Identification Of Allergens Research Articles

An overview of hidden food allergens: need for change to the priority food allergen lists?

Many food allergens not actually included in the European priority list of allergenic foods have the potential to cause severe allergic reactions and could escape correct identification and behave as "hidden allergens". Moreover, the adoption in recent years of novel diets based on plant products and new sustainable foods or the use of specific food additives have contributed to the onset of new emerging allergens of public health importance. The knowledge of hidden allergens is important both for physicians and for patients to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of food allergies, in order to decrease eventual improper diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis. In this review, the characteristics of the most frequent hidden allergens and their diagnostic tools are described. A detailed history with a careful review of the ingredient lists, an understanding of possible cross-reactions or contaminations with other foods, together with an allergological evaluation consisting of in vivo or in vitro tests and, where necessary, an oral food challenge, are recommended for the successful identification of the culprit allergen. In future, it will be very important to implement these diagnostic tools, especially in the field of molecular allergology, and reporting allergens on labels should become mandatory.

Identification of cross-reactive allergens between the Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite and the Toxocara canis nematode in dogs with suspected allergies.

Immunoglobulin (Ig)E cross-reactivity has been shown between Dermatophagoides farinae (Df; house dust mite) and the nematode Toxocara canis (Tc), yet its allergen basis is unknown. To identify the Df allergens IgE-cross-reactive with those of Tc. Archived sera from 73 dogs with suspected allergy sensitised to Df. We performed a combination of Pet Allergy Xplorer (PAX) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibitions with excretory-secretory and somatic (i.e. nematode body) extracts of Tc or recombinant Tc tropomyosin on coats of Df, Der f 15 and Zen-1 (ELISA) or PAX allergens. The ELISA and PAX inhibitions established that there is mutual yet variable cross-reactivity between the Tc excretory-secretory extract, purified Der f 15 and purified Zen-1. This cross-reactivity is likely to involve cross-reactive glycans, as there is no inhibition between the Tc excretory-secretory extract and recombinant Der f 15 without its predicted natural O-glycans. We also confirmed a heterogeneous cross-reactivity between the somatic Tc extract and Der p 11 (paramyosin), as well as between the recombinant Toxo c 3 and Der p 10 tropomyosins. The cross-reactivity among tropomyosins and paramyosins is likely to involve peptidic epitopes, as these recombinant allergens are not glycosylated. In dogs with suspected allergies, the cross-reactivity between Tc and Df for dogs is complex and heterogeneous. Some of the cross-reactive IgE recognises shared glycans on Der f 15 and Zen-1, while some targets peptidic epitopes on shared paramyosins and tropomyosins. We do not exclude that additional cross-reactive allergens between Df and Tc also might exist.

Patch testing with Indian standard series of 20 allergens in 125 patients of chronic dermatitis and dermatoses

Objectives: Patch testing is generally done in cases of allergic contact dermatitis to find the offending allergen/s. It has been less reported in patients clinically presenting as non-eczematous contact reactions such as lichen planus, lichenoid eruption, lichen planus pigmentosus and facial melanosis overlap. In addition, it may give clues to the sensitizers leading to chronic, recurring dermatitis and overlap of dermatoses in the form of systemic contact dermatitis. The aim of the present study was to identify the sensitizer/s with patch testing in patients presenting with non-eczematous contact reactions as well as chronic, relapsing dermatitis and overlap of dermatoses. Material and Methods: In the present study, patch testing was done using the Indian standard series in 125 cases presenting clinically as lichen planus, lichen planus pigmentosus, facial melanosis, cheilitis, mucosal lichen planus and vulvar dermatitis, in addition to cases of chronic and recurrent dermatitis such as nummular eczema, lichenoid eruption, pompholyx, photo aggravated dermatitis, air borne contact and hand and feet dermatitis. Results: The tests were positive in 102 (81.6%) patients, negative in 16, doubtful in 3 and invalid in 4 patients. Positive results were found in 100% cases of photo aggravated dermatitis and chronic dermatitis of hands/feet dermatitis and 76% cases of facial melanosis and lichen planus pigmentosus overlap, 88.9% cases of nummular eczema, 81.8% cases of lichenoid eruption, 75% cases of lichen planus, 57% cases of atopic eczema, 66.6% cases of pompholyx, and 100% of mucosal lichen planus. Test for nickel was positive in 40 (32%) cases, parthenium in 37 (29.6%), cobalt in 23 (18.4%), fragrance in 19 (15.2%), paraphenylenediamine in 17 (13.6%), paraben in 9 (7.2%) and neomycin in 5 (4%) cases, either alone or in combination. In the present study, in addition to eczematous dermatoses, non-eczematous conditions such as lichen planus, lichenoid eruption, lichen planus pigmentosus and facial melanosis also showed positive results on patch testing. Conclusion: Patch testing should be considered in patients presenting with chronic and recurrent dermatitis and overlap of more than one type of dermatoses. Identification and elimination of culprit allergens can help in achieving long term remission in these chronic conditions.

Neglected but Clinically Relevant Allergens in Korea.

Allergy diagnostics and immunotherapeutics in Asia heavily rely on imported products from Western countries, raising concerns about the accuracy and efficacy of these products for the management of Asian allergy patients. Recent advancements in allergen research have led to the identification and characterization of novel allergens from indigenous Korean species. While some allergens share homology with well-known allergens, others lack counterparts in imported allergen extracts. Classifying regional allergens in Asia into three categories based on their cross-reactivity with imported allergens offers valuable insights. Highly cross-reactive allergens, such as oak allergens Que m 1 from Quercus mongolica and Que ac 1 from Q. acutissima, can be effectively substituted with the imported allergens. Allergens with partial cross-reactivity, like the Asian needle ant allergen Pac c 3 (Antigen 5), permit limited diagnostic value by the currently available products. Unique allergens, including the Japanese hop allergen Hum j 6 (pectin methylesterase inhibitor) and the silkworm pupa allergen Bomb m 4 (30kDa hemolymph lipoprotein) lack alternatives in the available product list. Greater attention is needed, particularly for species listed as ecologically invasive in Western regions. Additionally, allergens from domestic fruits and vegetables causing pollen food allergy syndrome require characterization for the development of improved diagnostics.

Innovative approach for mango allergen identification in processed foods using immunomagnetic nanoparticle-enhanced UPLC-MS/MS

Mango (Mangifera indica) is favored for its flavor and nutritional benefits, yet it also poses significant allergenic risks, potentially triggering severe anaphylactic reactions in sensitive individuals. Addressing the urgent need for accurate allergen detection, this study introduces a novel approach utilizing immunomagnetic nanoparticles (IMNPs) combined with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to identify the 40-kDa major mango allergen in processed foods. By employing 100 nm IMNPs, the method effectively isolates and concentrates the allergens from complex food matrices, facilitating precise UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Demonstrating exceptional specificity, the technique accurately distinguishes mango allergens from those in nine other fruits and vegetables. It achieves low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.032 μg/mL in juice and 0.165 μg/g in cookies. When tested on 34 commercial products and compared with a real-time PCR method approved by the Taiwan FDA, the method validated its high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (92.9%), based on the ingredient labeling of these products. These advancements mark a significant leap in allergen detection technology, offering a sensitive, specific, and practical solution for identifying mango allergen residues in processed foods, thereby enhancing food safety protocols and protecting public health.

El pediatra de Atención Primaria y la rinitis alérgica

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa after exposure to an allergen in previously sensitized people. Characteristic symptoms include nasal itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing and nasal congestion, which may be accompanied by otic, pharyngeal and ocular symptoms (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis). AR has a great impact on quality of life and is considered undertreated and underdiagnosed. Dust mites and grass pollens are the most important allergens. The diagnosis is made through a detailed medical history that includes exposure to environmental triggers and the child's environment at the family, school, leisure and pet levels. It is advisable to perform an allergy study to identify allergic triggers, especially in case of persistent rhinitis. Treatment is based on the identification and elimination of specific allergens, when possible, and the use of stepwise medications that reduce symptoms. Nasal corticosteroids (NC) are part of the first line of treatment, their use being unavoidable in moderate-severe AR. When there is no adequate response to the initial treatment, combining antihistamine (AH) is indicated. Intranasal AH are more effective in improving nasal congestion than oral AH and have a faster onset of action than oral AH and NC, and are part of the first line of treatment in seasonal AR and intermittent AR. Immunotherapy will be used in selected patients who do not respond to other treatments.

SEP-AlgPro: An efficient allergen prediction tool utilizing traditional machine learning and deep learning techniques with protein language model features

Allergy is a hypersensitive condition in which individuals develop objective symptoms when exposed to harmless substances at a dose that would cause no harm to a “normal” person. Most current computational methods for allergen identification rely on homology or conventional machine learning using limited set of feature descriptors or validation on specific datasets, making them inefficient and inaccurate. Here, we propose SEP-AlgPro for the accurate identification of allergen protein from sequence information. We analyzed 10 conventional protein-based features and 14 different features derived from protein language models to gauge their effectiveness in differentiating allergens from non-allergens using 15 different classifiers. However, the final optimized model employs top 10 feature descriptors with top seven machine learning classifiers. Results show that the features derived from protein language models exhibit superior discriminative capabilities compared to traditional feature sets. This enabled us to select the most discriminatory baseline models, whose predicted outputs were aggregated and used as input to a deep neural network for the final allergen prediction. Extensive case studies showed that SEP-AlgPro outperforms state-of-the-art predictors in accurately identifying allergens. A user-friendly web server was developed and made freely available at https://balalab-skku.org/SEP-AlgPro/, making it a powerful tool for identifying potential allergens.

Evaluation of the passive mast cell activation test for identifying allergens in perioperative anaphylaxis: a study protocol for a prospective diagnostic accuracy study

IntroductionPerioperative anaphylaxis (POA) can lead to significant complications. Therefore, accurate identification of allergens for POA patients is critical to ensure the safety of future surgical and anaesthetic procedures. Existing perioperative...

Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Specific Therapies

Objective: The present study aims to deepen understanding of Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD), exploring its etiology, immunological mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and updated therapeutic strategies to improve treatment and quality of life for patients. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in studies of the immunological processes involved in ACD, with an emphasis on the sensitization of memory T lymphocytes, and the diversity of causative agents, ranging from chemicals to natural substances. Method: A methodological approach that includes a systematic literature review and analysis of relevant case studies was adopted, with special attention to the use of the patch test as a diagnostic tool for identifying specific allergens. Results and Discussion: The findings highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and correct identification of allergens via patch test, which are essential for effective disease management. Therapeutic options discussed range from topical corticosteroids to antihistamines, adjusted according to the severity of clinical manifestations. Research Implications: This study underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary and evidence-based management approach in addressing ACD, integrating the latest scientific advances into daily clinical practices. Originality/Value: The original contribution of this article lies in the integrative analysis and detailed practical recommendations for the treatment of ACD, providing new perspectives for the medical literature and clinical treatment of this complex condition.

Identification of Allergens in Azuki (Adzuki) Bean Allergy.

Identification of Allergens in Azuki (Adzuki) Bean Allergy.

Identification of New Allergens in Macadamia Nut and Cross-Reactivity with Other Tree Nuts in a Spanish Cohort.

The consumption of macadamia nuts has increased due to their cardioprotective and antioxidant properties. However, this rise is consistent with an increase in the cases of macadamia nut allergy, leading to severe reactions. Although two Macadamia integrifolia allergens (Mac i 1 and Mac i 2) have been identified in Australian and Japanese patients, the allergenic sensitization patterns in Western European populations, particularly in Spain, remain unclear. For this purpose, seven patients with macadamia nut allergy were recruited in Spain. Macadamia nut protein extracts were prepared and, together with hazelnut and walnut extracts, were used in Western blot and inhibition assays. IgE-reactive proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Immunoblotting assays revealed various IgE-binding proteins in macadamia nut extracts. Mass spectrometry identified three new allergens: an oleosin, a pectin acetylesterase, and an aspartyl protease. Cross-reactivity studies showed that hazelnut extract but not walnut extract inhibited macadamia nut oleosin-specific IgE binding. This suggests that oleosin could be used as marker for macadamia-hazelnut cross-reactivity. The results show an allergenic profile in the Spanish cohort different from that previously detected in Australian and Japanese populations. The distinct sensitization profiles observed highlight the potential influence of dietary habits and environmental factors exposure on allergenicity.

In silico approaches for the identification of potential allergens among hypothetical proteins from Alternaria alternata and its functional annotation

Direct exposure to the fungal species Alternaria alternata is a major risk factor for the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and inflammation. As of November 23rd 2020, the NCBI protein database showed 11,227 proteins from A. alternata genome as hypothetical proteins (HPs). Allergens are the main causative of several life-threatening diseases, especially in fungal infections. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to identify the potentially allergenic inducible proteins from the HPs in A. alternata and their associated functional assignment for the complete understanding of the complex biological systems at the molecular level. AlgPred and Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins (SDAP) were used for the prediction of potential allergens from the HPs of A. alternata. While analyzing the proteome data, 29 potential allergens were predicted by AlgPred and further screening in SDAP confirmed the allergic response of 10 proteins. Extensive bioinformatics tools including protein family classification, sequence-function relationship, protein motif discovery, pathway interactions, and intrinsic features from the amino acid sequence were used to successfully predict the probable functions of the 10 HPs. The functions of the HPs are characterized as chitin-binding, ribosomal protein P1, thaumatin, glycosyl hydrolase, and NOB1 proteins. The subcellular localization and signal peptide prediction of these 10 proteins has further provided additional information on localization and function. The allergens prediction and functional annotation of the 10 proteins may facilitate a better understanding of the allergenic mechanism of A. alternata in asthma and other diseases. The functional domain level insights and predicted structural features of the allergenic proteins help to understand the pathogenesis and host immune tolerance. The outcomes of the study would aid in the development of specific drugs to combat A. alternata infections.

AKTUALNE PERSPEKTYWY ZASTOSOWANIA PROTEOMIKI DO IDENTYFIKACJI ORAZ CHARAKTERYSTYKI BIAŁEK POCHODZENIA OWADZIEGO WYKAZUJĄCYCH POTENCJAŁ ALERGIZUJĄCY

Currently, pet owners can easily access a broad array of commercial pet products specifically formulated to meet the unique nutritional needs of their cats and dogs. The trend towards organic pet foods, prioritizing whole ingredients over processed ones, is gaining more and more attention, emphasizing sustainability in sourcing dietary proteins. Insects, rich in essential amino acids, emerge as promising protein substitutes, though they do carry potential risks of triggering adverse food reactions, such as allergies in pets. This, in turn, provides a fertile ground for advanced proteomic analysis, facilitating comprehensive identification and quantification of allergens from edible insects. This includes defining immune epitopes originating from these allergens, thus fostering the discovery of potentially new proteins with allergenic potential and aiding in the in vitro diagnosis of allergen sensitization. This review presents the latest advancements in edible insect-derived allergens and the proteomic investigations conducted to analyse them. We offer insights into classical and advanced proteomic approaches designed for identifying and quantifying these allergens in various food matrices. Additionally, we focus on recent studies concerning the characterization of novel insect allergens, exploring sensitization and cross-reactivity mechanisms, with a specific emphasis on pets.

Identification and characterization of a novel nematode pan allergen (NPA) from Wuchereria bancrofti and their potential role in human filarial tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE).

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a chronic respiratory syndrome associated with Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a tropical parasitic infection of the human, transmitted by mosquitoes. The larval form of LF (microfilariae) are trapped in the lungs of TPE subjects have a major role in initiating the TPE syndrome. To date, there are no reports on the potential allergen that is responsible for generating parasite-specific IgE in TPE. In this project, we screened a cDNA expression library of the microfilarial stages of Wuchereria bancrofti with monoclonal IgE antibodies prepared from subjects with clinical filarial infections. Our studies identified a novel molecule that showed significant sequence similarity to an allergen. A blast analysis showed the presence of similar proteins in a number of nematodes parasites. Thus, we named this molecule as Nematode Pan Allergen (NPA). Subsequent functional analysis showed that NPA is a potent allergen that can cause release of histamine from mast cells, induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from alveolar macrophages and promote accumulation of eosinophils in the tissue, all of which occur in TPE lungs. Based on our results, we conclude that the NPA protein secreted by the microfilariae of W. bancrofti may play a significant role in the pathology of TPE syndrome in LF infected individuals. Further studies on this molecule can help design an approach to neutralize the NPA in an attempt to reduce the pathology associated with TPE in LF infected subjects.

Contact allergens responsible for eyelid dermatitis in adults.

Allergic contact dermatitis has been established as the most frequent cause of eyelid dermatitis, but it is often misdiagnosed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of patients with eyelid dermatitis who were referred for patch testing. The patients were divided into three subgroups in this retrospective study: patients with only eyelid involvement, patients with involvement of eyelids and other areas, and patients without eyelid involvement. Data was collected on diagnoses, medical history, personal care products and make-up use, occupational dermatitis, and positive allergens. An independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and chi-squared test were used to analyze the data. A total of 427 patients who referred for patch tests were included in the study. Of these, 139 patients had eyelid dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was the most common diagnosis in all three groups referred for patch tests. Use of shaving cream and hair conditioner was significantly higher in patients with only eyelid involvement and nickel sulfate was the most common allergen among them. Patch testing is the gold standard tool in the evaluation of eyelid contact dermatitis, and it is a necessity in the treatment of eyelid dermatitis, for the accurate identification of responsible allergens.

Identification of allergens from Aspergillus fumigatus-Potential association with lung damage in asthma.

Component-resolved diagnosis allows detection of IgE sensitization having the advantage of reproducibility and standardization compared to crude extracts. The main disadvantage of the traditional allergen identification methods, 1- or 2-dimensional western blotting and screening of expression cDNA libraries with patients' IgEs, is that the native structure of the protein is not necessarily maintained. We used a novel immunoprecipitation technique in combination with mass spectrometry to identify new allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus. Magnetic Dynabeads coupled with anti-human IgE antibodies were used to purify human serum IgE and subsequently allergens from A. fumigatus protein extract. Of the 184 proteins detected by subsequent mass peptide fingerprinting, a subset of 13 were recombinantly expressed and purified. In a panel of 52 A. fumigatus-sensitized people with asthma, 23 non-fungal-sensitized asthmatics and 18 healthy individuals, only the former showed an IgE reaction by immunoblotting and/or ELISA. We discovered 11 proteins not yet described as A. fumigatus allergens, with fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class II (FBA2) (33%), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (31%) and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (27%) being the most prevalent. With respect to these three allergens, native versus denatured protein assays indicated a better recognition of the native proteins. Seven of 11 allergens fulfilled the WHO/IUIS criteria and were accepted as new A. fumigatus allergens. In conclusion, we introduce a straightforward method of allergen identification from complex allergenic sources such as A. fumigatus by immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry, which has the advantage over traditional methods of identifying allergens by maintaining the structure of the proteins.

Identification and semi-quantification of protein allergens in complex mixtures using proteomic and AllerCatPro 2.0 bioinformatic analyses: a proof-of-concept investigation

The demand for botanicals and natural substances in consumer products has increased in recent years. These substances usually contain proteins and these, in turn, can pose a risk for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization and allergy. However, no method has yet been accepted or validated for assessment of potential allergenic hazards in such materials. In the studies here, a dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach is proposed to evaluate holistically allergenic hazards in complex mixtures of plants, insects, or animal proteins. Twelve commercial preparations of source materials (plant products, dust mite extract, and preparations of animal dander) known to contain allergenic proteins were analyzed by label-free proteomic analyses to identify and semi-quantify proteins. These were then evaluated by bioinformatics using AllerCatPro 2.0 (https://allercatpro.bii.a-star.edu.sg/) to predict no, weak, or strong evidence for allergenicity and similarity to source-specific allergens. In total, 4,586 protein sequences were identified in the 12 source materials combined. Of these, 1,665 sequences were predicted with weak or strong evidence for allergenic potential. This first-tier approach provided top-level information about the occurrence and abundance of proteins and potential allergens. With regards to source-specific allergens, 129 allergens were identified. The sum of the relative abundance of these allergens ranged from 0.8% (lamb’s quarters) to 63% (olive pollen). It is proposed here that this dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach has the potential to provide detailed information on the presence and relative abundance of allergens, and can play an important role in identifying potential allergenic hazards in complex protein mixtures for the purposes of safety assessments.

Patch testing in occupational dermatology: Practical aspects in relation to the conditions in Germany.

Allergic contact dermatitis is one of the most frequent occupational skin diseases. Targeted allergen avoidance can only be achieved by identification of the causative allergen. Therefore, patch testing is of utmost importance in occupational dermatology, not only in terms of assessing causal relationships but also regarding the implementation of prevention measures and evaluation of the legal criteria for an occupational skin disease in Germany (statutory occupational disease BK 5101). The lack of commercial patch test preparations poses a great diagnostic challenge. Patch testing of patient's own materials from their workplace is therefore very important to reduce diagnostic gaps. The performance and documentation of the patch test should be in line with current guidelines and recommendations to ensure the necessary test quality and comprehensibility of the test results.

Diving deep into fish allergen immunotherapy: Current knowledge and future directions.

Fish allergy is one of the "big nine" categories of food allergens worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing with the higher demand for this nutritious food source. Fish allergies are a significant health concern as it is a leading cause of food anaphylaxis, accounting for 9% of all deaths from anaphylaxis. The gaps in treating fish allergies at present are the incomplete identification of fish allergens, lack of component-resolved diagnosis of fish allergens in the clinical setting, and the variability in sensitization profiles based on different fish consumption practices. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) improves tolerance towards accidental consumption of fish and is longer lasting than pharmacotherapy. Current practice or research of fish AIT ranges from the use of whole fish via oral desensitization, to the use of purified recombinant parvalbumin and its hypoallergenic variant, passive IgG immunization, and modifying the allergenicity of parvalbumin by changing the diet of farmed fish. However, the focus of fish allergen-based studies in the context of AIT has been restricted to parvalbumins. More research is required to understand the involvement of other fish allergens, and several other strategies of AIT including peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, hybrid allergens, and the use of nanobodies that have the capacity to treat multiple allergens have been proposed. For AIT, other important aspects to consider are the route of desensitization, and the biomarkers to assess the success of immunotherapy. Finally, we also address several clinical considerations for fish AIT.

Comparative analysis of asian carps parvalbumin reveals the divergence pattern of major fish allergen.

Asian carps, a popular freshwater fish globally, are valued for their flavor and serve as a crucial protein source, especially for infants. However, grass carp parvalbumin is highly allergenic, surpassing the allergenicity of fish like salmon and cod. The allergenic potential of parvalbumin in other Asian carps remains unknown, underscoring the need for allergen identification to improve the precision of fish allergy diagnosis and treatment. To identify all parvalbumin homologs in Asian carps and investigate the role of gene divergence in allergenic homolog formation. Three annotated genomes of Asian carp, including grass carp, black carp and bighead carp, were constructed using a hybrid assembly approach. Through sequence homology at the genomic level, all the homologs of major fish allergens were identified. Bioinformatics tools were then employed to reveal the gene structures, expression levels, and protein conformations of parvalbumin. Grass carp genome analysis showed nine parvalbumin homologs, with Cid_PV2 most similar to Cten i 1. Bighead and black carp genomes had ten homologs, including potentially allergenic Mpi_PV7 and Hno_PV7. Tissue-specific expression patterns revealed alternative usage of parvalbumin homologs. Gene duplication events expanded parvalbumin copies in bony fish, with two gene clusters identified in Asian carp genomes. All the homologs of Asian carps' parvalbumin were accurately identified and gene divergence contributed to the formation of allergenic homologs. Together with a comprehensive gene sequence profile of carps' parvalbumin, those could be applied to achieve a more precise clinical diagnostic test.