All-Russian Research Institute Research Articles

Optimization of Molecular Genetic Method for Identification of Dairy Raw Materials

Introduction: This article addresses the pressing issue of ensuring the quality and safety of dairy products by combating adulteration, a challenge that continues to plague the dairy industry. Adulteration, often driven by cost-cutting motives, involves altering the composition, quality, or origin of dairy products, even in the face of tightened control measures and improved monitoring systems. Specifically, this study hones in on the problem of species-specific adulteration, particularly the substitution of goat milk with cow milk due to the significant cost differential. Detecting and identifying such adulteration is crucial, and while traditional methods like electrophoresis and chromatography have been used, they are often expensive and labor-intensive. The article explores the use of molecular genetic methods, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as a more efficient and accurate means of identifying species-specific milk adulteration. Methods like PCR offer high specificity, sensitivity, speed, and the ability to perform quantitative and multiplex analyses.Purpose: The objective of this study is to optimise a method for species identification of dairy products by PCR-based screening using DNA isolated from cow’s and goat’s milk comatic cells.Materials and Methods: This research conducted at the Central Laboratory of Microbiology, All-Russian Research Institute of Dairy Industry, focuses on milk species identification of cattle and small ruminants using a specific set of primers targeting the polymorphic amylogenin gene. The study involves PCR screening with DNA extracted from cow’s and goat’s raw milk utilizing a MiniAmp instrument for the analysis. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of DNA preparations were performed, measuring DNA concentration with a Qubit 4 fluorimeter and Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit. PCR analysis was carried out in 25 μl reactions, including key components such as 5xScreen Mix, specific primers, DNA samples, and mQ H2O. The amplification program comprised denaturation, annealing, and elongation steps over a series of cycles.Results: The experiment was aimed at assessing the suitability of primers SE47 and SE48 for amplification of nuclear DNA of milk somatic cells of cattle (Bos taurus) and goats (Capra hircus). Initially, a calculated annealing temperature of 56 °C was used in the PCR reaction, yielding in numerous nonspecific fragments appeared on the electropherogram. To solve this problem, we gradually increased the annealing temperature, which resulted in a significant decrease in the nonspecific fragments number and their complete absence at annealing temperature of 70°C.Conclusion: We succeeded in optimizing a PCR-based detection system for the milk species identification of cattle and small ruminants. The results obtained confirm the possibility of using genomic DNA of milk somatic cells for the successful amplification of species-specific nuclear markers, but there remains a need for further research to determine the sensitivity of the PCR system and the possibility of its use in the analysis of milk processing products.

A new variety of sour cherry Shelangovskaya

The purpose of the research is the biological and economic evaluation of a new variety of sour cherry Shelangovskaya in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. Winter hardiness, productivity, the susceptibility of sour cherry varieties to coccomycosis, moniliosis, damage by aphids, and economic efficiency were evaluated according to the methodology of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. A comparative assessment of the biological and economic characteristics of the sour cherry varieties Krasa Tataria and Shelangovskaya showed that the new sour cherry variety surpasses the standard variety in productivity (8 kg), yield (5 t/ha), resistance to coccomycosis (1.9 points), moniliosis (1.5 points), flowering strength (4.6 points), self-fertility (24 %), fruit taste (4.2 points), profit from 1 ha of the garden (26.0 thousand rubles) and the level of profitability (13.1 %).

Влияние применения дефеката на вредоносность проволочников и продуктивность подсолнечника в Краснодарском крае

Larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are wireworms, one of the most spreading polyphagous soil pests damaging the agricultural crops, including sunflower. They prefer soils having pH from 5.6–6.0 to 4.5–5.0 and humus content more than 3.3%. Liming is the primary means to optimized reaction of a soil solution. In 2016–2018, in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, influence of filter cake (lime organic and mineral fertilizers produced after sugar beet processing) application in doses 3.9 and 5.9 t/ha on damaging of sunflower seedlings by larvae of beetles from an Elateridae family (wireworms) and crop productivity. The dry filter cake in the studied doses introduced 30 days before sunflower planting with further incorporation into the physically mature soil by tillers “Krot” on a depth of 12–15 cm decreased significantly a number of wireworms – from 15–21 (in control) to 6–10 pcs/m2. Thinning of sunflower crops due to wireworm damages on average reached 53.3% in control, as plant death in variants with application of an organic and mineral fertilizer in doses of 3.9 and 5.9 t/ha was at a level of 31.6 and 26.7%, respectively. The filter cake application in doses of 3.9 and 5.9 t/ha allowed obtaining yield increase of 0.86–0.87 t/ha. Oil content in sunflower seeds in these variants was equal to 51.3–52.1%.

Общее содержание и фракционный состав белка в семенах сортов сои селекции ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВНИИМК

The use of high-protein soybean cultivars is one of the most important reserves for solving the problem of protein deficiency in the production of feed and food products. In recent years, soybean cultivars with high productivity potential and improved biochemical composition of seeds have been developed in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The cultivars approved for usage in various regions of the Russian Federation were assessed by the total protein content in seeds and its fractional composition as the main biochemical characteristics of raw materials. The cultivars with a high content of water-soluble (albumin) and stable indicators of salt- and alkali-soluble (globulins and glutelins) fractions, respectively, were noted. It was established that the studied indicators depended not only on the genetic properties of the cultivars, but also on the characteristics of the conditions of the reproduction year. Thus, in soybean seeds of the 2021 harvest, the cultivars Iney (39.0%), Triada (39.9%) and Graya (42.0%) stood out with the highest protein content; in terms of albumin content in protein – Graya and Bars (91.8 and 92.0%, respectively). And in the seeds of the 2022 harvest, the maximum protein content was observed in the cultivars Puma (38.9%), Graya (39.4%) and Gnom (40.2%), albumin content – Barguzin (92.7%), Bars (94.5%) and Puma (95.1%). A weakly positive correlation was noted between the total protein content and the proportion of the water-soluble fraction in it (r = +0.33).

Контроль численности самцов капустной моли (Plutella xylostella L.) в посевах ярового рапса с помощью феромонов

Cabbage moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) is a wide spreading pest of rapeseed and other cruciferous crops. Annual yield loses and expenses for insect control in the world are estimated at $4-5 billion. The pest has an increased tendency to develop resistance to pesticides. The modern instrumental way to monitor a number of P. xylostella is usage of traps with synthetic sex pheromone. The use of a mating disruption method allows lowering effectively a pest number and insecticide application. In 2017–2020, activity of pheromone and method of P. xylostella male disorientation were studied in rapeseed crops in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, Krasnodar. The males of P. xylostella were caught in traps with all the studied types of dispensers. A pheromone demonstrated the highest activity on foil dispenser (F). The disorientation method decreased effectively a number of P. xylostella in rape-seed crops. By the end of the crop vegetation, the usage affect was high and reached 82.5%.

Changes in climatic conditions in the Gulf of Ob region

The article describes weather conditions characteristic of the quasi-homogeneous climatic region of the Gulf of Ob, lists the main oil and gas condensate, gas condensate, and gas fields, as well as specifying the main requirements for the organization of a full-scale monitoring of weather conditions in the selected region. Climate changes were analyzed using reports on the weather conditions of different regions of the Russian Federation in 2017–2021, prepared by the All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information–World Data Centre. The data analysis revealed primarily positive deviations of the mean monthly temperature from the norm. A positive temperature anomaly was observed in 83% of cases. The climate in the Gulf of Ob region has been getting drier and colder in winter these past five years, which complicates winter navigation. Over the past five years, drier weather has been observed in 50% of cases.

Improving the technology for obtaining of low molecular weight chitosan under conditions of controlled enzymatic cleavage

Relevance. Annotation. Experimental data on improving the production technology of regulated enzymatic cleavage of chitosan to obtain its low-molecular derivatives are presented. Experimental studies were carried out in the conditions of the Department of Disease Diagnostics, Therapy, Obstetrics and Animal Reproduction of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology — MVA named after K.I. Skryabin and on the basis of the All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of the Biological Industry.Methods. Acid-soluble chitosan from king crab shell (MM 700 kDa, SDA 85%), chitosan succinate (MM 330 kDa, SZ 75.2%), low-molecular food chitosan (hydrochloride) (MM 50 kDa) were used as raw materials for obtaining new modifications of chitosan, gel chitosan (2% solution in 2% acetic acid) manufactured by Bioprogress LLC.Results. As a result of the experiment, the technological parameters of obtaining low-molecular chitosan by enzymatic hydrolysis were selected. The greatest decrease in the dynamic viscosity of chitosan was reliably observed in the pilot-industrial series II (by 29.3 times), and the pilot-industrial series I and III — by 6.9 and 10.6 times, respectively. As a result of enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan in the pilot series II, it was possible to reduce the molecular weight from 700 to 24 kDa, and in series I and III — to 102 and 66 kDa. Based on the research results, a technological scheme for obtaining low-molecular-weight chitosan derivatives by enzymatic hydrolysis has been developed, tested and proposed for industrial use, technical conditions have been developed.

The effect of drainage, fertilizers, and agro-reclamation techniques on spring wheat productivity

The current study was conducted at the agricultural site ‘Gubino’ of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (Tver Region) in 2011–2022. The purpose was to study the efficiency of drainage of waterlogged soils, fertilizers and agro-reclamation techniques when growing spring wheat in the conditions of the North-Western part of the Non-Blackearth region. The soil of the agricultural site was soddy-podzolic, light loamy and gleyic sandy loam, drained by closed drainage. The field trials have established the influence of drainage of gleyic soils, the use of fertilizers, volumetric slotting of the soil to a depth of 45–50 cm, ridge plowing and ridge belt-scattering method of sowing on spring wheat productivity. Drainage increased wheat productivity on the extensive background by 17.8 % (0.34 t/ha), on the medium-intensive and intensive background by 16.9–19.4 % (0.56–0.60 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers improved productivity more significantly, against a drained background, wheat productivity increase at medium fertilizer rates (N45Р15K45) was 1.20 t/ha (53.3 %) and at high fertilizer rates (N90Р30K90) it was 1.91 t/ha (84.9 %). The combined effect of drainage and fertilizers improved spring wheat productivity on waterlogged soil by 2.2 times (by 2.25 t/ha). The highest payback of 1 kg of fertilizers by a spring wheat yield was obtained on a drained plot with average fertilizer application rates of 9.8 kg of grain. A high effect was obtained from agro-reclamation techniques aimed at improving the water-air regime of soil. With volumetric slotting of the soil, spring wheat productivity raised by 0.50–0.97 t/ha (13.2–26.4 %), with ridge plowing by 0.36 t/ha (12.0 %), with ridge belt-scattering method of sowing with growing spring wheat on ridges 40–80 mm high by 0.45 t/ha or 13.7 %, in relation to the existing technology of row sowing. The study results can be used in the development of adaptive agricultural technologies for cultivating spring wheat on drained lands.

Influence of agromelioration and drainage methods on the field crops productivity

The effectiveness of ameliorative strip loosening to a depth of 50-60 cm and volumetric soil slotting to 45-50 cm, their influence on the productivity of field crops and agrophysical properties of drained soils with different ameliorative systems (interdrainage distance of 18 and 28 m) was studied. The experiment was carried out in the period 2015-2021. at the Gubino agricultural polygon of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (Tver Region). The soil is soddy-podzolic cultivated light loamy gleyic, drained by closed pottery drainage, formed on a moraine. Volumetric slotting was carried out with a specially designed tool with filling the subarable part of the slot with crushed straw and plant residues mixed with a humus layer. Ameliorative loosening (MR) was carried out with a converted chisel plow. The pitch of slotting and MP is 140 cm. According to the generalized data, the best results on both drainage systems were obtained in the variant with volume slotting. Ameliorative loosening increased the yield of grain crops, on average over 5 years, by 0.60 t/ha (17.0%) and 0.79 t/ha (20.7%), slotting by 0.90 and 1.02 t/ha ha (25.6 and 26.7%), respectively. Additional grain harvest for the five-year period of MR action on the estimated drainage was 3.0, on sparse - 3.95 t/ha, and with volumetric slotting of the soil - 4.5 and 5.1 t/ha, respectively. On spring rapeseed, the best results were also obtained in the variant with sparse drainage and volumetric slotting of the soil. The increase in the yield of green mass in this variant, on average over 3 years, amounted to 3.6 t/ha of green mass, or 19.0%. It has been established that on soddy-podzolic light loamy gleyic soils with an atmospheric type of water supply, when designing ameliorative systems for field crop rotations, it is possible to use drainage systems with extended, compared to the calculated, interdrainage distances, which helps to reduce the cost of drainage. The use of land reclamation techniques increases the efficiency of sparse drainage.

Experimental Study of the Compressibility of a Helium Plasma at a Pressure up to 20 TPa

A nonideal helium plasma has been compressed to a density of ρ ≈ 14 g/cm3at a pressure ofP≈20TPa (200Mbar) in a spherical two-cascade device. The design of the device has been presented and the thermodynamic parameters of the helium plasma reached in it have been estimated. Data on the dynamics of the external and internal cascades in the device used to choose the calculation method have been obtained in a preliminary experiment with a hemispherical prototype. The experiment has been performed on the X-ray complex at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics, which includes BIM 234.3000 betatrons with a boundary energy of 60 MeV used in the multipulse bremsstrahlung generation regime with a multichannel optoelectronic system of recording X-ray images. A high-current linear accelerator LIU-R-T and an image detector assembly consisting of photochromic ADC screens have been used in addition to betatrons to detect the compressed shell cavity.

Advancing gene editing: multiplex mutagenesis in hexaploid triticale

The presence of several sets of chromosomes in polyploid crops is a serious problem for the application of gene and genome editing systems. Efficient CRISPR/Cas-based mutagenesis of series of genes involved in the grain starch biosynthesis of hexaploid triticale has been developed. Triticale (×Triticosecale),is a hybrid of rye (Secale) and wheat (Triticum) and consists of three subgenomes. Four genes were targeted and to ensure efficient editing of all subgenomes, a trio of guide RNAs for each target genes were designed. To enable simultaneous editing of 36 genetic loci at once (three sgRNAs × four genes × three subgenomes), an expression cassette was constructed, assembled as an array of twelve sgRNAs. The polysitron vector was delivered to morphogenic calli using a gene gun [1] together with a vector encoding Cas9 nuclease [2] to induce mutations. A number of transgenic plants of spring and winter triticale carrying both Cas9 and sgRNAs inserts have been generated. The efficiency of native gene editing varied depending on the target gene and sgRNA activity. Using a trio of sgRNAs for each target gene, we successfully mutated all three subgenome copies, thereby modifying seed starch synthesis. It can be expected that the described approach will make an important contribution to the future breeding of polyploid crops to produce various combinations of new genetic alleles encoding desired traits.
 The study is supported by Kurchatov Genomics Center of All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, agreement No. 075-15-2019-1667.

АГРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА МАСЛИЧНЫХ КУЛЬТУР В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ЦФО РФ

This article presents the results of environmental tests of the most promising very early soybean lines of Krasnodar breeding in the conditions of the Forest-steppe of the Central Federal District of the Russian Fed-eration, which were involved in hybridization. In the obtained hybrid populations of F4 in the conditions of Krasnodar, very early elite plants with a growing period of 90-100 days, plant height of at least 70 cm, and increased productivity were isolated. Their offspring in generations F6 and F7 underwent selection evalua-tion in the latitudinal and climatic conditions of the forest–steppe of the Central Black Soil region on the ba-sis of the Lipetsk Rapeseed Research Institute - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Research Center V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil crops, Lipetsk. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that in the typical weather conditions of the Central Black Soil region in 2021 and with the dates of soybean sowing in the Lipetsk region in the 2nd decade of May, the earliest genotypes ripened in late August – early September. The duration of their growing seasons was 96-103 days. In the abnormally cold and rainy conditions of 2022, the growing season of these genotypes increased to 110-123 days. The yield of the earliest of the studied soybean genotypes in the conditions of 2021 varied in the range of 2.04-2.46 t/ha, in the condi-tions of 2022 – in the range of 2.07-2.91 t/ha. A two-year analysis of the productivity of the studied soybean genotypes in various weather conditions allowed us to identify 7 breeding lines that form a yield of more than 2.0 t/ha, both in close to optimal and in abnormally cold weather conditions with excessive precipitation.

Reaction of Tomato Hybrids to Different Ripeness in Conditions of a Multi-Tube Hydroponic, Soil and Lighting Options

The aim of the study was response tomato hybrids in a multi-tube hydroponic technology in a polycarbonate greenhouse and the effect of different lighting in a phytotron on tomato plants. A study was conducted at All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Production, Moscow region, Russia and the laboratory of artificial climate (RSAU – MTAA). Eleven tomato hybrids were studied, differing in ripeness groups, by comparing their reactions in a hydroponic system (Phytopyramide) and a greenhouse system (soil). The effect of seven different spectral lighting modes on four hybrids under phytotron conditions (growth chamber) was also studied. Observations revealed a significant effect of hydroponic on maturation period. Hydroponic vertical cultivation has shown excellent results in obtaining an early tomato harvest and an increase in yield per m2 compared to a ground greenhouse. A higher marketable production was obtained with Ruddy ball F1 (25.51 kg/m2) compared to (9.92 kg/m2) in the soil greenhouse. Dichromatic light had the greatest effect on photosynthesis, while monochromatic light had the greatest effect on height growth. An increase in leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) was obtained with (blue+red) light (620.06) compared to monochromatic green light (319.88). Monochromatic red (23.81 cm) had the greatest lighting effect on plant height compared to monochromatic blue (12.62 cm) the least.

Эффективность контроля численности совки хлопковой (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.) в посевах подсолнечника

Cotton noctuid (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.) (1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a widely spread in Pale-arctic species. It is the main pest of many agricultural crops, which cause annual damage in the world agri-culture more than two billion dollars. Therefore, the insecticide treatments are essential to control it. Often pesticide application increases the insect resistance that leads to doses increase and (or) replacement by new highly toxic chemicals. Therefore, a search of the safety and reliable protection means of agricultural crops against the pest has been still a problem. In 2017–2019, the efficiency of insecticides against H. armigera in sunflower sowings was studied in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (Krasnodar, Russia). The number of H. armigera cat-erpillars in 2017 was at a level of 3.2 pcs/plant, in 2018 – 4.5, and in 2019 reached 6.0 pcs/plant. The insecticides based on Bifetrin + Chlorpirifos, EC (87%) and Chlorantraniliprol, CS (91 %) had the highest biological efficiency. Phytoverm V, EC was the best organic insecticide – 56 %. In an industrial experiment, sunflower plants treatment with Beta-cipermetrin + Dimetoat, EC (standard) and Chlorantraniliprol, CS caused the decrease in the cat-erpillar number by 71.7 and 97.0%, respectively. Sun-flower yield in the variants with insecticides were reli-ably higher than in the control one, the saved yield reached 0.23 and 0.39 t/hа.

Применение удобрений на клещевине (результаты исследований во ВНИИМК) (обзор)

The researches conducted in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops showed that castor plant yield increased by 0.08–0.20 t/hа after fertilizers application on leached chernozem. The more effective dose of a primary fertilizer under castor is N40P60, which applied in autumn separately under the plowing. Higher doses of the fertilizers are less effective. Application of potassium fertilizers jointly with nitrogen-phosphorus ones in both typical (K40–45) and increased (K80–120) doses did not caused the yield increase of castor plant. Under application of the different doses of the nitrogen-phosphorous or full mineral fertilizers, oil content in castor seeds did not change significantly comparing with unfertilized control, and oil yield was determined by seed yield and increased by 0.06–0.09 t/hа. The local application of N20P30 during castor plant sowing proved the same level of yield comparing with the dose N40P60 – 1.73–1.74 t/hа. The local application of fertilizers during sowing is the most effective when placing the fertilizers strips in a distance of 2 cm sideways of the seeds. Against the backfilling into the soil of 6.2–6.6 t/hа of winter wheat residues, the application of mineral fertilizers under castor plant caused the increase of seed yield by 0.21–0.29 t/hа, oil yield – by 0.11–0.14 t/hа. The dependence of castor plant yield on nitrate nitrogen, mobile forms of phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium contents the in leached chernozem in spring was revealed. It is determined the castor plant does not react positively on the addi-tional fertilizer application when contents of mobile forms of phosphates and exchangeable potassium in a soil layer of 0–20 cm are equal to 26–28 mg/100 g (in the hood by Chirikov F.V.) and 31–32 mg/100 g (in the hood by Maslova А.L.), respectively, and content of nitrate nitrogen in a soil layer of 0–60 cm is more 17–18 mg/kg (by Grandval-Lyazhu).

Biological and economic features of the new apple variety Renet Povolzhya

Relevance. The Republic of Tatarstan is located in the zone of risky fruit growing. In winter, frosts below -35 °C, thaws are not uncommon here, in spring during flowering – frosts, in summer – hot and dry weather. During the growing season, diseases are widespread – scab, moniliosis, pests – flower beetles, aphids, codling moths. All these factors negatively affect the yield and quality of fruits of apple varieties. To increase the production of apple fruits in the Republic of Tatarstan, new high-yielding varieties of apple trees, adaptive to abiotic and biotic stressors, with fruits of good taste, high content of nutrients and biologically active substances, and long shelf life, are needed.Methods. The purpose of the research is the biological and economic evaluation of the new apple variety Renet Povolzhya in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. Winter hardiness, productivity, yield, scab susceptibility of apple varieties, damage by aphids, fruit taste and economic efficiency were evaluated according to the methodology of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding.Results. Average for 2019–2022 in the new apple variety Renet Povolzhya, the total degree of freezing was 1.3 points, flowering strength – 3 points, leaf damage by scab – 2.3 points, leaf damage by aphids – 2.6 points, productivity – 12.9 kg, yield – 5, 2 t/ha, fruit taste – 4.3 points, profit per 1 ha of orchard – 7.4 thousand rubles, profitability level – 10.5%. In the standard apple variety Antonovka ordinary, the total degree of freezing was 1.3 points, flowering strength – 2.6 points, leaf damage by scab – 2.3 points, leaf damage by aphids – 2.9 points, productivity – 10.3 kg, yield – 4.1 t/ha, fruit taste – 3.9 points.

Урожайность и качество урожая сортов сои разных групп спелости при припосевном внесении минеральных удобрений в условиях центральной природно-климатической зоны Краснодарского края

Yield and quality of soybean seeds depend largely on the weather conditions during a growing season and mineral nutrition. Biological features of the cultivars influenced nutrients consumption by plants. The purpose of the research is to determine impact of presowing fertilizer application in doses N30P30 and N30P30S21 under seeds inoculation on yield and yield quality of the cultivars of the different maturity groups bred in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (Vita, Slaviya, Irbis, and Vilana beta) in the central natural-climatic zone of the Krasnodar region. In 2020–2022, on leached chernozem in field two-factor experiment, the presowing application of mineral fertilizers promoted the yield increase of the middle maturing cultivar Slaviya 0.17–0.21 t/ha and the middle-early maturing cultivar Vilana beta by 0.12 t/hа. The fertilizers did not effect reliably the yield increase of the early maturing cultivar Vita and the early maturing highly protein cultivar Irbis. A share of impact of the presowing 41 fertilizers on seed yield was 1.8–14.1% depending on the year of the research and a share of the cultivar impact – 59.7–94.9%. The positive correlation between yield of the studied cultivars and precipitation amount during a period flowering – seed formation was revealed. The presowing application of fertilizers did not influenced significantly protein content and oil in soybean seeds. The protein content and oil in seeds depended on the cultivar and precipitation amount in a phase of seeds formation: under increasing of the precipitations oil raised and protein content lowered in the seeds of the very early maturing cultivar Vita, at the same conditions, on the contrary, protein content increased and oil decreased in the seeds of the early maturing cultivars Slaviya, Irbis, and the middle-early maturing cultivar Vilana beta.

Влияние агротехнических приемов на структуру урожая и посевные свойства семян материнской формы подсолнечника ВК1-сур А

In 2022, the purpose of the research was to assess a level of a positive impact of different fertilizers applied during seed sowing and as foliar fertilization of plants on yield structure of a maternal form VK1-sur A. The research was conducted at a hybridization plot in field crop rotation in the experimental seed-growing farm “Urupskoe” – a branch of the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The farm is located in the Novokubansky district, the Krasnodar region, the soil is typical chernozem of the Western Ciscaucasia. In 2023, the purpose was to study sowing qualities of produced in 2022 seeds of the maternal form in progeny. The experiment scheme included three variants: 1. Control without ferilizers; 2. Foliar fertilization by Biostim maslichny (1.0 l/hа) + Ultramag bor (0.5 l/hа) in sunflower phases of 6–8 true leaves and budding, and 3. Fertilizer application (diammophos NPKS 10 : 26 : 26 : 2 in a dose of N20P39K39S3) during sowing and as foliar fertilization by microfertilizers Biostim maslichny (1.0 l/hа) + Ultramag bor (0.5 l/hа) in sunflower phases of 6–8 true leaves and budding. The results showed the significant increase comparing to the control by the indicators of the yield structure was stated only in the third variant: diameter of a head – by 3.1 cm, seed amount per a head, totally – by 747, filled seeds – by 309 pcs, seed weight per a head – by 15.0 g, including filled ones – 13.8 g. The calibration of the produced seeds on three fractions allowed increasing their indicators of physical-mechanical and sowing qualities. The best laboratory germination and healthy seeds amount were noted in middle (96 and 83%) and small (98 and 92%) fractions. The highest indicators of the field seed germination and its increase comparing to the laboratory results were stated in the third variant of the experiment. The fertilizer application on the multiplication plot of the maternal form VK1-sur A had a positive effect on the yield structure and sowing qualities of sunflower seeds.

Изменение основных хозяйственно ценных признаков сорта подсолнечника СПК плюс в процессе улучшающего семеноводства

The research was conducted in 2020– 2022 in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, Krasnodar. The purpose of the research was to establish regularities of the displaying of the main economically valuable traits in a confectionary variety SPK plus at the selection of promising families by results of their studying in a nursery of progeny estimation. As initial material, we used progenies of individual plants of seed growing elite of the variety SPK plus selected by seed weight per a head, oil content, and 1000 seed weight. During a vegetative period, phenological observatins and biometric measurements were done due to the method generally accepted (Pustovoit V.S., 1967). Oil content in seeds was determined on a NMR-analyzer AVM1006 due to the state standard R8.597-2010, 1000 seed weight – due to the state standard 12042- 80. To state a variability range of a trait we accounted 4 its average, minimal, and maximal meanings. Transforming of a population structure under impact of selection was established distributing the individual families into groups of a trait degree. Intensity of discard was revealed by a ratio of rejected families amount and total amount in the initial population. Increasing of families with enlarged 1000 seed weight was determined using an asymmetry coefficient. During the years of research, an average meaning of 1000 seed weight in a progenies of the selected plants was equal to 126.2 g, in a control – 119.5 g. a share of biotypes having 1000 seed weight more than 150 g of the promising families was 3.5%, and in a control – 1.6%. For three years of the research, the variety SPK plus was significantly improved by a trait of 1000 seed weight competing to the control – a progeny of breeder seeds. The estimation and selection of individual plants in a population caused accumulation of highly productive biotypes that led to the yield increase by 0.5 t/ha comparing to the control. A duration of a period seedlings – flowering, plant height, and oil content did not changed, keeping the level specific for this variety.

ВЛИЯНИЕ УСЛОВИЙ ПРОИЗРАСТАНИЯ И НОРМЫ НАГРУЗКИ ПОБЕГАМИ НА РОСТ И РАЗВИТИЕ ВИНОГРАДА СОРТА СИБИРЬКОВЫЙ

The paper presents research data on the colle-ration of vineyards’ yield and quality of grapes on the shoot load. The research was conducted at the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticul-ture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko, Novocherkassk, Rostov region. On grafted vineyards of Sibirkoviy variety, load norms were studied: 25; 30; 35; 40 shoots per bush. In different conditions (Pukhlyakov exper-imental field department and Novocherkassk experimental field department), the influence of growth place on development, fruiting and vigor of the grape plant was studied. The conducted studies revealed: the maximum yield was ob-tained in plantings with a load of 40 shoots per plant and amounted to 12.9 t/ha with the best grape conditions in the experiment: the mass concentration of sugars in berry juice was 19.6 g/100 cm3, and titrated acids 6.3 g/dm3. In Novocherkassk experimental field department, the yield was higher relative to Pukhlyakovsky experimental field department by 2.9 t/ha, but with lower conditions.