Alkaloid Compounds Research Articles

Self‐Assembled HYP Liposome Nanoparticles Promote Diabetic Wound Healing by Regulating the Polarization of M1 Macrophages

AbstractSuppression of the polarization of M1 macrophages is crucial for promoting diabetic wound healing. Hypahorine (HYP), a small molecule alkaloid compound with anti‐inflammatory properties, is encapsulated in liposome nanospheres (HYP‐INPS) using a one‐step ultrasound method and applied to treat open wounds in diabetic rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that HYP‐INPS nanoparticles are spherical and coated with a lipid layer. ZetaPALS analysis demonstrated that HYP‐INPS has a potential of ‐15.67 ± 2.58 mV and a size of 212.87 ± 13.34 nm. In vitro, confocal microscopy revealed the cellular uptake of HYP‐INPS in macrophages. Flow cytometry showed that HYP‐INPS inhibited the polarization of bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) to the M1 phenotype. In vivo, HYP‐INPS promoted diabetic wound healing by improving the inflammatory microenvironment within wounds. Immunofluorescence revealed that HYP‐INPS up‐regulated the expression of M2 macrophages and down‐regulated the expression of M1 macrophages at the wound site. Transcriptome sequencing showed that HYP‐INPS treatment specifically up‐regulated ASB10 expression in LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells. Loss‐of‐function or gain‐of‐function experiments confirmed the regulatory role of ASB10 in M1 macrophage polarization. Therefore, HYP‐INPS targeted ASB10 is concluded to accelerate wound healing in diabetes by inhibiting the polarization of M1 macrophages and improving the inflammatory microenvironment. This newly developed HYP‐INPS system holds promise as a potential treatment for diabetic wounds.

Anticandidal efficacy of the Secondary Metabolites Extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L. Seeds

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the crude Alkaloids, Flavonoids, and Terpenoids compounds extracted from seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. against Candida species isolated from different clinical samples such as mouth and vagina in the province of Babil 2021 in Iraq. Antifungal activity was achieved in vitro by using agar well diffusion method against Candida species by preparing three concentrations for each crude compound 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml and compared to positive control represented by Fluconazole 50mg/ml and negative control represented by 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. This study aimed to control Candida species isolated from different clinical samples such as mouth and vagina by using secondary metabolites extracted from seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. The data collected from the study revealed that the crude Alkaloids, Flavonoids, and Terpenoids compounds extracted from seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L. showed reduction at P≤ 0.05 in the growth of Candida species, especially at 100mg/ml compared with negative control. Finally, it can be concluded that Carthamus tinctorius L. is most effective in controlling Candida species, especially Alkaloids compounds.

Separation and Identification of some Phenolic and Alkaloid Compounds from the Leaves and Flowers of Lantana camara Linn. and Testing Its Biological Effectiveness Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Separation and Identification of some Phenolic and Alkaloid Compounds from the Leaves and Flowers of Lantana camara Linn. and Testing Its Biological Effectiveness Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) leaf extract and fraction

Abstract Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) is a natural ingredient used as a traditional treatment for diarrhea, fever, toothache, mouthwash, and antiseptics. The objective of the study was to assess the antibacterial properties of Sungkai leaf extracts and fractions against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella thypimurium) and to identify chemical compounds with antibacterial properties. The investigation starts with extraction and then continues with liquid-liquid fractionation with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water as solvents. Extracts and various fractions of Sungkai leaf were analyzed using phytochemical screening. The antibacterial property assay used the microdilution and paper disc method. The active component of the extract or fraction was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytochemical screening results indicated that the ethanol extract included flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Both the n-hexane fraction and chloroform fraction consist of alkaloid and steroid compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction contains phenolic compounds, while the n-butanol and water fractions contain flavonoid compounds. The microdilution method revealed that the chloroform fraction had the highest performance, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of 1000 µg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the paper disc approach demonstrated that both the extract and the fraction did not produce an inhibitory zone against the four tested bacteria. The GC-MS analysis identified 17-Octadecynoic acid in the chloroform fraction as the most effective chemical compound against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chloroform fraction of Sungkai leaf contains active compounds that have the potential for antibacterial activity.

Supplementation of papaya leaf extract in drinking water to optimize broiler chicken carcass production

Abstract The papaya plant (Carica papaya Linn.) is regarded as an alternative option that is believed to have the potential to reduce fat accumulation in broiler chickens. In society, papaya leaves are well-known as ingredients in traditional medicine due to their content of alkaloid compounds and proteolytic enzymes, namely papain and chymopapain, which play a significant role in digestion and facilitate intestinal activity. The impact of adding Papaya Leaf Extract (PLE) to drinking water on parameters such as final body weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat weight, and abdominal fat percentage is sought to be assessed in this study. Eighty-seven-day-old chicks, irrespective of gender, constitute the subjects of the research. Commercial feed, papaya leaves, research facilities and equipment, and manual and digital scales are utilized in the study. An experimental approach with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) is followed in the research methodology. Five treatments, each repeated four times, are included in the study: T0 (control with 1 liter of drinking water), T1 (T0 + 5 ml of PLE), T2 (T0 + 15 ml of PLE), T3 (T0 + 25 ml of PLE), and T4 (T0 + 35 ml of PLE). Chicken slaughtering is performed after 35 days of rearing, with samples taken randomly from pens 1-20 and subsequently processed, adhering to Islamic principles. Measured parameters include final body weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat weight, and abdominal fat percentage. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a Completely Randomized Design is employed for data analysis. The research findings suggest that providing papaya leaf extract to broiler chickens up to 35 days of age does not significantly affect final body weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat weight, or abdominal fat percentage. Based on the results obtained from the broiler chicken carcass production in this study, the administration of PLE to broiler chickens can be conducted.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN TEH CELUP BUNGA TELANG (Clitoria ternatea. L) DAN TEH PUTIH (Camellia sinensis)

if there is an increase in free radicals in an uncontrolled amount, more antioxidants are needed to minimize and neutralize the effects of free radicals. These antioxidants can come from consumed food ingredients such as tea bags with a combination of butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea. L) and white tea (Camellia sinensis) because they have the potential to provide protection from free radicals that can damage body cells. The aim of the study was to determine the levels of antioxidants that would be obtained from combining plants that have high antioxidant activity into a preparation in the form of tea bags. The method used is in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Testing of antioxidant activity using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl- 2-Picrilhydrazyl) method and data analysis using the Kruskal Walls non-parametric test. In this study the results showed that butterfly pea flowers contain alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, and tannins, as well as white tea which contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, and tannins. The antioxidant activity of butterfly pea flower produced an IC50 value of 262.778 ppm, white tea produced an IC50 value of 14.091 ppm, and formulations of butterfly pea flower and white tea bags that had potential as antioxidants were F1 with an IC50 value of 16.510 ppm. Preparations of teabags of butterfly pea and white tea with a concentration ratio of 50% : 50% are effective as antioxidants and are the preferred formula based on hedonic tests which include color, smell and aroma of teabag preparations.

Study of preliminary qualitative screening and evaluation of alkaloids and flavonoids compounds of some Orobanche species growing in Iraq

Among 27 Orobanche species growing in Iraq, only O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa (recently Phelipanche aegyptiaca and P. ramosa) have been studied phytochemically. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, resins, steroids, saponins (present or absent) and tannins in the areal parts of all tested species. HPLC results indicated the presence of six alkaloid compounds (oxo sparteine, isosparteine, retamine,13-hydroxylupanine, lupanine and sparteine) and three phenolic compounds (isoverbascoside,caffeic acid and verbascoside) in all Orobanche s.l.taxa investigated . These parasitic taxa showed high amounts of the alkaloid Lupanine and the phenylpropanoid verbascoside. In this study, O.ramosa is the richest broomrape species in secondary metabolites.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN PASTA GIGI EKSTRAK DAUN BELUNTAS DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI GLISERIN

Beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica) are a plant that has alkaloid, tannin and flavonoid compounds so it can be used as an antibacterial against streptococcus mutans which causes dental caries with an inhibitory power of 13.9 mm at a concentration of 5% (strong). Beluntas leaves can be developed into a toothpaste preparation. The aim of this research was to determine the formulation and physical evaluation of beluntas leaf extract toothpaste preparations with varying glycerin concentrations.Making beluntas leaf extract using the maceration method with 96% solvent ethanol ratio 1:10. Making toothpaste with varying glycerin concentrations, F1(5%), F2(7.5%), F3(10%). Physical evaluation of toothpaste preparations includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, high foam, spreadability and viscosity.Organoleptic tests of the three formula has a distinctive menthol odorhave the same odor, semi form solid and dark green color. The homogeneity test results F1= not homogeneous, F2= homogeneous, F3= homogeneous. Toothpaste pH test results F1 = 7.22 ± 0.10, F2 = 7.38 ± 0.12, F3 = 8.20 ± 0.35. The results of the toothpaste viscosity test were 9814.8 ± 0.55 cps, F2 = 9812.9 ± 0.59 cps, F3 =9811, 7±0.74 cps. The spreadability test results of toothpaste were F1=2.92±0.09 cm, F2=2.94±0.34 cm, F3=3.20±0.21 cm. Test results for toothpaste foam height F1 = 5.67 ± 0.67 mm, F2 = 5.67 ± 0.34 mm, F3 = 7.00 ± 0.33 mm. Based on the results of the One Way Anova test and the Kruskal Wallis test, it was concluded that variations in glycerin concentration had a significant effect on the spreadability, pH and viscosity tests.

Analysis and preparation of phenolic and alkaloid compounds from Moroccan Berberis vulgaris organic extract: Molecular docking and optimization by UHPLC/DAD/ESI-MS

Analysis and preparation of phenolic and alkaloid compounds from Moroccan Berberis vulgaris organic extract: Molecular docking and optimization by UHPLC/DAD/ESI-MS

STUDY THE EFFECT OF HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS SOME ANTIOXIDANT FACTORS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS

The current work was aimed to study the effect of Hylocereus polyrhizus some antioxidant factors in CKD patients and healthy persons. An overall total of (80) CKD patients were included in this study. The patients were between the ages of 20 and 60. Each patient's case information sheet was compiled with information on their name, age, sex, marital status, place of residence, history of chronic diseases, history of drug use, history of smoking, and type of operation. These patients were hospitalized to Kirkuk, Iraq's Kirkuk Teaching Hospital between April and July 2022. 50 healthy individuals served as the control group in this experiment. testing for a few biological elements. The analysis of the peel extract from H. polyrhizus revealed the presence of saponin, flavonoid, tannin, polyphenol, alkaloid, quinone, and terpenoid compounds. Total antioxidant capacity level in male and female were showed significant (P≤0.05) reduced in comparison to the heath group. After using dragon fruits extract, Total antioxidant capacity level were improved and there was non-significant (P≤0.05) changes in comparison to the heath group. Total oxidant status level in male and female were showed significant (P<0.05) elevated in comparison to the heath group. After using dragon fruits extract, Total oxidant status level (951.8±57.4) were improved and there was non-significant (P≤0.05) changes in comparison to the heath group. Based on the results of the current study, it was found that dragon fruits extract has an effective role as an antioxidant.

Polyamide and deep eutectic solvent assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion microextraction for strong hydrophobic compounds

This paper proposes a simple, efficient, and green matrix solid-phase dispersion microextraction (MSPDM) method that uses polyamide as a dispersant and deep eutectic solvent (DES) as an eluant to extract terpenoids and alkaloid compounds from linderae radix. The main extraction parameters, including the amount of dispersant, grinding time, molar ratio of the DES components, type of dispersant, and type of DES, were optimized using single-factor experiments. The response surface methodology and the Box–Behnken design were used for further optimization. Satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.999), precision (0.018%–2.215%), and accuracy (recovery >80%) were acquired for all target analytes. The results indicate that the developed method is promising and sustainable for extracting active ingredients from natural products.

Testing Antioxidant Activity of Pineapple (Ananas Comossus Merr.) Rinds Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

Pineapple (Ananas comossus Merr.) is one of the plants that is widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant content vitamin C and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to identify the class of secondary metabolite compounds and determine the antioxidant activity of pineapple fruit peel. Antioxidant activity testing on pineapple fruit peel was conducted using UV-Vis spectophotometric method with wavelength of 514 nm. The identification of secondary metabolite compounds showed that the methanol extract of pineapple fruit peel contains alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, tannin and saponin compounds. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of pineapple fruit peel carried out by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldhydrazyl) method shows IC50 value of 92.87 ppm with strong category, while vitamin C as a comparison has IC50 value of 9.31 ppm with very strong category. This is due to the pineapple fruit peel containing high levels of vitamin C. In addition, pineapple fruit peel contains secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids, phenols and tannins which are a class of polyphenolic compounds.

Bensulfuron methyl induced multiple stress responses in the field wheat plants: Microbial community and metabolic network disturbance

Sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides are widely used and often detected in environmental matrices and have toxic effects on ecosystems and plant development. However, the interaction between SU and soil-plant metabolism during the whole wheat growth cycle remains poorly investigated. Field trials demonstrated that bensulfuron methyl exposure reduced wheat height and a thousand grains' weight, disrupting the critical metabolic pathways, including linoleic acid and amino acid metabolism in the maturity stage. During different growth processes, bensulfuron methyl exposure decreases wheat soil and plants' defense-related indole alkaloid compounds, such as benzoxazinoids and melatonin. Microbial sequencing results showed that bensulfuron methyl treated decreased the abundance of beneficial microorganisms (Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, and Blastocatella) in the rhizosphere soil, which positively correlated with the inhibition of soil enzyme activity and the secretion of allelopathic substances (benzoxazinoids and melatonin). Molecular docking further confirmed that bensulfuron methyl affects protein molecular structure by establishing hydrogen bonds, which disequilibrate wheat benzoxazinoids and melatonin metabolism. Therefore, bensulfuron methyl exposure disrupted the interaction between soil microorganisms and indole alkaloid metabolism, hindering plant development. This study provides constructive insights into the environmental risks of herbicides and agricultural product safety throughout wheat development.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Encapsulated Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Extract: Comparison of Maltodextrin and Gum Arabic Concentrations as Coating Materials

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) contains piperine, its main alkaloid compound. However, piperine has low bioavailability due to its poor solubility in water. To address this issue, encapsulation is used. The objective of this study is to produce a water-soluble and stable black pepper extract encapsulated powder. The study encapsulated piperine using three concentrations of maltodextrin and gum arabic ratio as coating materials, namely MG1 (75:25), MG2 (25:75) and MG3 (0:100). The mixture was then combined with 30 % piperine extract using an ultrasonic processor and dried for 6 hours at 60°C in a vacuum dryer. The study results indicate that the concentration of maltodextrin and gum arabic MG1 positively affected the physicochemical characteristics of black pepper extract encapsulation. The MG1 exhibited a solubility level of 86.26 % in water, an encapsulation efficiency value of 78 % and a piperine content was stable at value of 7.08 - 7.49 % during storage.

Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid and alkaloid biosynthesis in the new and old leaves of Murraya tetramera Huang

BackgroundMurraya tetramera Huang is a traditional Chinese woody medicine. Its leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, and other active compounds, which have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, as well as hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects, and anti-tumor effects. There are significant differences in the content of flavonoids and alkaloids in leaves during different growth cycles, but the synthesis mechanism is still unclear.ResultsIn April 2021, new leaves (one month old) and old leaves (one and a half years old) of M. tetramera were used as experimental materials to systematically analyze the changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) with transcriptomics and metabolomics technology. This was done to identify the signaling pathways of flavonoid and alkaloid synthesis. The results showed that the contents of total alkaloids and flavonoids in old leaves were significantly higher than those in new leaves. Thirteen flavonoid compounds, three isoflavone compounds, and nineteen alkaloid compounds were identified, and 125 and 48 DEGs related to flavonoid and alkaloid synthesis were found, respectively. By constructing the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) network of DEGs and DAMs, it was shown that the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in M. tetramera mainly focuses on the “flavonoid biosynthetic pathway” and the “flavonoid and flavonol biosynthetic pathway”. Among them, p-Coumaryl alcohol, Sinapyl alcohol, Phloretin, and Isoquercitrin were significantly accumulated in old leaves, the up-regulated expression of CCR (cinnamoyl-CoA reductase) might promote the accumulation of p-Coumaryl alcohol, upregulation of F5H (ferulate-5-hydroxylase) might promote Sinapyl alcohol accumulation. Alkaloids, including indole alkaloids, pyridine alkaloids, imidazole alkaloids, and quinoline alkaloids, were significantly accumulated in old leaves, and a total of 29 genes were associated with these substances.ConclusionsThese data are helpful to better understand the biosynthesis of flavonoids and alkaloids in M. tetramera and provide a scientific basis for the development of medicinal components in M. tetramera.

Decarboxylative Cyclization of Ethynyl Benzoxazinanones with Imidazolidines to Access 2,3-Indole-Fused 1,4-Diazocines.

2,3-Indole-fused 1,4-diazocines represent a new family of indole alkaloid compounds and are difficult to access by the reported protocols. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed decarboxylative cyclization of cyclic propargylic carbamates with imidazolidines via sequential C-N/C-N/C-C bond formation to deliver a series of 2,3-indole-fused 1,4-diazocines, with a broad substrate scope and mild conditions.

PENGARUH ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN SABUN WAJAH CAIR EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi L) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus METODE DIFUSI

Facial soap used to clean the face from exposure to dust, pollution, dirt, reduce sebum on the face and eradicate bacteria that can cause acne. Star fruit leaves are efficacious in healing several diseases, such as purulent skin inflammation, boils and medicine for gout. Phytochemical of star fruit leaves contain alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and steroid compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the effect of liquid facial soap containing of star fruit leaf extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by diffusion method.This study used a Quasi Experiment research design. The population in this study were wuluh star fruit leaves. The sample used is star fruit leaf extract which is made into liquid facial soap preparations with concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. This antibacterial testing method uses the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The results of antibacterial research obtained the average diameter of the inhibition zone at 5% concentration of 10.60 mm, 10% concentration of 11.20 mm, 15% concentration of 12.10 mm, and 20% concentration of 13.23 mm. Based on the diameter of the inhibition zone formed at concentration of 5% is categorized as a moderate response and at concentration of 10%, 15% and 20% is categorized as a strong response.The results of simple linear regression statistical analysis obtained p value = 0.000 < α 0.05 which means Ha is accepted, which means that there is a significant effect on the preparation liquid facial soap ethanol extract of star fruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi L) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus diffusion method.

SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN PENGARUH VARIETAS PELARUT TERHADAP KADAR ISOFLAVON RIMPANG TEMULAWAK

Curcuma Rhizome (Curcuma xanthorriza) is a plant that is usually mixed into herbal concoctions. One of the compounds that play a role is isoflavone. This compound functions as the main antioxidant that prevents radical reactions in lipid oxidation. This research aims to conduct a phytochemical screening of Curcuma Rhizome extract to determine the effect of solvent type on the levels of isoflavone compounds. This research method is true experimental with a post-control design. Data analysis was carried out using statistical tests to see the influence of different solvents on the levels of isoflavone compounds. Based on the results of phytochemical screening, the acetone extract of Curcuma Rhizomes contains flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. However, the results were negative for alkaloid compounds. The hexane extract of Curcuma Rhizomes positively contains alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. negative results for saponin compounds. The isoflavone levels in acetone extract and Curcuma Rhizome extract were 135.32 ppm ±10.73 and 27.72 ppm ±0.86, respectively. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, it shows that there is a significant difference between the isoflavone levels of acetone extract and hexane extract of Curcuma Rhizome (Sig £ 0.05).

Isolate and Diagnose Negative Bacteria that Cause Urinary Tract Inflammation and Test their Sensitivity to Certain Antibiotics and Rheum Palmatum

The current study included the collection of 50 diarrhoea samples from UTIs, ages 25-50 years, 60% female and 40% male patients reviewed to Kirkuk city laboratories, gave 40 positive germ growth samples and 80%, while 10 other samples gave no germ growth. Isolation and diagnosis results showed that E.coli was prevalent on Proteus mirabilis and at 75%, while Proteus mirabilis was at 25% lower. The results of the study showed isolated bacterial sensitivity to a number of antibiotics and the results showed isolated bacterial sensitivity to anti-Ciprofloxacin while bacterial isolates showed the highest resistance to antibiotics. Effective compounds were identified and their concentration in the Riwas plant was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromotography HPLC (containing phenolic, turbine and alkaloid compounds, aquatic and alcoholic extracts were tested at concentrations (25), (50) and (100) and the focus (25) was on the lowest toxins.

Perubahan Berat Badan Mencit (Mus musculus) Model Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1 yang Diterapi Ekstrak Alga Coklat Sargassum sp

In type 1 diabetes, when the body does not produce enough insulin or none at all. This causes blood glucose levels to remain high while the body's cells are starved for energy. As a result, the body turns to alternative energy sources, namely fat and muscle, leading to weight loss. Sargassum sp contains steroid, alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and tannin compounds that can be antioxidant and antidiabetic. This study aims to determine changes in body weight of mice (Mus musculus) type 1 diabetes mellitus models treated with Sargassum sp. This study is an experimental study. Mice were divided into 6 groups, namely KN, K-, K+, P1, P2 and P3. Body weight was weighed on day 0, day 14 (post STZ induction) and day 28 (post drug administration). The data were analysed by ANOVA using SPSS program. The results showed that Sargassum sp extract can increase the body weight of DM mice.