Background: Excessive alcohol drinkers have previously been observed to experience alcohol craving at the mere sight of alcohol alone. This is typically considered to be a result of maladaptive cognitive motivations. However, there may be physiological drivers affecting this craving also. Blood glucose levels have previously been found to be affected by anticipation of carbohydrate ingestion. Objectives: Therefore, this paper explored whether blood glucose levels of excessive alcohol drinkers was affected by alcohol anticipation. Participants were led to believe they would be drinking alcohol. A blood glucose reading was taken before and after this event so that a measure of blood glucose change could be recorded. Results: It was found that excessive alcohol drinkers demonstrated a decrease in blood glucose levels overall. These results demonstrate that alcohol anticipation in excessive drinkers is associated with a decrease in blood glucose as a result of an anticipation-related physiological response. Conclusions: These results may imply that excessive alcohol drinkers may have a physiological drive to consume alcohol in order to replenish blood glucose, which may exacerbate feelings of alcohol craving.

Could alcohol-free and low-alcohol beverages be used to extinguish alcohol cravings?

Psychedelic drugs may help treat alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study evaluated BPL-003, a novel intranasal powder formulation of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) benzoate salt, in people with moderate-severe AUD enrolled in a standard of care, 10-week programme of relapse-prevention oriented Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Open-label, phase 2a, single-dose, clinical trial with 12-week follow-up (Day 84 endpoint) with a target of 12 participants. Two clinics in England between 29 March 2023 and 2 July 2024. Thirteen participants were enrolled. Most were male (n = 10; 76.9%), of White-UK origin (n = 12; 92.3%), with a mean age of 49.3years. Twelve participants completed the study (efficacy analysis set). Participants received a single intranasal dose of 10mg BPL-003 in a controlled environment with psychological support. Participants received three pre-dose preparation sessions and three post-dose integration sessions before CBT. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability (by physical examination, laboratory evaluations, cardiac telemetry and treatment emergent adverse events [TEAEs]). Exploratory endpoints included Timeline Follow-Back recording of alcohol use (abstinent days, units per day/week, heavy drinking days [HDDs; defined according to the UK government definition of binge drinking: ≥7units per day women, ≥9units per day men]) to Week 12 follow-up (study endpoint); craving, alcohol-related problems; and patient- and clinician-reported measures of well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Over 12 weeks, 41 TEAEs (all mild or moderate in severity) were reported by 11 of 12 (84.6%) participants (no TEAE-related withdrawals). The most common TEAEs were study drug administration site pain (four participants; 30.8%); transient elevations in blood pressure after drug administration (four participants; 30.8%); and flashbacks (reactivations), nightmares, and nausea (two participants; 15.4%). At Week 12, the mean (standard deviation [SD]) percentage of abstinent days increased from 33.2% (22.8) at baseline to 80.8% (28.2) and HDDs reduced from 56.2% (SD 26.4) at baseline to 13.2% (SD 21.8). Six of 12 participants (50%) were continuously abstinent, three (25%) had meaningful reductions in alcohol consumption, and three (25%) had no change or a limited change in their drinking patterns. Overall, measures of the negative consequences of alcohol, craving, well-being and HRQoL indicated improvement. A first phase 2a clinical trial of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (BPL-003 10mg) in the context of a 10-week programme of CBT demonstrated acceptable safety and tolerability and provided preliminary evidence of efficacy for reducing alcohol craving and consumption. These findings support progression to larger, controlled trials of BPL-003 for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.

Preclinical and clinical findings support the potential for GLP-1 receptor activation to reduce alcohol consumption and reward. Human experimental studies are needed to clarify whether acute changes in endogenous GLP-1 influence alcohol craving and responses to alcohol. Dietary stimulation may present a method to study the effects of endogenous GLP-1 on responses to alcohol. Assess the effects of a dietary manipulation on acute changes in GLP-1 and laboratory responses to alcohol. Healthy young adult heavy drinkers (N = 40) were recruited to participate in two study visits where they received a dietary supplement designed to increase endogenous GLP-1 or a calorically matched placebo in counterbalanced order. Blood was sampled before and 40min after supplement or placebo administration to measure changes in plasma GLP-1. Subjective effects, craving, and alcohol attentional bias were measured in response to a priming drink of alcohol (target BAC 30mg%). Compared to placebo, dietary supplement preload significantly increased blood GLP-1 concentration, β = 0.79, p < 0.001, and significantly reduced alcohol attentional bias, β = -0.56, p = 0.010. Blood GLP-1 concentration correlated with the magnitude of alcohol attentional bias reduction after supplement preload (r = -0.30). There were no significant effects of the manipulation on subjective responses or craving. Results suggest that dietary stimulation may reduce the incentive motivational properties of alcohol-related cues, potentially through increases in endogenous GLP-1, absent effects on self-report measures of alcohol subjective response or craving. Acute changes in circulating GLP-1 may influence implicit motivation for alcohol.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on alcohol-related outcomes in adults with or without alcohol use disorder (AUD).MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to May 3, 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies assessing GLP-1RAs (e.g., Semaglutide, Liraglutide, Exenatide, and Dulaglutide) versus placebo, no treatment, or other interventions in adults. Outcomes were alcohol consumption (defined as total intake or drinks per drinking day, measured as standardised mean difference [SMD]), alcohol craving (SMD), and alcohol-related events (hazard ratio [HR]). Random-effects models with Restricted Maximum Likelihood estimation and Hartung-Knapp adjustment were used. Separate AUD and SUD meta-analyses addressed outcome heterogeneity, with intoxication reported narratively.ResultsThree RCTs (N = 430) and six observational studies (N = 2,740,207) were included. RCTs showed non-significant reductions in alcohol consumption (SMD: -0.24, 95% CI: -0.70, 0.23), drinks per drinking day (SMD: -0.23, 95% CI: -0.64, 0.19), and craving (SMD: -0.14, 95% CI: -2.84, 2.55), with Semaglutide showing greater craving reduction (p = 0.024). Observational studies showed reduced alcohol-related events (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.59–0.69, p < 0.001), with separate analyses confirming effects for AUD (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.63–0.70) and SUD (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.18–2.48), and intoxication (HR: 0.50). Semaglutide and GIP/GLP-1RAs had more potent effects (p < 0.001).ConclusionObservational studies suggest a decrease in alcohol-related events, but RCTs have effects on alcohol consumption and craving that remain non-significant. Larger RCTs are needed.PROSPERO IDCRD420251045294.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13722-025-00637-z.

PurposeThe aim of the study was to assess the association of temperamental traits and biochemical variables that determine appetitive behaviour with the health status, food intake and anthropometric parameters of alcohol-dependent individuals.MethodsThe total sample consisted of 154 adults with alcohol-dependence. The interview focused on basic socio-demographics, and the assessment of dietary preferences pertained directly to the variables studied, such as the biochemical and temperamental determinants of appetitive behaviour. The questionnaires used TCI, SADD, PACS, Y-BOCS, and the hunger scale (HS). Immunoenzymatic ELISA determined concentrations of orexin and neuropeptide Y.ResultsThe Novelty Seeking subscale scores correlated with the Y-BOCS (R = 0.339), SADD (R = 0.473), HS (R = 0.234). The Harm Avoidance subscale scores correlated with PACS (R = 0.191), Y-BOCS (R = 214). The patients with more expressed Harm Avoidance traits took more doses of analgesics and had higher serum neuropeptide Y concentration, determined at week 6 of hospitalisation (1323 vs. 1064 pg/ml) and had higher Y-BOCS scores (17.00 vs. 15.00). Pre-meal hunger was higher in patients with the more expressed temperament trait of Novelty Seeking, as also shown by the higher scores of two questions in the HS, which indicate a lack of eating control associated with strong pre-meal hunger in these individuals.ConclusionsIn alcohol-dependent individuals, the more expressed Novelty Seeking temperamental trait is associated with stronger feelings of alcohol craving and increased hunger or decreased control of eating by more irritability. The more expressed Harm Avoidance temperamental trait is associated with increased alcohol craving, a greater need to relieve pain, and a higher concentration of serum neuropeptide Y.

The social life of health-promotion messages: Message effects in complex information environments.

The current study measured the extent to which different neurobehavioral indices of incentive-motivational salience attribution to alcohol cues predict alcohol craving and consumption in the natural environment. Laboratory study at a university in Missouri, USA, followed by a smartphone-based 21-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. Participants were emerging adults (N = 218-268 [52-56% female], age 18-20). Participants completed an alcohol cue approach-avoidance task while their electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Behavioral measures (response time) indexed the strength of cue-activated approach vs. avoidance tendency. Cue-locked event-related potentials provided EEG-based neural measures of motivated attention (P3 amplitude) and approach-avoidance conflict (N450 amplitude). From EMA, measures of alcohol consumption dynamics (as indexed by estimated blood alcohol concentration [eBAC], g/dL) during real-world drinking episodes were obtained, as were measures of alcohol craving (7-point visual analogue scale) dynamics during and outside these episodes. Different approach-avoidance task-derived behavioral and neural measures rank-ordered participants differently. Participants who approached alcohol cues more rapidly in lab subsequently showed steeper increases in craving (∆B ± standard error [SE] = 1.042 ± 0.499 point/hr), and eBAC (∆B ± SE = 0.046 ± 0.017 g/dl/hr), during real-world drinking episodes. Participants who avoided alcohol cues more slowly in lab also showed steeper increases in eBAC (∆B ± SE = 0.056 ± 0.017 g/dl/hr). Participants with larger P3 during alcohol cue approach in lab subsequently showed steeper increases in eBAC (∆B ± SE = 0.048 ± 0.017 g/dl/hr), as did those with smaller P3 during alcohol cue avoidance (∆B ± SE = 0.025 ± 0.017 g/dl/hr). Participants with smaller N450 during alcohol cue approach in lab subsequently showed steeper increases in craving during drinking episodes (∆B ± SE = 1.465 ± 0.607 point/hr). Tests examining lab-based neurobehavioral measures as predictors of craving dynamics during nondrinking moments, such as following incidental cue exposure, generally were inconclusive. Incentive salience toward alcohol may influence alcohol seeking (including craving) and alcohol consumption through distinct behavioral risk pathways in different people.

Reduction in alcohol craving has often been specified as an outcome for alcohol use disorder (AUD) interventions. This study evaluated changes in multiple craving measures from a randomized double-blind clinical trial (RCT) evaluating the efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, for treatment of AUD. We predicted Veterans in AUD residential treatment, that received active iTBS (Active; n=22), show greater reductions than sham iTBS (Sham; n=22). Twenty iTBS sessions (1200 pulses/session) were delivered over 2 weeks. Craving measures were administered prior to iTBS sessions (Baseline) and following completion of sessions (Post-Assessment). Craving measures administered were the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire Short Form-Revised Total Score, Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale (AASE) Tempted Cravings and Urges subscale, and Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). All craving measures showed reductions in scores (time main effect), collapsed across Active and Sham groups; however, the absence of significant group x time interactions indicated active iTBS did not produce statistically greater reductions than sham. Exploratory post-hoc simple effects analyses were conducted to further examine the significant main effect of time; Active participants showed reductions on the AASE Tempted Cravings-Urges and all OCDS measures; Sham group showed no significant changes on any measure. Active iTBS did not produce a statistically greater reduction in craving symptomatology than sham, given the absence of significant group by time interactions. However, the exploratory post-hoc results can guide future larger scale transcranial magnetic stimulation RCTs for AUD on the utility of the acquired craving measures.

Cannabis use is strongly linked with heavy drinking and worse alcohol treatment outcomes; however, it may also contribute to decreased alcohol consumption. To date, no human studies have established a causal effect of cannabis on alcohol motivation. The aim of this double-blind crossover randomized clinical trial was to examine dose-dependent acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on alcohol craving and consumption. Across three experimental days, 157 participants reporting heavy alcohol use and cannabis use two or more times weekly were randomized to smoke cannabis cigarettes containing 7.2% THC, 3.1% THC, or 0.03% THC (placebo), followed by exposures to neutral and personalized alcohol cues and an alcohol choice task for alcohol self-administration. A total of 138 participants completed two or more experimental sessions (mean age, 25.6 years [SD=5.1]; 35% women; 45% racial/ethnic minorities). Primary outcomes included craving, Alcohol Craving Questionnaire-Short Form, Revised (ACQ-SF-R), and an alcohol urge question; the secondary outcome was percent of total available milliliters of alcohol consumed. There were no significant effects of cannabis on ACQ-SF-R ratings after smoking and during alcohol cue exposure, but 7.2% THC reduced alcohol urge immediately after smoking. Participants consumed significantly less alcohol after smoking cannabis with 3.1% THC and 7.2% THC, reducing consumption by 19% and 27%, respectively. Following overnight cannabis abstinence, smoking cannabis acutely decreased alcohol consumption compared to placebo. Further controlled research on a variety of cannabinoids is needed to inform clinical alcohol treatment guidelines.

To assess the effectiveness of the proposed rehabilitation program for persons with alcohol dependence (AD) occurred in the middle and elderly age and complicated by secondary organic mental disorders (SOMD) in elderly age. The study included male patients aged 67.5±7.2 years, divided into two groups depending on the age of onset of AD: Group 1 included 21 subjects (36.2%) with dependence onset at the age of 51.6±1.2 years, and SOMD symptoms at 61.8±2.1 years; Group 2 included 37 subjects (63.8%) with dependence onset at the age of 64.5±2.5 years and SOMD at 71.3±2.8 years. The following methods were used: questionnaire - social interview; clinical (medical history, follow-up); assessment of mental status using various scales (quantified scale for assessing the severity of psychopathological disorders, clinical scale for assessing pathological alcohol craving, anosognosia scale, "Questionnaire for Assessing the Quality of Remission in Remote and Hard-to-Reach Regions" during the remission); prospective observation; statistical methods (parametric, non-parametric). Rehabilitation and preventive care in both groups resulted in a significant (p<0.05) improvement of psychopathological disorders. After 12 months, patients in Groups 1 and 2 showed an increase in the level of critical attitude toward the disease (p<0.05) relative to the outcome and 6 months of remission. The critical attitude score was 32.0±1.0 and 29.15±1.75 points, respectively. After 6 months, the assessment of self-reported of quality of life showed remission of average quality (65.38±2.16 points in Group 1 and 2 73.25±3.86 points in group), and after 12 months, a satisfactory quality of life and satisfactory implementation of their plans, good family relations (70.22±1.18 points in Group 1 and 80.17±3.69 points in Group 1). The proposed step-by-step differentiated rehabilitation and preventive care program has helped many patients of Groups 1 and 2 achieve remission of medium and high quality, respectively, with a decrease in pathological alcohol craving to a non-significant grade that occurs contextually.

Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale score, but not Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, was associated with the Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale score, in inpatients after alcohol detoxification. Disentangling the complex links between these key clinical dimensions need more detailed studies of insight according to the different deficit in cognitive functions observed in patients with alcohol-related cognitive impairment, as social cognition or meta-cognition.

Alcohol addiction, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a chronic relapsing condition characterized by compulsive alcohol consumption despite harmful consequences. It is associated with severe physical, psychological, and social complications. Conventional treatment modalities such as detoxification, pharmacotherapy (e.g., naltrexone, disulfiram), and behavioral therapies, though effective, often have limitations such as relapse, side effects, and poor compliance. Homoeopathy, a system of holistic medicine, may offer a complementary or alternative approach by addressing the underlying emotional and behavioral triggers of addiction. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of individualized homoeopathic medicines in managing symptoms of alcohol addiction and preventing relapse through a retrospective analysis. Material and Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted at Dr. Puri’s Homoeopathy Clinic from January 2020 to December 2024. The study included 60 patients aged 25 to 60 years diagnosed with alcohol use disorder (AUD) who received homoeopathic treatment for at least six months. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scale was used to evaluate alcohol use severity before and after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests. Results Of the 60 patients analyzed, a significant reduction in AUDIT scores was observed from a mean of 28.5 ± 3.8 to 12.7 ± 4.1 post-treatment (P &lt; 0.01). Commonly prescribed homoeopathic medicines included Nux vomica, Quercus robur, Sulphur, and Lachesis mutus. 76% of patients reported reduced alcohol cravings, improved sleep, and better emotional regulation. 68% maintained sobriety for more than 6 months post-treatment. Conclusion Individualized homoeopathic treatment demonstrated promising results in reducing alcohol cravings and improving overall mental health in patients with alcohol addiction. While encouraging, further large-scale randomized controlled trials are recommended to validate these findings.

Alcohol addiction is a complex psycho-physiological disorder affecting neurotransmitter release and nerve impulses in multiple central nervous system regions, causing severe physical and mental harm and societal burden. Existing treatments (medication, psychotherapy, traditional Chinese medicine) have limitations, including poor control of alcohol craving, high re-drinking rates, inadequate improvement of comorbid symptoms (anxiety, depression, cognitive decline), and issues such as non-specific drug targeting and subjective bias in psychotherapy. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive physical therapy with advantages of painlessness, safety, and minimal side effects, has shown efficacy in neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and cognitive decline. Although its application in alcohol addiction is in the early stage, clinical trials indicate that it can reduce alcohol craving and re-drinking rates. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of alcohol addiction and the clinical efficacy of rTMS, aiming to provide a reference for its promotion in substance addiction treatment.

BackgroundAlcohol craving is a key predictor of relapse in alcohol use disorder (AUD), yet current assessments rely mainly on self-reported scales, lacking objective evaluation methods. This single-center observational study aims to explore subtle differences in facial expressions among alcohol use disorder patients during craving states, long-term abstinent individuals, and healthy controls, with the goal of identifying objective biomarkers of alcohol craving. A secondary aim is to establish a rigorous craving evaluation system using machine learning.MethodsWe plan to recruit 200 participants per group: alcohol use disorder patients, long-term abstinent individuals, and healthy controls. Patients with alcohol use disorder will first undergo inpatient detoxification (approximately two weeks) and will be eligible once their Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, Revised (CIWA-AR) score falls below 7. At enrollment, participants will complete psychological and clinical assessments, including sociodemographic and drinking history questionnaires, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Personalized drinking-environment preferences will be collected via semi-structured interviews. During the experiment, participants will provide craving ratings using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after viewing a 120-second relaxation video and a 120-second alcohol cue-related video, while facial expressions are recorded simultaneously. The alcohol use disorder group will undergo the same assessments again after six weeks of inpatient treatment.DiscussionDeveloping an objective system for evaluating alcohol craving has the potential to enhance routine screening, differential diagnosis, and treatment monitoring in alcohol use disorder. Furthermore, integrating facial expression analysis with machine learning may enable the development of reliable craving assessment tools and treatment response prediction models. Such approaches could provide clinicians with evidence-based guidance for psychological and psychosocial interventions, ultimately reducing relapse rates among individuals with alcohol use disorder.

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a prevalent and challenging condition, with current behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments yielding limited success and high relapse rates. Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), offer promising therapeutic alternatives. TMS has demonstrated efficacy in modulating brain circuits associated with the limbic system and cognitive control, both critical in AUD pathology. While the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) have been identified as potential TMS targets, no studies have evaluated both sites against a sham condition in a single trial. This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial addresses this gap by evaluating the efficacy of multi-session intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) applied to either the DLPFC or MPFC in reducing alcohol consumption, alcohol craving, and brain reactivity to alcohol cues.MethodsOne hundred and eighty individuals with AUD will be randomized to receive real iTBS to the MPFC, real iTBS to the DLPFC, or sham iTBS. Participants will complete 30 treatment sessions, administered in 15 daily sessions spread over 3 to 6 weeks, with pre- and post-treatment MRI scans and 3 months of follow-up.DiscussionBy evaluating two cortical targets and leveraging rigorous methodologies, this trial aims to generate insights that could inform future studies optimizing TMS for AUD treatment. Findings will contribute to developing standardized TMS protocols, with the potential to enhance treatment efficacy and support FDA approval, advancing TMS as an intervention for AUD.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04154111. Registered on November 6, 2019.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-025-09093-1.

BackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) has limited treatment options and glycine receptors (GlyRs) in brain reward regions have emerged as tentative targets for pharmacotherapy. The rationale derives from studies showing that glycine, an endogenous GlyR agonist, alters dopamine (DA) transmission and reduces alcohol intake in rats. This study sought to translate these findings to individuals with AUD by examining whether glycine treatment reduces craving for alcohol and laboratory alcohol intake.MethodsIndividuals with AUD were randomized to oral glycine (0.12 g/kg) or placebo treatment for 5 days. Thereafter, 48 participants completed an alcohol challenge including priming for alcohol followed by self‐administration of up to four drinks of 12 g alcohol. Alcohol craving and subjective effects of alcohol were measured throughout the study.ResultsGlycine treatment raised serum glycine levels by 125%. Neither alcohol intake nor craving or subjective effects of alcohol differed between treatment groups, except for peak stimulatory effects, which were slightly higher in the glycine‐treated group. The relationships between craving for alcohol or “wanting more” on the Drugs Effects Questionnaire and laboratory alcohol intake were dissociated in the glycine‐treated group. In the full sample, serum glycine levels at baseline were inversely associated with recent drinking history.ConclusionGlycine treatment does not reduce craving or laboratory alcohol consumption in individuals with AUD per se, but results are equivocal as the association between alcohol‐induced craving or “wanting more” and the ensuing self‐administration of alcohol was abolished in the glycine‐treated group. The inverse association observed between glycine levels at baseline and self‐reported recent drinking could be a consequence of alcohol intake or support a protective role for glycine activity in limiting alcohol intake. Further studies are warranted to delineate how GlyR activity is linked to alcohol consumption in humans and to establish whether targeting this system may constitute a new treatment concept for AUD.

DRD1 gene is associated with craving changes during withdrawal among patients with alcohol use disorder.

Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), including alcohol use disorder (AUD) and opioid use disorder (OUD), repre­sent significant global health challenges. Co-occurring AUD and OUD are often under-recognized, complicating diagnosis and treatment and leading to poorer outco­mes. This article explores the complexities of managing individuals with both disorders through a clinical case study of a 49-year-old male who was admitted for alco­hol withdrawal while receiving methadone treatment for OUD. The case underscores the challenges in diagnosing and managing withdrawals in cases of comorbid AUD and OUD and the difficulties in providing integrated care. The neurobiological mechanisms of AUD and OUD, par­ticularly their effects on the mesolimbic dopamine pat­hway, are also discussed. Moreover, recommendations for the initial management of withdrawal Treatment stra­tegies for AUD include pharmacological options such as acamprosate, disulfiram, baclofen, topiramate, and gabapentin, which help reduce alcohol consumption and cravings. Opioid antagonists like naltrexone can also be useful for both AUD and OUD treatment, particularly in reducing the amount of alcohol used through blunting its euphoric effects. For OUD, opioid maintenance therapies (OMT) such as methadone and buprenorphine are widely used, providing effective management by reducing opioid use, withdrawal symptoms, and cravings. However, these treatments can be dangerous in individuals with active AUD, especially when alcohol is consumed concurrently, as they may exacerbate respiratory depression and other complications. There is no standardized treatment pro­tocol for managing comorbid AUD and OUD, highligh­ting the need for more research to develop integrated treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.

The day after binge: Electrophysiological correlates of attention and working memory processing the day after hazardous alcohol intake.