Alkali Hydroxide Research Articles

Synthetic Na/K-birnessite for efficient management of Sr(II) from nuclear waste

The efficient separation for alternate use and management of 90Sr in nuclear waste is an important research activity in nuclear power industries. Herein we have demonstrated an efficient separation of Sr2+ by birnessite type sodium and potassium phyllomanganates (AxMn2O4-yH2O; A = Na+ and K+). Both the materials were prepared by oxidation of Mn(OH)2 by flowing oxygen atmosphere in presence of large excess of alkali hydroxide. Mn(OH)2 was prepared by precipitation method using solutions of MnCl2 and NaOH or KOH. The XRD studies revealed that both materials have layered monoclinic (C2/m) structures made of sheets of edge shared MnO6 octahedra. The Na+ or K+ ions were located in between these layers and provide charge neutrality to the structure. From thermogravimetric and XRD studies, the compositions of the prepared phyllomanganates are found to be Na0.5Mn2O4-0.96H2O (NMO) and K0.5Mn2O4-0.6H2O (KMO). The ion exchange studies carried out using radioactive 85Sr2+ solutions revealed large distribution constant (Kd) in a wider range of pH (2 to 14). Maximum Kd (27,000 mL/g) for NMO is observed in neutral medium which decreased to ∼19,000 mL/g at pH 14, while the Kd (∼22,000 mL/g) of KMO is relatively insensitive to pH. Higher preference of Sr2+ ions over Na+ and K+ have been concluded from the kinetics of exchange process. Ion exchange capacities of NMO and KMO are: 9.64 mmol/g and 1.09 mmol/g, respectively. Interference studies with several commonly present ions in nuclear waste like Al3+, Ca2+, H+ and Na+ ions, indicated appreciable interference only from Al3+.

Effects of Surface Treatments on Tensile, Thermal and Fibre-matrix Bond Strength of Coir and Pineapple Leaf Fibres with Poly Lactic Acid

Coir Fibres (CF) and Pineapple Leaf Fibres (PALF) are valuable natural fibres which are abundantly available in Malaysia as agricultural wastes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of alkali (6%), silane (2%), and calcium hydroxide (6%) on tensile, morphological, thermal, and structural properties of CF and PALF to improve their interfacial bonding with Polylactic Acid (PLA) matrix. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to observe the effectiveness of the chemical treatments in the removal of impurities. Alkali treated fibres yield the lowest fibre diameter and the highest Interfacial Stress Strength (IFSS). Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) shows improved thermal stability in silane treated CF and alkali treated PALF. It is assumed that fibre treatments can help to develop biodegradable CF and PALF reinforced PLA biocomposites for industrial applications.

A Novel Recycling Technology of Bamboo Using NaOH

The bamboo industry in Japan is declined, and disordered bamboo forests are increasing. Although maintenance of bamboo forest is needed, a large amount of bamboo wastes after logging is generated and left untreated. Therefore, new utilization of bamboo wastes after logging are desired. In this research, we aimed to develop a new recycling technology for bamboo using alkali hydroxide. By pyrolyzing bamboo using hydroxide under an inert atmosphere, thermal decomposition of organic contents and alkali fusion of silica component inside the bamboo were carried out simultaneously to recover combustible gas, charcoal and silica component. The thermal decomposition behavior of bamboo, the properties of the obtained charcoal and extraction of silica in the presence of alkali hydroxide were investigated, and the optimum condition of bamboo recycling treatment was examined. As a result, it was found that when 1 g of bamboo was pyrolyzed at higher than 500 °C with 3 g NaOH ,the almost silica was extracted, a large amount of gas generated, and a carbonized material with specific surface area of about more than 1100 m2 /g was obtained.

Insight into the Role of Additives in Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclohexylamine from Nitrobenzene

AbstractCyclohexylamine is a versatile intermediate in various chemical industries, which can be expediently synthesized via hydrogenation of aniline or nitrobenzene. However, such processes always suffer from side reactions. Many reports have found that specific additives can suppress the formation of side products, but the mechanism is still not clear. In this work, results suggest that it is the hydroxide ion of alkali metal hydroxides, rather than the cations, which plays a key role in suppressing the side reactions on supported Ru‐based catalysts. With the assistance of LiOH, the selectivity toward cyclohexylamine increased from 85.4% to 100%. Side products, such as dicyclohexylamine, cyclohexanol and N‐isopropyl cyclohexylamine, could no longer be detected. Theoretical calculations further disclosed that addition of alkali metal hydroxides inhibited the dissociation of enamine and decreased the adsorption energy of cyclohexylamine, which might be the reasons for a better selectivity. However, the addition of alkali metal hydroxides reduced the activity of nitrobenzene hydrogenation by unfolding the condensation reaction route. To recover or even further enhance the catalytic performance, a second metal component was introduced and the resultant RuNi/AC exhibited a significant improvement in activity compared with Ru/AC.

Synthesis and Investigation of 2,3,5,6-Tetra-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazine Based Energetic Materials.

The structures and properties of several energetic compounds based on a high-nitrogen-content anion, namely 2,3,5,6-tetra(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrazine (H4 TTP) are reported here for the first time. These energetic salts were synthesized by reacting H4 TTP with various alkali metal hydroxides (sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium) and N-based (ammonia, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, guanidine carbonate, aminoguanidine bicarbonate). The resulting materials were comprehensively characterized by multinuclear (1 H, 13 C) NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, DSC, as well as low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Heats of formation for the metal-free species as well as detonation parameters were calculated. The presented energetic materials (EMs) show high thermal stability (207 °C≤Tdec ≤300 °C), while the metal-free ionic derivatives exhibit desirable properties such as detonation velocity (6873 m s-1 ≤VC-J ≤8364 m s-1 ), detonation pressure (14.3 GPa≤pC-J ≤24.9 GPa), and specific impulse (141.4≤Isp ≤192.5 s).

Effects of various alkali metal cations on the synthesis, crystallization and catalytic properties of NKX-2 aluminophosphites

Abstract Alkali metal-containing NKX-2 (M-NKX-2) aluminophosphite crystals were hydrothermally synthesized in the Al2O3–P2O5–M2O–H2O system for the first time using various alkali metal hydroxides (MOH: M = Li, Na, K, Cs). The results showed that NKX-2 crystalline phase could be obtained within several hours without using harmful organic amine structure-directing agent. In addition, the alkali metal hydroxides played an important role in controlling the crystallization rate and the morphology of M-NKX-2 particles in aqueous medium. The resulting M-NKX-2 solids possessed basicity which was catalytically active in base-catalyzed cyanoethylation reaction of methanol.

In Ukrainian

Despite the large number of experimental and theoretical works devoted to the structure and properties of silica surface known in the literature, as well as the extensive research on the structure of hydrated ionic pairs, the mechanism of adsorption of hydrated ions of electrolytes on silica surface has not yet been studied sufficiently. The paper presents a review of experimental works devoted to this problem, as well as their analysis at the atomic-molecular level. In order to study the interface "the silica surface - a solution of electrolyte", a number of papers used a method of density functional theory (DFT) using the exchange-correlation functional В3LYP and the basis set 6-31++G(d,p). The environmental impact modeling was taken into account within the framework of the supermolecular approach using a continuum solvent exposure model (PCM). The structure of the double electric layer and the mechanism of proton exchange in the near-surface layer of the silica surface are considered, as well as the value of the Gibbs energy of the silanol group deprotonation reaction, from which, in turn, the value of pK a2 was obtained. The results of calculations have shown that, with increasing size of oligomer molecules of silicic acid, the degree of localization of charges on hydrogen atoms and oxygen of the silanol group increases, the length of the O-H bond increases and the pK a2 decreases. It is shown that when adsorbed on a silica surface, alkali metal cations, in contact with silanol groups, can change the protolytic equilibrium of surface groups, due to redistribution of electron density, thereby increasing their acidity. The processes of ion exchange on silica surface and the dependence of the pK Me value on the size of ions and pH are considered. In a strongly acidic medium on silica surface, the formation of a cationic form of the silanol group is probable due to the proton transfer from the ion of hydroxonium to the oxygen atom of the silanol group. The deprotonation constant pK a1 of the cationic form of the silanol group depends on the nature of the anion and increases as an absolute value with anion radius increase. The models considered allow us to find the theoretical value of the point of zero charge of silica surface, which corresponds to the experimental data. Calculations using the constructed models of adsorption complexes of alkali hydroxides for the molecular state and for the state with separated charges with the participation of water molecules and silanol groups of silica surface indicate a possibility of ionization of the silanol group. The calculated Gibbs free energy changes are used to determine the values of pK Me , which increase in the series Li<Na<K, which correlates with the experimentally found adsorption values.

Thermochemical Measurements of Alkali Cation Association to Hexatantalate.

Ion association is an important process in aqueous dissolution, precipitation, and crystallization of ionic inorganic, organic, and biological materials. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are good model compounds for understanding the complex relationships between lattice energy, ion-pairing in solution, and salt solubility. Here we perform calorimetric measurements to elucidate trends in cluster stability, lattice energy, and ion-pairing behavior studies of simple hexatantalate salts in neat water, parent hydroxide solutions, and molybdate melts, extending previous studies on the isostructural hexaniobates. High temperature calorimetry of alkali salts of hexatantalate reveals that the enthalpies of formation from oxides of the K, Rb, and Cs salts are more similar to each other than they are for their niobate analogues and that the tantalate cluster is energetically less stable than hexaniobate. Aqueous dissolution calorimetry reveals that the cesium salt of hexatantalate has a similar concentration dependence on its dissolution enthalpy to that of hexaniobate. However, unlike rubidium hexaniobate, rubidium hexatantalate also exhibits increased concentration dependence, indicating that hextantalate can undergo increased ion-pairing with alkali salts other than cesium, despite the dilute environments studied. Dissolution enthalpies of POM salts in the parent alkali hydroxides shows that protonation of clusters stabilizes lattices even more than the strongly associating heavy alkali cations do. Additionally, neither weak nor strong lattice ion associations necessarily correlates with respectively high or low aqueous solubility. These studies illuminate the importance of considering ion-pairing among the interrelated processes in the aqueous dissolution of ionic salts that can be extended to serving as a model of cation association to metal oxide surfaces.

Influence of the Quartz Deformation Structures for the Occurrence of the Alkali⁻Silica Reaction.

Defects in the crystalline structure of quartz facilitate the connection with the alkali hydroxides, since under a high alkalinity condition (e.g., in concrete), the Si-O bonds of quartz are easily broken. This study set out to investigate the influence of the deformation structures of quartz on its susceptibility to the alkali–silica reaction. A granite, a protomylonite, and a mylonite were selected for this study. Using optical microscopy, the quartz grains contained in these rocks were quantified and their texture characterized. The quartz samples extracted from the rocks were analyzed by magnetic nuclear resonance, to evaluate their potential for dissolving silica as well as changes in their atomic scale before and after the reaction with alkali hydroxides. These analyses were compared with the results of the accelerated mortar bar test. The study showed that the quartz with intense undulatory extinction and deformation bands denotes the most favorable condition to the development of the alkali–silica reaction. However, on an atomic scale, the slightly deformed grains were highly prone to react. Thus, in a high alkalinity condition, over a long period of time, any quartz tends to develop the alkali–silica reaction, regardless of the deformation degree of the grain.

Expansion prediction of alkali aggregate reactivity-affected concrete structures using a hybrid soft computing method

The phenomenon of alkali aggregate reactivity (AAR) in concrete structures corresponds to the reaction between aggregates with some ingredients and alkali hydroxide in concretes. This AAR could potentially lead to concrete deformation, micro-cracks and eventually wide visible cracks. In this study, to predict the expansion of the concrete caused by AAR, a novel hybrid model is proposed based on support vector machine (SVM). In the proposed model, the inputs are the aggregate components and concrete age, while the output is the induced expansion in the concrete. To improve the generalisation capacity of the proposed model, the enhanced particle swarm optimisation algorithm is employed to select optimal SVM parameters. The proposed method is evaluated and compared with other conventional soft computing methods based on the experimental data. Finally, the evaluated results endorse the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model.

P-TSA Modified Montmorillonite Catalyst for Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Rubber Seed Oil

Rubber seed oil containing free fatty acid (FFA) to the extent of 2% is difficult to transesterify and does not undergo transformation at all for the free acid value beyond 3%. This oil requires a separate process to reduce the free fatty acid content, only after that it can be transesterified using catalysts like alkali metal hydroxides. However, rubber seed oil containing 17% free tatty acid (acid value 34) has been transesterified using a novel catalyst without reducing free fatty acid content. Various reaction parameters such as temperature, catalyst amount and molar ratio of oil to methanol on bio-diesel formation have been studied. Development of an eco-friendly method to produce the biodiesel from high FFA oils is significant. The transesterification method developed in the present study reduces the overall production cost of the biodiesel, as it uses low cost unrefined non-edible oils.

Electro-chemo-mechanical effects of lithium incorporation in zirconium oxide

Understanding the response of functional oxides to extrinsic ion insertion is important for technological applications including electrochemical energy storage and conversion, corrosion, and electronic materials in neuromorphic computing devices. Decoupling the complicated chemical and mechanical effects of ion insertion is difficult experimentally. In this work, we assessed the effect of lithium incorporation in zirconium oxide as a model system, by performing first-principles based calculations. The chemical effect of lithium is to change the equilibria of charged defects. Lithium exists in $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ as a positively charged interstitial defect, and raises the concentration of free electrons, negatively charged oxygen interstitials, and zirconium vacancies. As a result, oxygen diffusion becomes faster by five orders of magnitude, and the total electronic conduction increases by up to five orders of magnitude in the low oxygen partial pressure regime. In the context of Zr metal oxidation, this effect accelerates oxide growth kinetics. In the context of electronic materials, it has implications for resistance modulations via ion incorporation. The mechanical effect of lithium is in changing the volume and equilibrium phase of the oxide. Lithium interstitials together with zirconium vacancies shrink the volume of the oxide matrix, release the compressive stress that is needed for stabilizing the tetragonal phase $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ at low temperature, and promote tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation. By identifying these factors, we are able to mechanistically interpret experimental results in the literature for zirconium alloy corrosion in different alkali-metal hydroxide solutions. These results provide a mechanistic and quantitative understanding of lithium-accelerated corrosion of zirconium alloy, as well as, and more broadly, show the importance of considering coupled electro-chemo-mechanical effects of cation insertion in functional oxides.

Metal Oxides Solubility in Molten Salt Systems

The solubility of metal oxides in alkali hydroxide melts and their mixtures with salts has been studied using the method of isothermal saturation at temperate range 673 – 873 K. The effect of temperature on the oxides solubility in melts are satisfactorily described by the linear Schroder – Le Chatellier equation ln C = A + B/T, where A and B are constants, C is concentration of oxide in melt (mole. fract.) and T is temperature (K). Effective practical used of molten system alkali hydroxide – metal oxide depends on the knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of the system as whole as well as the partial thermodynamic properties of individual components of the system. Thermodynamic calculations for molten binary and multicomponent systems based on that for saturated solutions meet the following equation: µ sd = µ sol. Since the µ sol = µ 0 a=1( T, p) + RTln a, where is a chemical potential of supercooled molten oxide and a is the activity of oxide in the melt relative to the supercooled molten oxide as a standard state, that lna = (µ sd = µ 0)/RT. Thus the temperature dependence of the activity molten oxide will be described the equation below. On the other side ln a = ln x + ln λ and Gi ex = RT In λ , therefore using the experimental data on the solubility of the oxides and solving the above equation we have calculated the excess relative partial molar thermodynamic quantities, which are also listed below. The results of calculations was showed that the systems molten alkali – oxide are characterized by the deviation from the state of ideal solutions that indicate of interaction between components of the solution. Figure 1

Olive-stone biomass ash (OBA): An alternative alkaline source for the blast furnace slag activation

Alkali activated materials (AAM) are being investigated as an alternative binder that could be more eco-efficient than Portland cement. The effect of olive-stone biomass ash (OBA) on the activation of blast furnace slag (BFS) was studied. The mechanical behaviour of mortars in which OBA was replaced, or added to, BFS were compared to those found for BFS mortars activated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions in the range of 4–12 mol·kg−1. The results showed the high efficiency of OBA as activating reagent because it provided similar, or higher, strengths when compared to the alkali hydroxide activating solutions. The microstructural characteristics of the new binding OBA/BFS systems were assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). These systems showed lower mean pore diameter and scarcer formation of zeolite structures when compared to KOH/BFS systems. These promising results demonstrated the viability of the use of these type of ashes as activating reagents in AAM.

Synthesis and characterization structural of alkali cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) carboxylate-dithiocarbamate complexes of L-Proline

The alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) carboxylate-dithiocarbamate complexes of L-proline have been prepared from the reaction of L-proline with carbon disulfide in the presence of two equivalents of the corresponding alkali metal hydroxide. The resulting compounds have been characterized by FAB+ mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy. The X-ray single crystal crystallography analysis of the complexes of K+, Rb+ and Cs+ complexes showed that the coordination modes of dithiocarbamate and carboxylate groups to the alkali metal is modulated by the resonance effect, the ionic radius of the sulfur and oxygen atoms as well as the size, charge-density, and Lewis-acidity of the metal ions. In this way in the solid state polymeric structures in 2D for K+ and Rb+ complexes, and 3D in the case of Cs+ are generated. The distances C···M, M···S1 and M···S2 suggest the existence of cation···π and van der Waals interactions that can be described as a η3 coordination mode of the dtc group to the alkali metal ions.

Ruthenium(II)-Bipyridine/NanoC3 N4 Hybrids: Tunable Photochemical Properties by Using Exchangeable Alkali Metal Cations.

A series of nanoporous carbon nitrides that contained a range of alkali metal cations (M@nanoC3 N4 : M=Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Rb+ , and Cs+ ) have been successfully synthesized from as-synthesized g-C3 N4 by delamination with concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by neutralization with aqueous solutions of the corresponding alkali metal hydroxides. Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ , were grafted onto the carbon nitrides in an effort to explore the physicochemical properties of the deposited [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ , as well as its photocatalytic activity in the aerobic photooxidation of phenylboronic acid and H2 production from aqueous media in the presence of a Pt co-catalyst under visible-light irradiation. Highly porous nanoC3 N4 could significantly enhance photocatalytic activity, because of its high surface area, owing to its unique porous structure. More interestingly, the photoluminescence intensities of [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ complexes that were associated with M@nanoC3 N4 increased in the presence of lighter alkali metal cations, which correlated with increased photocatalytic activities for both reactions. This study demonstrates that M@nanoC3 N4 are fascinating supports, in which the local environment of an immobilized metal complex can be precisely controlled by varying the alkali metal cation from Li+ to Cs+ .

Вилучення іонів міді лігніфікованою багасою із водних витяжок грунтів

Analysis of soil contamination with heavy metals has been carried out, which leads to a reduction, and in some cases, to loss of species composition of plants. It is determined that about 20% of the territory of Ukraine is contaminated with heavy metals. The widespread use of copper and its compounds in industry inevitably leads to the entry of Cu (II) into the water and soil environment. The maximum permissible concentration of copper ions in soils is 100 mg / kg (total content) and 3 mg / kg (content of moving forms). Therefore, today, the removal of copper (II), which belongs to heavy metals of the first class of danger, is an important scientific, technical and environmental task. The expediency of increasing the requirements to the quality of soils is substantiated, it makes it necessary to search for new, environmentally friendly and economically viable ways of extracting heavy metal ions, in particular copper (II) from them. This is possible, when using sorbents in soil purification, from plant wastes, chemically or biologically modified. One of the most promising waste for the production of sorbents is the bulk of sugar sorghum (the weight of technical stems of sugar sorghum, which is obtained by mechanical pressing, is discarded). Native (untreated) sorghum waste, as a rule, has low sorption-kinetic characteristics and sorption capacity. Therefore, an urgent problem is the search for methods of treatment of plant polymers in order to reduce the duration of the sorption process and increase their sorption capacity. The purpose of the study is to develop a method for obtaining a sorbent by chemical modification of lignocellulose waste from sugar sorghum and identifying possible directions for its further practical use in agroecology. A method for lignifying the bagasse from sorghum sugar for soil purification is proposed hydrolysis of the crushed plant material with an aqueous solution of mineral (organic) acid, washing with water, activating lignin with an aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide, filtering, washing with water, neutralizing the residual alkalinity of the resulting material with an aqueous solution of acid, dehydration (pressing) and drying. The luggage proposed by us can destroy the esters, the free saturated and unsaturated organic acids, the various macromolecular alcohols and some part of the carbohydrates (hemicellulose and pectin), improve the sorption and porous structure by loosening the plant fibers and increase the number of available functional groups capable of joining reactions, complex formation and ion exchange with heavy metal ions. The growth of the sorption capacity of the lignified bagasse is due to an increase in the number of sorption-active centers on which the sorption of heavy metal ions (in particular, copper) may occur due to the formation of cationic and neutral solvate complexes. The sorption properties of untreated and lignified cadavers with respect to copper (II) ions have been studied. It has been established that lignified bagasse can be used in agrotechnologies as a sorbent for soil purification from contamination by copper ions.

Spectrally Resolved Ultraviolet (UV) Absorption Cross-Sections of Alkali Hydroxides and Chlorides Measured in Hot Flue Gases.

Spectrally resolved ultraviolet (UV) absorption cross-sections of gas-phase sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were measured, for the first time, in hot flue gases at different temperatures. Homogenous gas-phase NaCl, KCl (potassium chloride), NaOH, and KOH at temperatures 1200 K, 1400 K, 1600 K, and 1850 K were prepared in the post-flame zone of laminar flames by seeding nebulized droplets out of aqueous solution of corresponding alkali species. The amount of droplets seeded into the flame was kept constant, so the relative concentration of different alkali species can be derived. The broadband UV absorption cross-section of KCl vapor reported by Leffler etal. was adopted to derive the absorption cross-section curves of NaCl, NaOH, and KOH with the corresponding measured spectrally resolved absorbance spectra. No significant changes in the spectral structures in the absorption cross-sections were found as the temperature varied between 1200 K and 1850 K, except for NaOH at around 320 nm. The difference between the absorption spectral curves of alkali chlorides and hydroxides is significant at wavelengths above 300 nm, which thus can be used to distinguish and obtain the concentrations of alkali chlorides and hydroxides in the broadband UV absorption measurements.

Transition-Metal-Free C-Vinylation of Ketones with Acetylenes: A Quantum-Chemical Rationalization of Similarities and Differences in Catalysis by Superbases MOH/DMSO and tBuOM/DMSO (M = Na, K).

Transition-metal-free C-vinylation of acetone with phenylacetylene catalyzed by superbases MOH/DMSO and tBuOM/DMSO (M = Na, K) has been theoretically evaluated in the B3LYP/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-31+G* approach to rationalize similarities and differences in activity of the above catalytic systems. The close solvate surroundings of sodium and potassium tert-butoxides have been studied. Formation of tBuOM· nDMSO complexes and their structure and thermodynamic stability are discussed in comparison with similar complexes of alkali-metal hydroxides MOH· nDMSO. Activation barriers of the title reaction in the presence of tBuOM· nDMSO complexes are found to be less than those with MOH· nDMSO complexes participating.

A Novel Method for Preparing a Batch of Silicate Glasses Using Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides

A novel method for preparing a batch of silicate glasses containing crystalline quartz, glass formers, modifiers, intermediates, and auxiliary components, including the physicochemical activation of high-melting batch components with the use of alkali metal hydroxides, is developed. The optimal technological parameters are determined and the general scheme for obtaining an agglomerate by the proposed method is presented. It is found that moisturizing the activated components of a glass batch with a KOH solution having a minimal concentration of 0.5% strengthens the agglomerate of the glass batch in comparison with moisturizing by water.