Alloxan-induced Diabetes Mellitus Research Articles

Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Cyperus esculentus (Tiger Nut) Tubers on Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Male Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus is expected to increase to 5.3% by 2030. This study aimed to determine the effects of ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus tubers on alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and lipid profile in male Wistar rats. A total of 25 Wistar rats were used for the study. Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan 100 mg/kg and rats with blood glucose levels 200 mg/kg and above were considered diabetic. The rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5), group 1, normal control, group II, negative (diabetic) control, and Group III and Group IV were diabetic rats treated with 400mg/Kg and 800mg/Kg body weight of the ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus tubers and group V were diabetic rats treated with 10mg/Kg body weight Metformin. All treatments lasted for 28 days and Blood glucose levels were checked at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were sacrificed and the blood samples collected were used to determine serum insulin level and lipid profile. The result obtained revealed a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood glucose levels in groups III, IV, IV, and V as compared to the diabetic untreated group. The results of serum total cholesterol revealed a significant decrease in group I and group IV. However, high-density lipoprotein shows a significant decrease in group V as compared to the diabetic untreated group. There was also a statistically significant decrease (P<0.05) in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in groups I, III, and IV when compared with the diabetic untreated group. There was also a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum insulin level in the normal control group and the group treated with 800mg/kg of extract. This study revealed the potential benefits of the ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus tubers in reducing blood glucose levels and its effects in reversing hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus.

Effect of Curcumin on Alloxan Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Mice

Effect of Curcumin on Alloxan Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Mice

Ameliorative effect of Vitis gracilis leaf decoction against sensory and motoric disorders, oxidative stress, and cerebellar degeneration in diabetic mice

Vitis gracilis (Vitaceae) is a potent medicinal plant, but its effectiveness in counteracting neuronal issues due to diabetes is uncertain. This study aimed to investigate whether the leaf decoction of V. gracilis could manage sensory and motoric disorders, oxidative stress, and cerebellar degeneration caused by diabetes mellitus. Twenty-five adult male mice were divided into five treatment groups: non-diabetic (non-DM), diabetic (alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus; DM), and DM treated with V. gracilis leaf decoction at doses of 25 g/l (DM + 25 g/l VgD), 50 g/l (DM + 50 g/l VgD), or 100 g/l (DM + 100 g/l VgD). The decoction was administered orally for 30 days. The results showed that V. gracilis leaf decoction did not significantly lower blood glucose levels or improve insulin tolerance in diabetic mice (p > 0.05). However, it substantially maintained sensory response and motoric balance and reduced malondialdehyde levels in brain tissue, especially at a 100 g/l dose (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher decoction doses alleviated histopathological alterations in the cerebellum by significantly preserving molecular and granular layer thickness while reducing degenerated Purkinje cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, despite its inability to manage hyperglycemia, the decoction effectively improved sensory and motoric function, reduced oxidative stress, and mitigated cerebellar histopathological changes. Therefore, V. gracilis could be an alternative treatment for diabetes-related neurological disorders.

Physiological effects of manganese nanoparticles on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Male Rats

This study was conducted on the creation of the nanopolitan manganese particles and the study of the physiological effect of the nanopolitan magnes.The results or indicators of blood sugar showed the confirmation of low levels of sugar in the group of diabetes treatment by giving oral throughout the experiment period (28 days. In addition to the high percentage of insulin in the affected group and the treatment of Mn-NPs compared to the affected (positive) control group during the study period. The current study aimed to achieve preventive effects against diabetes. It turned out that eating the nanoparticles and within the permissible concentration 2 mg /kg per day reduces blood sugar and contributes to losing weight, as its consumption is related to a decrease in the risk of type 2 diabetes and reduces the level Blood Glucose in Adult Male Rats.

Physiological Effects of Green Coffee on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Male Rats

This study was conducted on green coffee beans obtained from the local markets in Salah Al-Din Governorate. Several tests were conducted to detect the active substances (antioxidants, phenolic compounds and caffeine) present in green coffee seeds, and to study the effect of their uses on male laboratory rats infected with type 2 diabetes (induced by alloxan). Results of blood sugar confirmed a decrease in glucose levels in the diabetic group treated with green coffee by oral administration throughout the experimental period (28) days. In addition, the percentage of insulin increased in the infected group treated with green coffee compared to the affected (positive) control group during the study period. The current study aimed to investigate the preventive effects against diabetes. As it was found that consuming green coffee, within the permissible concentrations of 200-300 mg / kg per day, reduces blood sugar and contributes to weight loss and obesity, due to the nutrients and active ingredients contained in coffee, as its consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, and reducing the blood glucose level.

Evaluation of the antidiabetic activity of zinc oxide and chromium oxide nanoparticles alone or in combination on the pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in male albino mice (Mus musculus)

Evaluation of the antidiabetic activity of zinc oxide and chromium oxide nanoparticles alone or in combination on the pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in male albino mice (Mus musculus)

Analysis of Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Endothelial Dysfunction and Functional Disorders in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus and Their Pathogenetic Correction.

On the model of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats, the development of oxidative stress and violation of the NO-producing function of the endothelium and internal organs was established. Structural changes in the vascular endothelium due to increased level of atherogenic LDL preventing access of L-arginine to endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is paralleled by oxidative modification of L-arginine and the formation of inhibitors of eNOS expression (asymmetric dimethylarginine, L-NAME). These findings are indicative of reduced eNOS expression in experimental diabetes mellitus. Administration of L-arginine and its combination with L-carnitine caused an increase in the production NO metabolites and eNOS expression levels by 2.13 and 3.8 times, respectively. In parallel, improvement in the electrolyte excretory function of the kidneys, an increase in the Na,K-ATPase activity in organ homogenates, and a decrease in organ-specific enzymes in blood plasma were observed, which indicates the effectiveness of the correction of the identified violations. A way to eliminate metabolic and functional disorders with combinations of L-arginine and L-carnitine is pathogenetically substantiated. This methodological approach can be recommended for the prevention of microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Phyto-extracts of some by-products/wastes of food factories attenuate alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and its complications in rats

Phyto-extracts of some by-products/wastes of food factories attenuate alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus and its complications in rats

Peculiarities of ionoregulatory renal function of rats in the dynamics of experimental diabetes mellitus development

Background. The purpose of the research was to study the peculiarities of ionoregulatory renal function in the dynamics of alloxan-induced experimental diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on 63 white non-linear mature male rats, 53 with experimental diabetes mellitus of varying duration induced by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan in a dose of 160 mg/kg of body weight, and 10 intact rats (control group). Ten, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 45 days after administration of the diabetogenic substance, the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. Ionoregulatory function of the kidneys was studied by means of the clearance method under condition of water induced 2-hour diuresis to determine the clearance of endogenous creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, sodium and potassium content in the urine and blood plasma. It was followed by calculation of the electrolyte excretion, intensity of their filtration, absolute and relative reabsorption, their proximal and distal tubular transport (including standardized by glomerular filtrate volume). Results. The ionoregulatory function of the kidneys in rats with alloxan-induced experimental diabetes is characterized by the intensification of natriuresis and kaliuresis at all stages of the experiment. An increase in the urinary sodium loss in the early stages of alloxan-induced experimental diabetes is primarily stipulated by glomerular hyperfiltration, followed by an enhancement of filtration sodium load to the nephron. The loss of proportionality between the filtered amount of sodium and its proximal reabsorption causes a decrease in the total reabsorption potential of the tubular segment of the nephron in the dynamics of alloxan-induced experimental diabetes. It is reflected primarily on the proximal tubules, and subsequently induces a functional weakening of the tubule-tubular connection and relative dysfunction of the distal segment of the nephron with subsequent inhibition of aldosterone-dependent regulatory mechanisms. Conclusions. The kaliuric reaction of the diabetic kidney may serve as one of the signs of decompensation of the renal blood flow autoregulation by tubuloglomerular feedback, which is an initiating factor for the dysfunction of the tubular apparatus of diabetic kidney.

Effect of aminalon and picamilon on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in pancreatic cells during alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus

It has been suggested that NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) activation is a critical trigger for functional impairment and damage to pancreatic -cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In this work, using the immunohistochemical method, we studied the effect of aminalon and picamilon on the early modulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity during experimental alloxan-induced DM in laboratory rats. Per os administration of aminalon (500 mg/kg) and picamilon (250 mg/kg) for 5 days before the administration of alloxan and for 2 days after the injection, suppression of NLRP3 activity was noted, as indicated by a significant decrease in the area of immunopositive pancreatocytes to (21,30 5,44) and (39,31 5,24) %, respectively, relative to the value in the group of animals that were not treated (75,197,69%). The results of the study showed that the studied preparations with GABAergic action promoted correction of functional disorders of the pancreas during alloxan-induced DM by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in pancreatocytes.

Influence of induced diabetes mellitus on hormonal profile of Lewis lung carcinoma in BALB/c Nude mice

Purpose of the study. The assessment of diabetes mellitus (DM) effect on levels of sex hormones in tumor and peritumoral tissues in BALB/c Nude mice with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC).Materials and methods. The study included 42 male and female BALB/c Nude mice aged 8–9 weeks weighing 21–22 g. Alloxan-induced DM was reproduced in mice of the main group, and then LLC was transplanted. Levels of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), progesterone (P4) and prolactin (PRL), as well as steroid hormone receptors: estrogens (REα, REβ), androgens (RA), and progesterone (RP4) were measured by RIA and ELISA in samples of tumor and peritumoral tissues. Animals with LLC without DM were used as controls. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10 program; differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.Results. DM in males was reproduced only after a double injection of alloxan, and was characterized by lower blood glucose levels compared to females. The growth of LLC in animals with alloxan-induced DM was possible only in female BALB/c Nude mice; in BALB/c Nude males, the tumor could not be transplanted either independently or in combination with DM. Females in the main group showed greater average tumor volumes throughout the experiment and reduced survival, compared to the control group. Tumor samples from females with LLC+DM were more saturated with sex steroids, but depleted in steroid hormone receptors, which probably contributed to the ability to avoid the body's regulatory signals.Conclusion. The growth of LLC in presence of induced DM was sex-dependent, since the tumor could not be transplanted to male mice. DM affected the levels of sex steroids and their receptors tumor tissues in female BALB/c Nude mice.

Role of Adiponectin Hormone Concentrations and Some Immunological and Biochemical Parameters inAlloxan Induced Diabetic Male Rabbits and Diabetic Treated with Alpha Lipoic Acid and L-Carnitine

This study was designed in order to estimate the effect of alloxan induced diabetes mellitus on adiponectin hormone concentration and some immunological and biochemical parameters of male domestic rabbits. The study involved (20) blood samples were divided into 4 groups : group one: adult normal healthy male rabbits as control group, group two: adult male rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes mellitus, group three: adult male rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes mellitus treated with alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg), group four: adult male rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes mellitus treated with L-carnitine (100 mg/kg). The results of this study found significant decrease in adiponectin hormone concentrations at levels (P≤ 0.05) in second group as compared with control group; while significant increase in adiponectin hormone concentrations at levels (P≤0.05) in third and fourth groups in comparison with diabetic group, and there is significant increase in proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) concentrations at levels (P≤ 0.05) of second group in comparison with control group, while significant decrease in IL-1 β concentrations at levels (P≤ 0.05) of third and fourth groups in comparison with diabetic group; and there are significant increases in the activity of enzymes: Alanine amino transferase (ALT), and Aspartate amino transferase (AST) at levels (P≤ 0.05) of second group in comparison with control group, while significant decrease in the activity of enzymes: Alanine amino transferase (ALT), and Aspartate amino transferase (AST) at levels (P≤ 0.05) of third and fourth groups in comparison with diabetic group.

The Effects of Leptin Hormone Concentrations and Some Immunological and Biochemical Parameters in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Male Rabbits and Diabetic Treated with Alpha Lipoic Acid and L-Carnitine

This study was designed in order to estimate the effect of alloxan induced diabetes mellitus on leptin concentration and some immunological and biochemical parameters of male domestic rabbits. The study involved (20) blood samples which divided into 4 groups : group one : adult normal healthy male rabbits as control group , group two: adult male rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes mellitus, group three: adult male rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes mellitus treated with alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg) , group four: adult male rabbits with alloxan induced diabetes mellitus treated with L-carnitine (100 mg/kg).The results of this study showed a significant increase in leptin concentrations (P≤ 0.05) of second group in comparison with control group; while significant decrease in leptin concentrations at levels (P≤ 0.05) of third and fourth groups compared with diabetic group, and there is significant increase in proinflammatory cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations (P≤ 0.05) of second group in comparison with control group, There was a significant decrease in IL-6 concentrations (P≤ 0.05) of third and fourth groups in comparison with diabetic group; also there is a significant increases in both urea and creatinine concentrations (P≤ 0.05) of second group in comparison with control group, while significant decreases in both urea and creatinine concentrations (P≤ 0.05) of third and fourth groups in comparison with diabetic group.

Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Caesalpinia Sappan (Linn). On Alloxan Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats.

Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Caesalpinia Sappan (Linn). On Alloxan Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidative Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Cola Acuminata Leaves in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Male Albino Rats

Antidiabetic and Antioxidative Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Cola Acuminata Leaves in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Male Albino Rats

P-Synephrine ameliorates alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus through inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via suppressing the NF-kappa B and MAPK pathways.

Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the development of diabetes mellitus. p-Synephrine, the primary pharmacologically active protoalkaloid in Citrus species, has been popularly consumed as a dietary supplement for weight loss management. However, the effects of p-synephrine on diabetes mellitus and the action mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant effects of p-synephrine were evaluated. The data showed that p-synephrine treatment exhibited significant scavenging effects against DPPH, ABTS and OH radicals and showed high reducing power. Diabetic mice were developed by alloxan injection, followed by p-synephrine administration to investigate its hypoglycemic effects in vivo. The results showed that p-synephrine intervention significantly prevented alloxan-induced alteration in body weight, organ indexes, serum uric acid content and serum creatinine content. Meanwhile, p-synephrine application significantly improved the lipid profiles, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione (GSH) contents in the serum and kidneys of diabetic mice and reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the serum of diabetic mice. Further assays suggested that p-synephrine treatment improved alloxan-induced decreases of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Also, p-synephrine supplementation altered histopathological changes in the kidneys and interscapular brown adipose tissues in diabetic mice. In addition, p-synephrine administration inhibited renal inflammation through suppressing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene expression levels, as well as CD45 expression levels. The anti-inflammatory effects were probably involved in the regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. In conclusion, p-synephrine application significantly ameliorated alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus by inhibiting oxidative stress via suppressing the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.

PENGARUH EKSTRAK DAUN EKOR NAGA (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f) Schott) TERHADAP KADAR MALONDIALDEHID DARAH PADA TIKUS DIABETES YANG INDUKSI ALOKSAN

Ekor Naga (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f) Schott) leaves is a traditional medicinal plant that contains secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which have antioxidant effects. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will be one of the triggers for high free radicals in the body. This study aims to determine the effect of the effect of ekor naga leaves extract which has potentian as an antioxidant on malondialdehyde levels as a prooxidant marker in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats. The reseaech method used a post test only control group design. The test animals used were 20 animals, each group of 5 test animals. Group 1: Positive Control (Glibenclamide 10 mg/Kg BW), Group 2: Negative Control (Na CMC 0,5%), Group 3: Ekor Naga Leaf Extract 250 mg/Kg BW, and Group 4: Ekor Naga Leaves Extract 500 mg/Kg BW. The data taken is the level of malondialdehyde in the blood. The results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of the ekor naga leaves had a role in reducing Malondialdehyde or lipid peroxide in the blood in diabetic rats where the best dose is 500 mg/Kg with malondialdehyde yield of 0,569 nmol/mL. Followed by a dose of 250 mg/Kg BW with malondialdehyde value of 2,144 nmol/mL.

Succinate dehydrogenase as a new target for melatonin binding in the complex diabetes mellitus treatment

Relevance. Alloxan, destroying the beta cells of the pancreas, provokes hyperglycemia, which causes a hypoenergetic state. Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus has been and remains the subject of numerous studies. Recently, the attention of researchers is increasingly attracted by the hormone of the pineal gland - melatonin, due to its biological and pharmacological properties. The aim of the study was to study the effect of melatonin on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase as a new target in experimental alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on male Wistar rats, with an average mass of 120-150 g, which were kept on a standard diet. The animals were divided into 4 groups. The control group was injected with saline solution, the second group was injected with melatonin at a dose of 1 mg/kg daily for 14 days, experimental diabetes in animals was simulated by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg with diabetes. The fourth group of animals received melatonin on the background of alloxan. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was determined in liver and pancreatic tissues by photometric method. For the docking analysis, the AutoDock Vina and AutoDock Tools software packages were used. Results and Discussion. According to the results obtained, reciprocal relationships arise under the influence of alloxan in the activity of SDH in the liver and pancreas. Alloxan causes an increase in the activity of SDH in the liver by 1.9 times, and in the pancreatic tissue there is a significant decrease - by 5 times. The use of melatonin for animals with alloxan diabetes led to a decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in the liver by one and a half times in comparison with the indicators of rats with alloxan diabetes. In the pancreas, on the contrary, the activity of the enzyme increased by 3.3 times, which may indicate the restoration of the function of Langerhans beta cells. Conclusion. Melatonin blocking succinate dehydrogenase domain A reduces the hyperactivity of the enzyme in the liver, and in the pancreas through its specific receptors (MR1 and MR2) present on the surface of the membranes of β- and α-cells directly interferes with the function of the cellular elements of the islets of Langerhans, restoring them.

Beta-Receptor Blockade Reproduces Electrophysiological Effects of Early Diabetes Mellitus in Ventricular Myocardium

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of sudden cardiac death, which suggests the involvement of arrhythmogenic mechanisms. Among other changes, DM causes cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), but its role in electrophysiological myocardial remodeling is unclear. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of β-adrenergic blockade regarding ventricular spatiotemporal electrophysiological properties in an experimental DM model. Epicardial mapping (64-lead sock electrode array) was done in 13 control and 11 alloxan-induced DM rabbits. Activation times (AT), end of repolarization times (RT), and activation-repolarization intervals (ARI) were determined as dV/dt min during QRS, dV/dt max during T-wave, and RT-AT difference, respectively. The β-adrenergic blockade was produced by esmolol infusion (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.). It was found that the early-stage DM in rabbits was characterized by relatively mild changes in ventricular myocardium, which did not involve ventricular activation and the average duration of repolarization. The signature of this stage was the local prolongation of repolarization, which pertained to the RV apical region. The blockade of β-adrenergic receptors in healthy animals produced a ventricular spatiotemporal repolarization pattern similar to that observed in diabetic rabbits with the local apical prolongation of repolarization. On the other hand, the blockade of β-adrenergic receptors in diabetics prolonged the relatively short basal repolarization. It can be concluded that β-adrenergic blockade in healthy animals reproduced the early-stage DM effects on the spatiotemporal electrophysiological properties of the ventricular myocardium. This demonstrated the role which CAN could play in the electrical remodeling of ventricular myocardium in early-stage DM.

Osmotic concentration of urine in the dynamics of the development of alloxan-induced experimental diabetes

In order to clarify the peculiarities of the osmotic concentration of urine in the dynamics of the development of alloxan-induced experimental diabetes mellitus (DDM), studies were conducted on 54 sexually mature non-linear male white rats, in which DDM was simulated by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan solution (Alloxan monohydrate, "Acros Organics", Belgium) at a dose of 160 mg/kg of body weight after a previous 12-hour food deprivation with preserved access to water. 10, 25, and 45 days after the introduction of the diabetogenic substance, 24 alloxan-diabetic rats, as well as 30 control (intact) animals, were loading with tap water in a volume of 5% of body weight, urine was collected for 2 hours, euthanasia was performed by decapitation under light ether anesthesia. In blood samples, the level of glucose and creatinine was determined, in urine samples, after evaluating the water-induced 2-hour diuresis (in ml/100 g of body weight in 2 hours), the concentration of creatinine was determined, the clearance of endogenous creatinine, the clearance of osmotically free water, as well as relative (tubular) reabsorption of water, determined the content of glucose, urea, its excretion, including per 100 μl of glomerular filtrate, as well as urine osmolarity. The results of the study allow us to state that as the duration of experimental diabetes is prolonged, the pathogenetic significance of hyperfiltration, which determines the speed of fluid movement along the tubule and the intensity of its absorption, weakens in relation to the processes of osmotic concentration of urine, yielding to other factors, such as the osmolarity of the medulla of the kidneys, as well as the presence of substances in the liquid of the distal segment and collecting tubes, the reabsorption of which can change their concentration in the collecting tubes as the urine progresses. In diabetes, in addition to glucose, such substances include urea. Attempts to analyze the renal excretion of urea revealed that changes in its urinary concentration are definitely correlated with the dynamics of changes in urine osmolality. Moreover, it can be assumed that urea transport disorders in the diabetic kidney occur earlier than the ability to excrete osmotically active substances in general. A joint study of the processes of renal transport of urea and urine osmolarity can serve as an early verifier of tubulointerstitial damage. Nevertheless, to increase the reliability of the interpretation of the features of the osmotic concentration of urine in diabetes, we consider it necessary to study the nature of the renal transport of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, and ammonium).