for developing anti-tumor and antituberculosis agents. However, the chemical synthesis of PCA derivatives is often hindered by harsh reaction conditions, toxic byproducts and poor selectivity, limiting their sustainable production. In contrast, biosynthesis emerges as a green and scalable alternative, yet efficient microbial platforms for structurally diverse PCA derivatives remain underdeveloped. To address this gap, we engineered Pseudomonas chlororaphis H18 into a versatile cell factory for PCA derivative biosynthesis. We first characterized the substrate promiscuity of the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase Pcm2, demonstrating its capacity to catalyze methylation and ethylation of many aromatic carboxylic acids. This catalytic versatility broadens the scope of PCA derivatives that can be accessed through biosynthesis. By integrating the pcm2 gene into the P. chlororaphis H18 genome, we established de novo pathways for two key derivatives: phenazine-1-carboxymethyl (PCM) and 2-hydroxy-phenazine-1-carboxymethyl (2-OH-PCM) for the first time, with PCM having been reported to exhibit superior fungicidal activity against the tobacco brown spot pathogen, Alternaria alternata, compared to PCA. To enhance titers of PCM and 2-OH-PCM, we implemented a systematic metabolic engineering strategy comprising: (1) increasing intracellular SAM supply, (2) overexpressing key genes, (3) knocking out the negative regulators and (4) disrupting competitive pathway. The engineered strain H18A4 produced 124.6mg/L PCM and 130.8mg/L 2-OH-PCM in KB medium. To further increase production of PCM and prevent PCA hydroxylation, we disrupted the phzO gene to block conversion to hydroxylated derivatives, increased pcm2 gene copy number and optimized the fermentation medium. The resulting engineered strain H18A6 produced 1.37g/L PCM in fed-batch fermentation-a marked advance toward scalable, bio-based production of this high-value compound. This study fills a technical gap by establishing a novel biosynthetic route for diverse PCA derivatives, overcoming the limitations of chemical synthesis and expanding the scope of sustainable natural product production. And the integrated metabolic engineering strategy (spanning enzyme characterization, pathway construction, metabolic flux optimization and process refinement) validated herein offers a reusable template for engineering microbial cell factories for complex high-value natural products. Ultimately, this study contributes to the green production of functionally complex phenazine-based compounds for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.

Erwinia amylovora, a highly destructive bacterial disease affecting pears, apples, and other rosaceous plants, has been reported in over 60 countries. Accurate identification during monitoring is essential to prevent its spread to new regions, underscoring the need for efficient, reliable detection techniques. Conventional methods are often instrument-dependent and unsuitable for early field detection, so establishing a rapid, sensitive, field-adaptable assay is crucial for timely pathogen detection and integrated green control, especially under resource-limited conditions. A sensitive, rapid detection system was developed by combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with a colloidal gold-based lateral flow dipstick (LFD) for specific E. amylovora identification. The assay demonstrated high specificity when evaluated against 22 bacterial species (such as Erwinia pyrifoliae, Dickeya fangzhongdai, Bacillus velezensis, etc.), four pear pathogenic fungi (such as Valsa pyri, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Alternaria alternata, etc.), and four pear DNA samples. The entire procedure can be completed within 1 h, providing a simple and rapid detection platform, with broad operational flexibility (effective amplification at 25-45 °C, 10-30 min), and a detection sensitivity of 10 fg μL-1 genomic DNA, 5 × 103 CFU mL-1, or 1000-fold diluted crude extracts. The RPA-LFD system achieved a 94.6% positive detection rate for artificially inoculated samples with visual LFD readout. This system enables rapid on-site detection of E. amylovora and provides a practical tool for implementing timely phytosanitary interventions and science-based control strategies. Furthermore, the technique shows significant potential for widespread application in fire blight monitoring and integrated disease management. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Most terrestrial plants can establish symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which increase the host plants’ resilience to pathogens. The effect of pre-inoculation with AM fungi as a bio-agent on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant resistance against Alternaria alternata RaSh3 leaf spot disease was investigated. The findings demonstrated that in A. alternata-infected plants, AM fungi could effectively colonize lettuce roots at a higher rate (100%) than in non-infected plants (91.66%). According to the disease assessment, lettuce plants pre-inoculated with AM and infected with A. alternata RaSh3 showed a 33.33 and 30.00% reduction in disease incidence and severity, respectively. During A. alternata RaSh3 infection, the primary growth responses, pigment fraction, proline, and carbohydrates of lettuce plants were reduced, accompanied by increases in oxidative stress markers [malondialdehyde (87%) and hydrogen peroxide (30.8%)]. Contrarily, AM-inoculated plants showed a significant increase in growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant enzymes either in A. alternata RaSh3-infected or non-infected ones. Overall, our results highlight the significance of AM fungi in alleviating infection symptoms by increasing proline (13%), flavonoids (28.3%), and phenolic compounds (44.7%). Moreover, a boost in the enzymatic status (phosphatases, antioxidants, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) was detected in A. alternata RaSh3-infected plants due to AM inoculation, proving the essential role of its inoculation in increasing plant resistance against A. alternata RaSh3. Finally, this experiment has proved the sustainable defense strategy of mycorrhizal symbiosis as a new bio-agent for the biological control of A. alternata in lettuce plants.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is susceptible to several fungal pathogens, including Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, and Colletotrichum coccodes, which can significantly reduce yield and tuber quality. Vine-kill is commonly used by potato producers to facilitate harvest, enhance tuber maturation and skin set, and manage tuber size. This study evaluated how different vine-kill methods affect soil DNA levels of these four fungal pathogens, potato virus Y (PVY) incidence in progeny tubers, and tuber yield and size distribution in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Treatments included pulling, flailing, and chemical desiccation with Reglone (diquat dibromide) combined with either Aim EC (carfentrazone-ethyl) or Super Tin 4L (triphenyltin hydroxide). Vine-kill methods did not significantly affect yield, size profile, or PVY incidence. However, soil pathogen DNA levels measured as DNA copy number by qPCR varied among treatments and year. In 2022, pulling resulted in the lowest levels of A. solani, A. alternata, and R. solani, and the second lowest level of C. coccodes. In 2023, pulling provided no significant benefit, but in 2025, it reduced soil levels of all four pathogens relative to desiccation and natural senescence, while flailing resulted in the lowest soil pathogen DNA levels in 2025 for both R. solani, and C. coccodes. Between the two commonly used practices, flailing generally resulted in lower fungal pathogen DNA levels detected than chemical desiccation. Overall, pulling and flailing reduced soil fungal pathogen DNA levels, suggesting that vine-kill practices might influence disease management in potato production systems.

Impact of environmental factors on the growth kinetics and mycotoxin profiles of Alternaria spp. in oat grains.

Fungal food allergy syndrome: A rare cause of anaphylaxis

Black spot disease is a significant disease during the growth period of pear trees. The species and pathogenicity of Alternaria fungi causing black spot disease in Anhui Province are still unclear. In this study, through phylogenetic analysis of multi-gene tandem sequences, pathogens causing pear black spot disease (PBS) in Anhui Province were identified, primarily Alternaria alternata, Alternaria gaisen and Alternaria tenuissima, with A. alternata being the dominant species (41.18%). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density of Alt a1 was much higher than that of other genes, and the codon bias was affected by both natural selection and mutation. The codon bias and the amino acid ratio of Alt a1 in A. alternata and A. gaisen were highly consistent, and A. tenuissima was quite different from them. The pathogenicity of A. alternata was significantly negatively correlated with the daily mycelia growth rate, dry weight of mycelia and alternariol production, and significantly positively correlated with tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin production. TeA might be the main virulence factor in the pathogenic process of A. alternata. This study presents novel ideas for classifying Alternaria fungi and provides a theoretical basis for establishing prevention and control technologies for PBS control and toxin reduction. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Background: Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is an economically important ornamental crop widely cultivated for its fragrant flowers. However, leaf blight caused by Alternaria alternata has emerged as a major constraint, leading to significant yield reduction under favourable environmental conditions. Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selected fungicides in managing leaf blight of tuberose under field conditions. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during Kharif 2024 and Rabi 2025 under farmers’ field conditions at Huskuru, Doddaballapura taluk, Karnataka. Methodology: Seven fungicides comprising contact, systemic, and combination products were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications using cv. Arka Prajwal. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at 15-day intervals starting from disease onset. Disease severity was assessed using a 0–5 scale, and percent disease index (PDI) and flower stalk yield (number m⁻²) were recorded. Results: All fungicides significantly reduced disease severity compared to the untreated control (73.46% PDI). Captan + hexaconazole (0.1%) was the most effective, recording the lowest mean PDI (25.05%) with maximum disease reduction (66.28%). This treatment also resulted in the highest flower stalk yield (31.01 m⁻²) and benefit–cost ratio (4.07). Conclusion: Captan + hexaconazole proved highly effective and economically viable for managing leaf blight of tuberose and can be recommended as part of integrated disease management strategies.

Essential oils (EOs) from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. leaves are widely recognized for their biological properties. However, the influence of leaf age on EOs chemical composition and bioactivity remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the chemical profiles and biopesticidal potential of EOs extracted from juvenile leaves from young trees (YEEO) and adult leaves from mature trees (AEEO) against relevant agricultural pests and pathogens. Metabolomic profiling revealed similar overall compound diversity between YEEO and AEEO. YEEO contained higher levels of α-pinene and β-pinene, whereas AEEO was richer in oxygenated compounds, such as 1,8-cineole and trans-pinocarveol. Herbicidal activity was tested against Portulaca oleracea and Solanum nigrum in pre- and post-emergent assays, showing strong post-emergent effects with 100% mortality at the highest concentrations. Both EOs also displayed dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis being the most susceptible, followed by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. No antifungal activity was observed against Alternaria alternata or Botrytis cinerea, but both EOs exhibited potent insecticidal activity against Phthorimaea absoluta larvae, achieving total mortality at the highest concentration (50% v/v) and low LC₅₀ (15.2% v/v for YEEO and 14% v/v for AEEO) and LC₉₀ values (41.4% v/v for YEEO and 38.5% v/v for AEEO). Despite their chemical differences, YEEO and AEEO showed comparable herbicidal, antibacterial, and insecticidal effects, highlighting the feasibility of large-scale EO production, especially by valorizing adult leaves, a by-product of the paper and furniture industries. These findings highlight the potential of E. globulus EOs as bioactive agents against weeds, insects, and bacteria; however, further field studies are required to evaluate their practical applicability. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an economically important crop with both medicinal and oil-producing values, However, its production is severely threatened by fungal diseases, including those caused by Alternaria alternata and other pathogenic fungi. To date, molecular investigations into the disease resistance mechanisms of safflower remain largely limited. In this study, proteomic analysis was performed on safflower following infection by A. alternata, identifying 490 and 921 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and 72 hpi, respectively, Among these DEPs, a large number of candidate defense-related proteins were detected, including CtChi19. Meanwhile, by integrating previously published transcriptomic and proteomic data of safflower at the early stage of Botrytis cinerea infection, a set of candidate genes closely associated with defense responses was screened using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Emphasis was placed on the hub gene CtChi19, which encodes a chitinase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 19 (GH19). Subcellular localization assays showed that CtChi19 was localized in the cell wall and extracellular space. Furthermore, stable overexpression of CtChi19 in safflower significantly enhanced the resistance of transgenic plants to both B. cinerea and A. alternata. Assays of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities demonstrated that the improved disease resistance of OE-CtChi19 transgenic plants was directly associated with a significant increase in chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities. Collectively, the candidate genes identified in this study provide valuable genetic resources and theoretical support for molecular breeding aimed at developing disease-resistant safflower varieties. These findings also offer novel insights for further dissecting the antifungal immune mechanisms in safflower.

Alternaria alternata is an important fungal pathogen causing leaf spot and fruit rot diseases in a variety of crops, including sweet cherry. The development of resistance to fungicides, especially quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, has emerged as a significant concern in managing cherry diseases. In this study, 109 A. alternata isolates collected from four geographic regions were screened for sensitivity to QoI fungicide azoxystrobin and other fungicides. Results showed that 74 isolates (67.89%) were highly resistant to azoxystrobin. All isolates were highly resistant to MBC fungicide carbendazim, while resistance to DMI fungicide hexaconazole occurred at a lower frequency, and all isolates were sensitive to SDHI fungicide boscalid. For the tested isolates, positive cross-resistance was observed between azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, whereas no correlation in sensitivity was detected between azoxystrobin and other classes of fungicides. No significant differences were observed between azoxystrobin sensitive and resistant isolates in mycelial growth, sporulation and oxidative stress tolerance. However, resistant isolates showed significantly lower inhibition to osmotic stress caused by NaCl. The detached cherry fruit assay showed that azoxystrobin was highly effective against sensitive isolates but had greatly reduced control efficacy against resistant isolates. Nevertheless, the SDHI fungicide boscalid, effectively inhibited growth in both azoxystrobin-resistant and sensitive isolates. RT-qPCR analysis showed no significant difference in AaCyt b expression between sensitive and resistant isolates. Sequencing of the AaCyt b gene confirmed the presence of the G143A mutation in resistant isolates. These results demonstrate that this mutation confers high resistance with limited fitness penalties, and does not confer cross resistance to DMI, MBC, or SDHI fungicides. Finally, SDHI fungicides remain the best option to control A. alternata.

Alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) are major mycotoxins produced primarily by Alternaria alternata on cereal grains and fruits. A. alternata is a causative pathogen of strawberry black spot disease. However, little is known about the characteristics of A. alternata, which was isolated from strawberry products. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of temperature, pH, and relative humidity (RH) on the growth of A. alternata OM1 and its production of AOH and AME on different media including strawberry puree agar medium (SPAM) after its isolation from strawberry jam. The fungal strain showed the highest growth rate at 25 °C under pH 6.5 and RH 97%, while the highest amounts of AOH and AME were produced by the strain at 25 °C under pH 4.5 and RH 97%. Additionally, the strain did not produce AOH and AME on SPAM at 25 °C under RH 92% until 7 days. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis exhibited that relative expression levels of 2 AOH or AME biosynthetic genes (pksI and omtI) in A. alternata OM1 were up-regulated in YES medium, while they were not in MEB medium. Our results demonstrated that the three key environmental parameters had a significant influence on the growth of A. alternata OM1 and its production of AOH and AME. These findings suggest that storage of strawberries below 25 °C under RH 92% could prevent the production of AOH and AME by A. alternata OM1 on them.

The increasing size and complexity of mass spectrometry (MS) data sets necessitate advanced computational tools. This study presents Correland, a MATLAB-based software for clustering and visualizing metabolite correlations through weighted correlation networks, which directly represent pairwise associations. Its effectiveness was tested on a data set from nontargeted LC-MS analysis of 14-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings inoculated with Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum, demonstrating effective clustering of biosynthetically related metabolites. The ion grouping algorithm resulted in a substantial reduction in network scale (83 nodes/metabolites from approximately 900 features). In addition to network construction, Correland enables pseudomolecular ion identification with a success rate of 86-90% achieved in Arabidopsis extract. Network density is reduced by limiting visible edges, producing interpretable and visually coherent networks generated in a single step using rescaled Pearson correlation coefficients.