γδ T cells represent a distinct subset of immune cells that play pivotal roles in maintaining cutaneous immune homeostasis and regulating inflammatory responses. Accumulating evidence has established neuro-immune interactions as critical modulators of skin inflammation and allergic reactions, with γδ T cells emerging as a key cellular link between the nervous and immune systems. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how γδ T cells coordinate neuroimmune crosstalk in inflammatory and allergic skin diseases. γδ T cells are characterized by rapid effector responses and pronounced functional heterogeneity, enabling them to sense neuronal cues and, in turn, modulate sensory neuron activity. Through the production of cytokines such as IL-17, IL-22 and IL-3, γδ T cells influence neuronal excitability, neuropeptide release, and itch transmission, thereby shaping both inflammatory intensity and sensory outcomes. Conversely, subsets of γδ T cells express receptors for neurotransmitters, allowing them to directly respond to signals derived from sensory neurons. This bidirectional communication positions γδ T cells as critical regulators linking neural sensing to innate and adaptive immune responses in the skin. Furthermore, we discuss the current blind spots in γδ T cell-related neuro-immune research, as well as potential perspectives and future directions for the field. A deeper understanding of γδ T cell subset specialization, neuron-immune coupling specificity, and tissue-context-dependent regulation will be essential for translating these insights into precise interventions for inflammatory and allergic skin disorders.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), angioedema (AE), and atopic dermatitis (AD) are some of the common recurrent dermatological conditions that seriously affect the quality of life in patients through wheals, itching, and swelling unpredictably. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are standardized tools used to assess disease activity and the quality of life from the patient’s perspective. However, these instruments are usually underutilized in clinical settings due to various reasons such as time constraints and logistical challenges. The objective of the study is to assess and describe mobile applications that incorporate PROMs for skin allergy monitoring and management, focusing on features, usability, and clinical utility. A qualitative descriptive analysis of five selected mobile apps that integrated validated PROMs for CSU, AE, or AD, which were publicly available at major app stores, with supporting documentation or published literature, was performed. The mobile app rating scale (MARS) framework was used to appraise the apps, considering ratings found in app stores, user feedback, and literature reviews. Among the five applications evaluated, namely Target My Hives, UrCare, SymTrac, HAE TrackR, and CRUSE, there was considerable variability in how PROMs were integrated into features that support symptom tracking and facilitate interaction between patients and clinicians. Key aspects are summarized in a comparative table, followed by a narrative analysis highlighting strengths in engagement and limitations in automation. The review is based on secondary data, with no direct user testing; gaps in app design, regulatory compliance, and electronic health record integration were noted. Mobile applications with PROMs hold promise for improving care in skin allergy but need further clinical validation, advances in accessibility, and interoperability.

Abstract Background Pinna perichondritis is a potentially deforming auricular infection that poses treatment challenges in low-resource settings, particularly where auricular trauma and trans-cartilaginous piercing are common. The aim of this study was to establish clinico-epidemiological data on pinna perichondritis, including its hospital-based incidence, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes in patients presenting to a tertiary-level referral hospital in Nepal. Methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted by reviewing charts of 55 patients admitted with confirmed pinna perichondritis between May 2016 and May 2020 where those with incomplete records were excluded. Exposures assessed included auricular trauma, piercing, otologic surgery, allergic skin reactions, or community-level antibiotic use. Hospital management included intravenous antibiotics, surgical intervention when indicated, and supportive therapies. Main outcome measures were clinical presentation, predisposing factors, type and duration of antibiotic therapy, need for surgery, length of hospital stay, and outcomes including residual pinna deformity at discharge. Results Mean age was 32.6 ± 19.6 years; 63.6% were female. Unilateral involvement occurred in 98.2% of patients. Pain, redness, and swelling were most common (54.5%). Auricular trauma, including trans-cartilaginous piercing, was the leading predisposing factor (38.2%). Community antibiotic use was documented in 43.6%, mainly penicillin (45.8%) and fluoroquinolones (41.7%). All patients received intravenous antibiotics, most frequently fluoroquinolones (47.3%), for 5 ± 11.6 days (median = 5). Surgery was required in 34.5%. Hospital-based incidence was 5.07 per 1,000 admissions. At discharge, 96.4% improved; 12.7% had residual deformity. Conclusion Pinna perichondritis in Nepal is predominantly associated with auricular trauma and piercing. Intravenous antibiotics, particularly fluoroquinolones, are the mainstay, with surgery required in selected cases. Residual deformity remains a concern and therefore, early recognition, timely referral, and standardized treatment protocols are essential. This is the first study to report hospital-based incidence of pinna perichondritis, providing a benchmark for future studies and preventive strategies in similar healthcare settings.

BackgroundThis study comprehensively evaluated occupational health, safety, and welfare conditions in small and medium enterprises.ObjectiveThe research used an integrated framework combining physical, mechanical, and psychological risk evaluation. Given the limited research infrastructure in informal industrial sectors, the investigation aimed to establish baseline occupational health data for policy intervention development.MethodsThis cross-sectional exploratory study employed a mixed methods approach designed specifically for resource-constrained informal sector research. Data were collected from 10 randomly selected SMEs and 1 large-scale industry for comparative analysis. A culturally adapted questionnaire was developed and validated after reviewing existing international tools that proved inadequate for the Indian SME context, including 50 workers selected through stratified sampling.ResultsWorkers faced severe multi-dimensional occupational hazards with alarming injury rates: cut injuries (26%, n = 13), hearing impairment from noise exposure (26%, n = 13), respiratory disorders from metal dust (20%, n = 10), skin allergies from metal handling (14%, n = 7), and thermal burns (12%, n = 6). 86% of workers (n = 43) showed complete unawareness of psychological health impacts, while 57% (n = 29) worked excessive 12-h shifts, violating regulatory standards. Critical safety gaps included 52% of workers operating without any personal protective equipment and zero pre-employment health screenings across all surveyed industries.ConclusionsThis study reveals critical systemic failures in occupational safety within SME steel industries, with workers experiencing simultaneous physical, mechanical, and psychological hazards. The integrated assessment approach uncovered previously underreported psychological health neglect alongside documented physical risks. The findings establish baseline data for this understudied sector and demonstrate significant associations between safety practices and health outcomes.

To observe the clinical effect of blistering moxibustion (tianjiu) with mustard seeds of different botanical sources on subthreshold depression (SD) and the influence on attention networks in SD patients. A total of 105 SD patients were randomly allocated into a yellow mustard seeds group (35 cases), a white mustard seeds group (35 cases, 2 cases were eliminated) and a placebo group (35 cases, 2 cases were eliminated). In the yellow mustard seeds group and the white mustard seeds group, the Lingnan traditional tianjiu formula No.4 (composed of semen sinapis, radix curcumae and fructus evodiae) was used in blistering moxibustion. In the placebo group, blistering moxibustion was delivered using placebo medicine. Two acupoint regimens were adopted alternatively in interventions. The regimen 1 included bilateral Feichu (BL13), Ganshu (BL18), Geshu (BL17), Danshu (BL19) and Zhongwan (CV12); and the regimen 2 included bilateral Pohu (BL42), Hunmen (BL47), Geguan (BL46), Yanggang (BL48) and Jianli (CV11). The acupoint application was retained for 1 h in each intervention, 2 interventions a week and for consecutive 6 weeks. Separately, before treatment, in 3 and 6 weeks of treatment and in follow-up (4 weeks after treatment completion), the scores of the 9-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were compared among groups. After the first treatment, in 48 h after 3 weeks of treatment and 6 weeks of treatment, the skin allergic reaction grade and blistering rate were assessed in each group. Before treatment and in 6 weeks of treatment, the reaction time of the attention network test (ANT) and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) were evaluated in each group. In 3 and 6 weeks of treatment and in follow-up, the scores of PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PSQI were reduced in each group compared with those before treatment (P<0.05). In the yellow mustard seeds group and the white mustard seeds group, the reduction ranges of PHQ-9 scores were larger than that in the placebo group at each time point (P<0.05), the reduction range of PSQI score in the yellow mustard seeds group was larger in comparison with the placebo group in follow-up (P<0.05), and the reduction ranges of GAD-7 and PSQI scores in the white mustard seeds group were larger when compared with those in the placebo group in 6 weeks of treatment and follow-up (P<0.05). After the first treatment, the blistering rates were no statistically difference between the yellow mustard seeds group (22.9%) and the white mustard seeds group (36.3%, P>0.05). There was not difference in clinical effect between the patients with blisters and those without blisters in each group (P>0.05). In 6 weeks of treatment, the reaction time of alerting and executive control in ANT was elevated in comparison with that before treatment in the yellow mustard seeds group (P<0.05), and that of PVT in the yellow mustard seeds group and white mustard seeds group was reduced when compared with that before treatment (P<0.05). In 6 weeks of treatment, the reduction range of PVT time reaction in the white mustard seeds group was larger than that in the placebo group and the yellow mustard seeds group, respectively (P<0.05). No systemic allergic reaction or other serious adverse events occurred in each group. Blistering moxibustion with mustard seeds of different botanical sources effectively alleviates depression, anxiety and sleep disorder in SD patients and is safe in treatment. The yellow mustard seeds group displays the obvious improvements in the network reaction time of executive control, while the white mustard seeds shows the remarkable improvements in the vigilant attention of PVT.

Background: Traditional healing practices rooted in centuries-old practices in different communities throughout the globe have potential health benefits for millions of people. Aim: In the present study, we aimed to document the medicinal plants used by the traditional healers and tribal people to treat various ailments of the indigenous communities residing within the study area. Methods: The present ethnobotanical study has been conducted in two districts-Gangtok and Namchi districts of Sikkim, and interacted with 5 traditional healers and 93 local informants (total-98). The methodology followed during the survey was a cross-sectional study, a field survey, face-to-face interviews, and pre-prepared semi-structured questionnaires. The data were examined using quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Fidelity level(FL%), in order to assess the dependability and richness of herbal knowledge. Results: A total of 72 medicinal plant species belonging to 61 families, 69 genera. The category of most frequent medical ailments was Cough (26%), likewise wound healing (24%), Diarrhoea (24%), Skin allergy (22%), Diabetes (18%), Fever (18%), Respiratory problems, Jaundice and Bone fracture (12%). The study revealed that roots/rhizomes are highly used, followed by fruit and aerial parts, and the commonly used preparation was powder and extract forms. Combretaceae was the most used family among other families. The RFC was 0.4 for Emblica officinalis, and FL was (26%) for Cough disease, followed by wound healing and diarrhoea (24%). Conclusion: It was concluded that the traditional groups in the two districts have long-standing knowledge of the therapeutic uses of medicinal plants. Additional investigation, separation and detailing of the active phytoconstituents of these plants having more RFC and FL%, may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic candidates in the future. Major Findings: A total of 72 medicinal plant species belonging to 61 families, 69 genera and the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) was 0.4 for Emblica officinalis, and the highest Fidelity level (FL%) was 26% for Cough disease, followed by wound healing and diarrhoea (24%) were reported in this article.

Huoxue San (HXS) is a traditional Chinese medicinal formulation widely used to treat bone fractures and blood stasis. Comprising seven herbs-Siphonostegia chinensis Benth, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad, Scutellaria barbata D.Don, Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc, Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott, Phellodendron chinense Schneid, and Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker-HXS has been administered at Nanjing Chinese Medicine Hospital for over 50 years. It is effective in promoting fracture healing, supporting soft tissue repair, and rarely causing adverse reactions such as skin allergies. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying HXS's therapeutic effects. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) was used to identify HXS components absorbed into the bloodstream. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were then conducted to explore the active ingredients and their regulatory mechanisms in fracture healing and blood stasis. Transdermal absorption tests identified 20 active compounds from HXS. Network pharmacology analyses using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform highlighted vanillic acid, demethyleneberberine, palmatine hydrochloride, luteolin, apigenin, and wogonin as key active ingredients. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the stability, conformational changes, and interactions of these compounds with their target proteins. Analysis of the transdermal absorption samples revealed 291 potential active targets for HXS in treating fractures and blood stasis, of which 159 were common to both conditions. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified core targets including AKT1, ALB, EGFR, STAT3, and CTNNB1. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding interactions between HXS compounds and these core targets, while molecular dynamics simulations validated the stability and mechanistic plausibility of these interactions. This study provides a systematic elucidation of HXS's molecular mechanisms in fracture healing and blood stasis. Identification of active compounds, core targets, and their interactions offers a scientific basis for the therapeutic effects of HXS and supports the rational development of herbal-medicine-based interventions for fracture management and blood stasis treatment.

Menopause is a midlife endocrinological transition that profoundly affects immune regulation, vascular function, and tissue homeostasis, influencing the onset, severity, and clinical expression of allergic diseases. Declining and fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels modulate mast-cell activity, T2 inflammation, and vascular permeability, contributing to distinct phenotypes in asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic cough, skin allergies, drug hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, and angioedema. Clinical observations suggest menopause may exacerbate existing conditions or trigger new-onset disease, with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) potentially modifying disease trajectories. Obesity, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and age-related physiological changes further shape symptom patterns and therapeutic responses. Despite increasing recognition of these effects, mechanistic understanding remains limited, and evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis, management, and individualized therapy in peri- and postmenopausal women are scarce. This review synthesizes current knowledge on hormonal influences in allergic diseases, highlights menopause-specific clinical considerations, and identifies major research gaps. Understanding the interplay between sex hormones, immune function, and allergic disease expression is critical for optimizing care. Clinicians should integrate peri-/menopause status into assessment and management, and future research should aim to clarify pathophysiologic mechanisms, risk factors, and tailored interventions for women in midlife.

Essential oil of Saposhnikovia divaricata mitigates Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory acne via Nrf2 pathway activation and NF-κB pathway inhibition.

Workers in small and medium scale Ayurvedic pharmaceutical manufacturing units are exposed to various occupational hazards like heat, fumes, dust, noise, and strenuous physical activities due to reliance on traditional production methods. Evidence on job specific health risks in this sector remains limited. The objective of this study was to know the current health status of workers in Ayurvedic manufacturing units. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 workers employed in small and medium-scale Ayurvedic pharmaceutical industries across Kerala using a structured questionnaire of 25 items to assess their physical(13 items), mental(5 items) and environmental(7 items) health status. The data were collected by the principal investigator via face-to-face interview. Sociodemographic and occupational characteristics were also recorded. Association between health outcomes and job roles was analyzed using chi-square test. Physical and environmental health outcomes showed strong association with job roles. Workers involved in production, packing, milling, grinding, and raw material store reported higher prevalence of tiredness, nasal complaints, skin allergy, body pain, prolonged standing or sitting, repetitive hand movements, heavy lifting and exposure to environmental conditions like dust, heat, noise, vibration, sunlight, and smoke. In contrast, mental health outcomes like perceived stress, difficulty in maintaining concentration, mood changes and sleep disturbances did not demonstrate significant association with job roles and were more evenly distributed among the workforces. These findings demonstrate that task related ergonomic demand and environmental exposure are the primary drivers of occupational morbidity in an Ayurvedic pharmaceutical manufacturing unit. These findings also highlight the need for task specific ergonomic and environmental intervention to improve worker health and promote safer and more sustainable practices in Ayurvedic pharmaceutical industries.

The Skin Allergy Risk Assessment - Integrated Chemical Environment (SARA-ICE) is a Bayesian framework for quantitative skin sensitization hazard and potency assessment and estimates an ED01, the dermal dose associated with a 1% sensitization probability in humans. SARA-ICE has two implementations: (i) SARA-ICE DA, a fixed defined approach (DA) for point-of-departure derivation (PoD), accepted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and usable under Mutual Acceptance of Data; and (ii) SARA-ICE Extended, which returns ED01 distributions, a prediction uncertainty ratio, and probabilities for assignments to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) categories. Using in chemico and in vitro skin sensitization data on 180 substances of interest to U.S. federal agencies, we evaluated the performance of both SARA-ICE versions against human and murine data and OECD Guideline 497 DAs. SARA-ICE Extended showed high sensitivity for identifying sensitizers (up to 100% vs. human data), with balanced accuracy spanning 64-97%; its specificity for non-sensitizers was lower but consistent with comparator methods. For GHS subcategorization, accuracy ranged from 33-77% with low underprediction (8-21%), with concordance highest with the Guideline 497 DAs. We demonstrate application of the SARA-ICE DA using PoDs defined from the ED01 in a quantitative risk assessment across a range of exposures. PoD -based risk calls from SARA-ICE were broadly comparable to HPPT-derived metrics and generally more protective than LLNA-derived PoDs. Collectively, these results support SARA-ICE as an approach for hazard identification and exposure-led safety assessment within next-generation risk assessment frameworks.

Recent studies clearly indicate that textile contamination with hazardous chemicals increasingly poses an emerging public health concern. Beyond its significant environmental implications, such contamination may lead to a variety of adverse health effects, including allergic skin reactions and an increased risk of autoimmune, metabolic, and oncological diseases. This comprehensive review highlights key chemical groups of concern frequently found in textiles that come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin, including heavy metals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalates, and bisphenols. Their concentration in textiles, potential for bioaccumulation, and associated toxicological effects are concisely discussed in the context of human exposure and overall health risk. The following review synthesizes secondary data extracted from environmental studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses obtained from PubMed between 2017 and 2025. The primary aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the amounts, associated risks, and potential health effects of these chemicals.

Influenza and pneumonia (I/P) cases among US children have been increasing, and many affected children have allergic symptoms. Previous research on how allergic diseases influence susceptibility to I/P has been limited, and understanding this connection could help guide preventive strategies. This study examines the association of allergic conditions with influenza and pneumonia in US children aged 4 to 17 years. This population-based, cross-sectional study used data from the 2007 and 2012 waves of the National Health Interview Survey. The study population included eligible children aged 4 to 17 years in the United States. The data analysis was performed in 2025. Parental or guardian responses on the National Health Interview Survey questionnaires were used to identify cases of food, respiratory, and skin allergies, as well as instances of I/P. The study included 17,256 children (mean age 10.55 years; about 51% boys). A total of 1024 children (approximately 5.9%) had experienced influenza or pneumonia in the past 12 months. The prevalence of skin, respiratory, and food allergies was 9.96%, 11.22%, and 4.52%, respectively. Children with skin, respiratory, or food allergies had significantly higher I/P rates (9.3%, 10.9%, and 11.9%, respectively) than children without these allergies (5.5%, 5.3%, and 5.6%). After adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors, allergic conditions remained significantly associated with an increased risk of I/P. After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family education, household income, region, and mutual confounding among allergy types, associations with I/P remained significant for respiratory allergy (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.42–2.37) and skin allergy (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.03–1.70), whereas the association for food allergy was attenuated and not significant (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.00–1.95). In a nationally representative sample of US children, a robust association was observed between common allergic conditions (particularly respiratory and skin allergies) and I/P. These findings underscore the need for further investigation to elucidate the causal relationship and underlying mechanisms.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with significant morbidity. Recognising the need for region-specific guidance, the Skin Allergy Research Society and Society for Eczema Studies have collaborated to develop updated, evidence-based guidelines tailored to the Indian context. These guidelines address AD management across all age groups, special populations while considering local epidemiology, healthcare infrastructure, and treatment accessibility. A structured Delphi consensus process was conducted among 23 dermatology experts over 3 months through virtual and in-person meetings. Literature from MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar was systematically reviewed, and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) approach was used to assess evidence quality. Clinical recommendations were refined through multiple voting rounds, leading to consensus statements. Recommendations are based on an extensive literature review up to December 2024. This document updates the 2019 Skin Allergy Society guidelines, reinforcing global recommendations while allowing local adaptability. These guidelines provide updated recommendations for topical, systemic, phototherapy, and biologic therapies in AD. Key advancements include the introduction of topical crisaborole and JAK inhibitors for mild to moderate AD, along with a focus on emerging systemic therapies, such as biologics and systemic JAK inhibitors. In the Indian context, the guidelines define the roles of dupilumab and abrocitinib while also addressing the off-label use of tofacitinib and baricitinib in resource-limited settings. Specific recommendations are provided for children, elderly patients, and pregnant women, emphasising safety considerations for systemic and biologic therapies. These guidelines align with global AD management while incorporating India-specific adaptations based on epidemiology, accessibility, and affordability. They serve as a key reference for dermatologists, pediatricians, and general practitioners in India and other resource-limited settings. Though tailored for India, they are also relevant to dermatologists in developing countries, guiding treatment selection based on disease patterns, environmental factors, and medication availability.

Introduction Topical hydrocortisones are commonly used for the self-treatment of allergic or mild inflammatory skin reactions. Post-market data analyzing usage, safety and effectiveness of hydrocortisone creams in a real-world setting are scarce. Methods This non-interventional, observational, pharmacy-based study analyzes the usage patterns and patient-perceived effectiveness and tolerability of Soventol Hydrocortisonacetat 0.5% (Soventol HCA) in a real-world setting. Adult participants with a moderately pronounced reddened, inflammatory or allergic skin disease for which a weak, low-concentration corticosteroid was indicated filled an online questionnaire parallel to product application for a maximum of 7 days. Severity of symptoms, frequency of application and the occurrence of adverse events were documented daily. The study was reported to the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (NIS-nr 7793). Results Data from 2,561 participants were received. Most participants used Soventol HCA for the treatment of insect bites (62.3%; N = 2,557). Almost all participants were “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the effectiveness (97.7%; N = 2,106) and tolerability (99.1%; N = 2,106) of Soventol HCA. The vast majority of participants assessed the speed of itching relief (87.0%; N = 2,045), speed of cooling effect (90.5%; N = 2,073), pain relief (93.9%; N = 1,760), redness relief (90.2%; N = 2,033), and swelling relief (92.9%; N = 1,901) as “fast” to “very fast” or “good” to “very good.” 61 non-serious adverse reactions were documented. Conclusion This non-interventional study provides valuable real-world insights about the patient-perceived effectiveness and tolerability of Soventol HCA in treating insect bites, but also other inflammatory or allergic skin reactions as e.g. sunburn, allergies or eczema in adults. Patient satisfaction with effectiveness and tolerability was high in all application fields, especially regarding itch reduction of insect bites.

Sweat, which contains a rich array of biomarkers, serves as a vital biological fluid for non-invasive biosensing. Wearable sweat sensors have garnered significant interest owing to their portability and capacity for continuous monitoring. However, there are safety concerns regarding the direct contact of sweat sensors with the skin during the detection process. The chemical substances in the sensor patches may cause contamination of the epidermis when in contact with the skin, leading to skin allergic reactions. Sample collection and biosafety isolation are critical issues in wearable sweat detection. To address this, we develop a cactus-inspired biomimetic Janus membrane capable of unidirectionally transporting and concentrating sweat toward a designated detection zone. Through unidirectional transport from the hydrophobic layer to the hydrophilic layer of the Janus membrane, sweat droplets are enriched at the designated detection point of the conical hydrophilic pattern via Laplace pressure. The bionic osmosis-enrichment sensing patch effectively inhibits direct contact between indicators and skin, eliminating potential epidermal contamination. This achieved the effect of in situ perspiration collection under the premise of biosafety isolation. To rapidly and accurately analyze sweat biomarkers, we employ a deep learning (DL)-assisted fluorescence sensor for efficient and precise detection of biomarker concentrations. A dataset of 4500 fluorescence images are constructed and used to evaluate two DL and seven machine learning (ML) algorithms. The convolutional neural network (CNN) model could easily and accurately classify and quantitatively analyze the total concentration of the amino acid mixture, Ca2+ and Cl−, with 100% classification accuracy. The consistency between the detection results of actual sweat by the DL-assisted fluorescence method and fluorescence spectroscopy was 91.4–96.0%. This approach demonstrates high reliability in sweat collection and analysis, offering a practical tool for clinical health monitoring, early disease intervention, and diagnosis.

Abstract The aim was to investigate the incidence, clinical presentation, and potential risk factors for suspected dorzolamide-induced blepharitis (DIB), in dogs diagnosed with glaucoma or hereditary glaucoma predisposition. A retrospective review was conducted using clinical records of 286 dogs with primary or secondary glaucoma, or a hereditary predisposition to glaucoma (goniodysgenesis), that received dorzolamide eye drops between October 1, 2012, and January 1, 2020. Cases of suspected DI B were identified based on resolution of blepharitis following drug withdrawal. Statistical analysis, including odds ratio calculations, was performed to assess the potential risk factors. Eighteen dogs (6.2%) developed DIB after dorzolamide use. The median time before the development of DI B was 60 days. A significant association was identified between dogs with a history of seasonal skin allergies and the development of blepharitis (odds ratio: 12.4, 95% CI: 4.04–35.3, p &lt; 0.001). However, no significant association was found with prior intraocular surgery ( p = 0.26) or dry eye disease ( p = 0.19). Clinical symptoms resolved within a median of 60 days after discontinuing dorzolamide, and most dogs were successfully switched to brinzolamide without recurrence of symptoms. Seasonal allergies seem to be a significant risk factor for development of DI B. Dorzolamide is one of the most frequently used drugs for treatment of glaucoma, with relatively high prevalence of suspected delayed hypersensitivity reaction (blepharitis). Brinzolamide may be the safer option for the treatment of glaucoma in dogs.

Turmeric, or Curcuma longa Linn, is a popular spice that is grown all throughout the Indian subcontinent. Turmeric has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including cough, diabetes, and liver issues. Over the past few decades, numerous investigations have been carried out to ascertain the pharmacological effects of turmeric and its compounds. Curcumin, the main chemical component of turmeric, has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, expectorant, and anticancer qualities. This study mainly offers a safety evaluation and an update on the pharmacological characteristics of turmeric, its preparations, and its therapeutic applications. Interest in turmeric increased in the 1970s after researchers found that the herb may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Safety evaluation tests have shown that both curcumin and turmeric are well tolerated at very high doses without any negative effects. Thus, turmeric and its constituents have potential for the development of modern medicine to treat a variety of ailments. Turmeric extract decreased fungal aflatoxin production by 90% in addition to curcumin and turmeric's capacity to repair necrosis, lipid changes, and biliary hyperplasia. Diabetes, cancer, gastrointestinal problems, and neurological disorders have all been demonstrated to benefit from oral curcumin treatment. Curcumin can also be applied topically to lessen inflammation and irritation caused by inflammatory skin conditions and allergies. Curcumin can stop the three stages of carcinogenesis: angiogenesis, tumor development, and tumor promotion. This review focuses on the pharmacological and medicinal benefits of turmeric in treating and preventing illness.

Saprophytic and potentially pathogenic atypical mycobacteria, causative agents of mycobacteriosis, and pathogenic tuberculous mycobacteria in the body of poikilothermic animals (mammals and birds) can circulate in the form of monoand heterocultures, inducing mixed infections. In addition, the ontogenesis of microbial cells includes various functional states, both in the form of nominal cells that are cultivated on elective media in the form of Rand S-type colonies, and in a transformed form, in the form of defective (partially or completely) L-forms of prokaryotes behind the cell wall and acellular ultrafine granular masses. For the cultural isolation of modified forms, special semi-liquid nutrient media with osmoprotective properties are required. Mycobacterial infection induced by transformed or nominal prokaryotes in monoor mixed variant may be non-manifest, have a transient subclinical, atypical or latent form of the course, which may lead to false laboratory analysis. The infectious genesis of mycobacterial colonization and the immunobiological reaction to the non-syngenic effect of the complex of antigenic determinants of the specificity of the mycobacterial prokaryote are very important both in monoculture and in various associations of mixed infections. In the process of biological experiments, a weak immunobiological effect of saprophytic mycobacteria of the soil on the allergic restructuring of the macro-organism in relation to sensitins of pathogenic mycobacteria and, conversely, a manifest skin-allergic reaction of the immune system to tuberculoproteins of pathogenic mycobacteria, both in mono-infection and in association with non-pathogenic mycobacteria, was established. In addition, it was proven that saprophytic soil mycobacteria are completely pathogenic and have an immune-stimulating effect within the physiological norm that is, they do not deplete the reserve potential of the immunoreactive systems of the macro-organism, and pathogenic mycobacteria, on the contrary, have a suppressive, debilitating and virulent effect with a lethal outcome.

COVID-19 Vaccinations are associated with higher allergic reactions risk among adults. However, evidence on whether no vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine is associated with fewer incidence among individuals with atopic diseases remains limited. This study is to investigate whether COVID-19 Vaccination is associated with increased risk of adult atopic diseases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using data from the 2021 US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) that included 29201 respondents aged 18 years or older adults. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to estimate the association of COVID-19 vaccination and atopic disease. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs were estimated. Analysis of the data was performed from October 01, 2023, to January 22, 2024. Of 29201 respondents (mean [SD] age, 52.6 [18.4] years; 13240 [45.3%] male), the US prevalence was 49.6% (unweighted, 95% CI, 49.1%−50.2%) from all years of the2021 NHIS for self-reported hay fever, 13.7% (unweighted,95% CI, 13.3%− 14.1%) for asthma, 10.9% (unweighted, 95% CI,10.1%−11.3%) for skin allergy, 10.0% (unweighted,95% CI, 9.7%−10.4%) for food allergy, and 45.1% (unweighted,95% CI, 45.6%−45.7%) for no COVID-19 vaccination, 6.4% (95% CI, 6.1%−6.9%) for one COVID-19 vaccination, 43.1% (unweighted, 95% CI, 42.6%−43.7%) for two COVID-19 vaccinations, 5.3% (unweighted, 95% CI, 5.1%−5.6%) for more than 2 COVID-19 vaccinations. In multivariable analysis across the 2021 NHIS, COVID-19 vaccinations does not increase the risk of skin allergy(aOR, 1.03;95%CI, 0.86–1.28; P = 0.135), asthma (aOR, 1.05;95%CI,0.98–1.13; P = 0.164), and food allergy (aOR, 1.03;95%CI, 0.95–1.12; P = 0.437) in adults, compared with adults without COVID-19 vaccination; whereas, in patients with COVID-19 vaccination had significantly higher odds of hay fever (aOR, 1.21;95% CI, 1.15–1.27;P < 0.001) compared with adults without COVID-19 vaccination. Further sensitivity and subgroup analysis suggested that the number of COVID-19 vaccinations was associated with newly diagnosed hay fever (aOR, 1.17 95% CI,1.10–1.24; P < 0.001) and asthma (aOR, 1.12 95% CI,1.03–1.27; P = 0.011). In this cross-sectional study, COVID-19 vaccination was associated with higher risk incidence of hay fever, but COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with an increased in incidence risk in skin allergy, asthma and food allergy. The determinants of the association of COVID-19 vaccination with atopic diseases should be identified in the future studies are needed.