Airport Lighting Research Articles

Analisa Konsumsi Daya Lampu Halogen dan LED di Bandar Udara Halim Perdanakusuma

This research aims to analyze the power consumption of halogen and LED lamps at Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. The airport field lighting system is a safety instrument in aviation at all operating airports. In the field lighting system there are 2 types of lights, namely Halogen and LED. The light replacement system requires personnel consideration to choose a type of lighting that is more efficient on the runway. This research aims to find out how efficient power consumption is. The data collection methods used in this research are literature study, observation method and interview method. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it shows that runway lighting shows more efficient results when using LED type lights, this can be seen from the saving efficiency and also the constant light intensity.

Penggantian Halogen ke LED pada Runway Edge Lights Bandara Ahmad Yani Sebagai Efesiensi Energi Listrik

Jenderal Ahmad Yani International Airport is an airport located in the West Semarang District, Semarang City. This airport has departure and arrival terminals that facilitate domestic and international flights. Ahmad Yani International Airport also has a runway (13-31) with a length of 2,560 meters. There is airport lighting system equipment whose function is to assist and serve aircraft taking off and landing so that they can operate in cloudy, cloudy weather and at night in the runway, taxiway and apron areas. One of the equipment in the airport lighting system is the runway edge lights. Currently, the runway edge lights installed at Jenderal Ahmad Yani International Airport still use halogen type lights, which require quite a large amount of electrical power and the electricity costs incurred are not small. Replacing halogen type runway edge lights with Light Emitting Diode (LED) runway edge lights as an effort to efficiently use electrical energy. In this study the author used a comparative method to determine the comparison of the efficiency of using electrical energy between the two types of LED runway edge lights and halogen runway edge lights. From the comparison data carried out, it can be concluded that replacing halogen runway edge lights with LED runway edge lights has been proven to increase the efficiency of electrical power usage over a long period of time. From the specification data, LED lamps have a longer life time, namely 56,000 hours compared to halogen lamps, which is only 1000 hours, so the savings are also greater. From power calculations, it can be seen that LED runway edge lights have more power efficiency than halogen runway edge lights. The total power of halogen runway edge lights (2 circuits) was 21,480.58 watts, while LED runway edge lights (2 circuits) decreased by 56.2% to 9,400.58 watts.

Pilot Visual Detection of Small Unmanned Aircraft on Final Approach during Nighttime Conditions

In December 2020, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announced the release of a new final rule, permitting operators of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) to perform routine night operations. Public comments to the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking indicated potential safety concerns regarding a pilot’s ability to spot a low-altitude sUAS during nighttime conditions. Leveraging data from the FAA’s UAS Sighting Report Database, the research team evaluated the significance of aircraft encounters with UAS at night. Researchers conducted an inflight experiment in which 10 pilots performed an instrument approach to airport during nighttime conditions in which a multi-rotor sUAS presented a potential collision hazard. The sUAS was equipped with lighting visible for 3 miles with a sufficient flash rate to avoid a collision, as specified by the new regulation. Participants performed five approaches, with the sUAS flying different scripted encounter profiles. Participants were asked to indicate when they visually spotted the sUAS, with sighting data recorded via an onboard observer. Geolocation information from both the aircraft and sUAS were compared at the time of each reported sighting to assess visibility distance and orientation. The sUAS was successfully spotted during 30 percent (n = 12) of the testing passes. Hovering sUAS were spotted at the same rate as moving sUAS, however, sUAS in motion were spotted at a much greater range. Researchers noted disproportionately higher spotting rates occurred when the sUAS was oriented on the starboard side of the aircraft vs. the port side. It is believed that airport lighting systems may have obscured or otherwise camouflaged portside sUAS encounters. When asked to estimate distance to an encountered sUAS, most participants underestimated, perceiving the sUAS to be much closer than reality. Additionally, the researchers assessed the potential for the participants to initiate evasive maneuvers, based on the distance and closure rate of the aircraft and sUAS at the time of sighting. Based on the FAA’s Aircraft Identification and Reaction Time Chart, collision avoidance would only have been successful during 15 percent of encounters (n = 6). The research team recommends Remote Pilots employ vigilant traffic awareness during nighttime operations, and leverage use of ADS-B (In) technology and monitor Common Traffic Advisory Frequencies to maintain situational awareness—particularly when operating in proximity to airports.

Fuzzy Neural Optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Power Quality Improvement with Non-linear Loads

Recently a large attention has been focused on a power quality domain due to: disturbances caused by non-linear loads, Increase in number of electronic devices and growth of renewable energy sources. Power quality measures the fitness of electric power transmitted from generation to industrial, domestic and commercial consumers. At least 50% of power quality problems are of voltage quality type. In power system voltage sags, voltage distortion introduced by harmonics, and asymmetrical voltage are considered to be the most severe affecting power quality, because both utilities and consumers are affected by these disturbances. Different methods introduced to solve power problems but the custom power devices are the most effective and efficient methods, one of which is the use of the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The main objectives of this research are to achieve more accuracy in compensating the voltage variations and reducing the total harmonics distortion (THD) to acceptable limits. Most of the researchers applied the control strategies to compensate the voltage disturbances in critical load but did not focus on the objective of reducing the total harmonics distortion (THD). In many sensitive loads such as, airport lighting system, medical equipment, auxiliary plant of power system, and adjustable speed drives., the level of the (THD) is more important, this research focuses on mitigating the harmonics to less than 3%. An adaptive controller like fuzzy neural optimized fuzzy logic controller is proposed to improve the performance of the DVR in injecting the required voltage to restore the load voltage to its nominal value under different voltage variations which are created by MATLAB/SIMULINK program for a period of 0.15s from 0.8s and kept till 0.95s.

Design and Realization of Airfield Lighting Terminal Controller

Aiming at the characteristics of airfield lighting and the military control requirements of the airport lighting for airfield warhead lighting, this paper elaborates the hardware circuit, software development and design process of the navigation light terminal control node through the research of wireless communication technology and LED light source driving technology. The hardware adopts CC2530 as the microprocessor to add the Radiofrequency (RF) amplification chip CC2591 and design the navigation light terminal control nodes. The Full Function Device (FFD) has the routing function, which not only can realize the network self-healing function, but also can further expand the network coverage.Terminal control nodes software program development is based on the Z-stack protocol stack for light-driven control program and navigation light fault diagnosis program design.

Research on Application of LED Navaid Lighting in Airfield Area of Civil Airports

The energy consumption of airport lighting, especially that of navaid lighting in airfield area, accounts for a lion share of the total, rendering the energy saving and emission reduction of the navaid lighting system important in the construction of civil airports. Application of LED light source that is with certain advantages can largely lower energy consumption and maintenance costs. The dissertation compares the LED lighting source with its traditional brethren --- halogen lighting from the perspectives of service life, energy saving and emission reduction, operation and maintenance, and return on investment, and elaborates and explores the application and development of LED navaid lighting in civil airports around the world.

Rancangan Kontrol dan Monitoring Constant Current Regulator (CCR) pada Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) Menggunakan Android Berbasis Arduino di Bandar Udara Internasional Lombok

Constant Current Regulator is a power supply used in the world of aviation for the provision of electric power in airport lighting systems. The electrical power supplied to the airport lighting lamp is maintained to provide power with constant current. It is intended that the runway lights, especially PAPI, has lighting in certain light brightness / intensity that we want according to the specified taping. At this time, CCR in Lombok International Airport has been using SCADA. Unfortunately for controlling and monitoring CCR on a runway lights especially PAPI can only be done in the control room, so engineers had to stand by in the control room. By given this design, android is expected to replace the SCADA that can be accessed remotely, no matter where technicians are located. Moreover, when the state requires you to change the CCR step, the technician can control CCR through android system in technician`s smartphone once monitor the CCR output current without having to stand by in the control room.

Rancangan Kontrol dan Monitoring Constant Current Regulator (CCR) pada Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) Menggunakan Android Berbasis Arduino di Bandar Udara Internasional Lombok

Constant Current Regulator is a power supply used in the world of aviation for the provision of electric power in airport lighting systems. The electrical power supplied to the airport lighting lamp is maintained to provide power with constant current. It is intended that the runway lights, especially PAPI, has lighting in certain light brightness / intensity that we want according to the specified taping. At this time, CCR in Lombok International Airport has been using SCADA. Unfortunately for controlling and monitoring CCR on a runway lights especially PAPI can only be done in the control room, so engineers had to stand by in the control room. By given this design, android is expected to replace the SCADA that can be accessed remotely, no matter where technicians are located. Moreover, when the state requires you to change the CCR step, the technician can control CCR through android system in technician`s smartphone once monitor the CCR output current without having to stand by in the control room.

Assessment of the Appropriateness and Adequacy of the Existing Physical Infrastructure in Mitigating Aviation Risks at Wilson Airport, Kenya

The aviation sector is one of the most important sectors for any country especially its ability to promote interconnectedness within countries as well as between countries. However, the sector faces many risks caused by various emergencies and accidents associated with the sector, and much so in the precincts of airports. The impact of these accidents causes monumental social, economic and environmental consequences to victims. The exponential growth of the sector in the country calls for special attention by relevant stakeholders to devise strategies to address disaster preparedness issues. This is especially due to the fact that the country has already experienced a number of aviation disasters and mishaps related to the industry. Consequently, this study sought to assess the appropriateness and adequacy of the existing physical infrastructure in mitigating aviation risks in the airport. This study was carried out at Wilson airport located in Nairobi West. The qualitative design was applied in this study to analyze and describe the effects of land use changes on airport and flight safety in a rapidly growing aviation sector. The target population for the study comprised of 50 aviation regulators, 50 air operators, 100 service providers and communities living around the Airport. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires, interview guide and Focused Group Discussions while Secondary data were collected from written or published records and maps from the Kenya National Bureau of statistics. Quantitative data was analysed by use of descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The study found that 62% of the respondents indicated that Wilson Airport does not have the capacity in terms of space and facilities and that 75% of the respondents indicated Air field capacity was inadequate. The study also found that 63.2% of the respondents indicated thatAirport Visual Aids (such as pavement markings) were inadequate, 57.9% of the respondents indicated Airport Lighting was inadequate, 40.4% of the respondents indicated that runway orientation, length, width, and pavement strength were inadequate and 30 (56%) indicated that taxi ways were inadequate. The results for correlation analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between the disaster preparedness and appropriateness and adequacy of the existing infrastructure with a Pearson‟s Correlation Coefficient of r = 0.769 and a level of significance of 0.000 meaning that is it statistically significant.

Beacon system based on light-emitting diode sources for runways lighting

New aeronautical ground lighting techniques are becoming increasingly important to ensure the safety and reduce the maintenance costs of the plane’s tracks. Until recently, tracks had embedded lighting systems whose sources were based on incandescent lamps. But incandescent lamps have several disadvantages: high energy consumption and frequent breakdowns that result in high maintenance costs (lamp average life-time is ∼1500 operating hours) and the lamp’s technology has a lack of new lighting functions, such as signal handling and modification. To solve these problems, the industry has developed systems based on light-emitting diode (LED) technology with improved features: (1) LED lighting consumes one tenth the power, (2) it improves preventive maintenance (an LED’s lifetime range is between 25,000 and 100,000 hours), and (3) LED lighting technology can be controlled remotely according to the needs of the track configuration. LEDs have been in use for more than three decades, but only recently, around 2002, have they begun to be used as visual aids, representing the greatest potential change for airport lighting since their inception in the 1920s. Currently, embedded LED systems are not being broadly used due to the specific constraints of the rules and regulations of airports (beacon dimensions, power system technology, etc.). The fundamental requirements applied to embedded lighting systems are to be hosted on a volume where the dimensions are usually critical and also to integrate all the essential components for operation. An embedded architecture that meets the lighting regulations for airport runways is presented. The present work is divided into three main tasks: development of an optical system to optimize lighting according to International Civil Aviation Organization, manufacturing prototype, and model validation.

Prediction model of electric energy consumption of airport lighting equipment

A method of using multivariate regression model of predicting electric energy consumption of airport lighting for managing the efficient use of energy resources of airlines is proposed in the paper. Prediction using the correlation and regression methods involves finding mathematical equations, describing the statistical relationship of one indicator to another (pair correlation), with a group of other indicators (multiple correlation) or between the values of one indicator (autocorrelation). For obtaining a general linear multivariate prediction model, a classical method of least squares was used by the authors. Using the developed model will allow to develop a complex of energy saving measures, taking into account plans of reconstructing the existing infrastructure and manage electric energy consumption of the lighting equipment, taking into consideration peculiarities of its operation. The obtained model was tested on the statistical data of Kiev International airport (Zhuliany).

The Design of Airport Flood Lighting Energy-Saving Control System

An airport flood lighting system is priority in the airport energy-saving and reducing emissions. Airport flood lighting energy-saving control system is presented by using configuration software, realizing the power acquisition, monitoring and centralized control of the ramp high-pole lamp. In automatic mode, it can integrate dynamic airport flight information to switch high-pole lamp. In the premise of ensuring flight safety at night, keeping the lights turn-on time accurately, so as to achieve the purpose of saving electricity.

Analysis on Insulation Resistance Performance in Airport Lighting Circuit

The airfield lighting circuits are the important part of the airfield lighting system, and the insulation performance of the circuits directly affects the aircraft flight safety. The side insulation performance of the lighting circuit and the effect of the temperature and humidity on the insulation are analyzed in the paper. Depending on the measure data provided by the Shanghai PUDONG international airport, the curve of circuit insulation resistance changed with the time is fitted through computer, and the insulation resistance mode based on the parameter identifying is obtained. The theoretical foundation is laid for the forecast decline of insulation resistance, and a theoretical basis is provided for the maintenance of the lighting circuit.

ENSURING RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE LIGHTING SYSTEMS CIVIL AERODROMES

One of the main tasks is to ensure civil aviation security and regularity of aircraft operations. In reduced visibility airport lighting system (ALS) for the crew is the sole source of information on the stage of visual flying. According to this, the reliability of the ALS must conform to the required regulatory and technical documents level. Reliability - the property of the ALS, which reflects its ability to perform its required function for a specified period of time under specified conditions the operation, maintenance, storage and transportation, and includes reliability, durability, maintainability, and persistence, or a combination of these properties. The task of the study are reliability and maintainability of the ALS and the lighting characteristics lighting equipment ALS subsystems.

Testing the Efficacy of Synthetic Vision during Non-Normal Operations as an Enabling Technology for Equivalent Visual Operations

Synthetic Vision (SV) may serve as a revolutionary crew/vehicle interface enabling technology to meet the challenges of the Next Generation Air Transportation System Equivalent Visual Operations (EVO) concept - that is, the ability to achieve or even improve on the safety of Visual Flight Rules (VFR) operations, maintain the operational tempos of VFR, and potentially retain VFR procedures independent of actual weather and visibility conditions. One significant challenge lies in the definition of required equipage on the aircraft and on the airport to enable the EVO concept objective. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the presence or absence of SV, the location (head-up or head-down) of this information during an instrument approach, and the type of airport lighting information on landing minima. Another key element of the testing entailed investigating the pilot's awareness and reaction to non-normal events (i.e., failure conditions) that were unexpectedly introduced into the experiment. These non-normals are critical determinants in the underlying safety of all-weather operations. This paper presents the experimental results specific to pilot response to non-normal events using head-up and head-down synthetic vision displays.

Fast model-based feature matching technique applied to airport lighting

The use of image processing techniques to assess the performance of airport landing lighting using images of it collected from an aircraft-mounted camera is documented. In order to assess the performance of the lighting, it is necessary to uniquely identify each luminaire within an image and then track the luminaires through the entire sequence and store the relevant information for each luminaire, that is, the total number of pixels that each luminaire covers and the total grey level of these pixels. This pixel grey level can then be used for performance assessment. The authors propose a robust model-based (MB) feature-matching technique by which the performance is assessed. The development of this matching technique is the key to the automated performance assessment of airport lighting. The MB matching technique utilises projective geometry in addition to accurate template of the 3D model of a landing-lighting system. The template is projected onto the image data and an optimum match found, using nonlinear least-squares optimisation. The MB matching software is compared with standard feature extraction and tracking techniques known within the community, these being the Kanade-Lucus-Tomasi (KLT) and scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) techniques. The new MB matching technique compares favourably with the SIFT and KLT feature-tracking alternatives. As such, it provides a solid foundation to achieve the central aim of this research which is to automatically assess the performance of airport lighting.

Objective measurement of the quality of airport lighting whilst in service

This paper contributes to the science of measurement and control by outlining a unique methodology for objectively assessing the luminous intensity of all luminaires forming an airport landing lighting pattern, whilst in service, to check that the lighting pattern conforms to the strict standards set by airports’ governing body within the UK the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Central to this methodology is a novel air-based measurement system consisting of charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras and dedicated image-processing software. This prototype measurement system is placed inside the cockpit of an aircraft and is used to take images of the airport landing lighting system whilst the aircraft approaches the airport. Developed image-processing techniques then allow unique luminaire identification and extraction from the hundreds of luminaires within the airport lighting pattern. The corresponding luminous intensity and alignment of each luminaire is derived using dynamic position and orientation information estimated from a visual environment model. By obtaining luminous intensity and alignment information for each luminaire within the pattern, it is then possible to derive its associated isocandela diagram. This then allows an assessment to be made regarding the luminaires’ conformity to the CAA standards. The unique system has been tested at Belfast International Airport, the results of which are documented within this paper. The results indicate that further work is necessary if the system is to be fully functional. Currently it takes approximately 35 h to filter the results for one complete pattern. In addition, a maximum error of 40% is reported between derived and actual luminous intensity measurements for a given luminaire. The reasons for this discrepancy are highlighted in the discussion and improvements are currently being made to the system to account for these. However, the results and the work reported within this paper reflect the belief that digital imaging can be utilized to automate many physically large photometry problems within the fields of science and engineering. The methodology described for the development of this measurement system is unique and we believe extends the science of automated dynamic measurement systems.

航空灯火測光車の開発

航空灯火測光車の開発

Pilot Testing of Radioluminescent Lights for Remote Airfields

Alaska and other far northern areas have special logistic, environmental, and economic problems that make radioluminescent (RL) lighting, particularly at airfields, an attractive alternative to electrical systems and flare pots. Tests and demonstrations of prototype systems conducted in Alaska in recent years have proved the basic technological worth of RL airport lighting systems for civilian and military use. If regulatory issues and other factors identified in these tests can be favorably resolved and if the system and its components can be refined through production engineering, highly useful applications for RL airfield lighting systems in Alaska and other remote locations can result.

A Study of the Environmental Impact of an Intense Flashing Airport Lighting System

We report herein what we believe to be the first effort to evaluate the environmental impact of a relatively bright flashing illumination system. The system in question is the medium-intensity approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights (MALSR) that is the optical guidance system of choice in most precision landing systems today. We have examined the question of whether the repetitive flashing illumination is likely to induce abnormal perceptual or motor effects or cause serious distraction and interference with the normal activities of people who may be inadvertently illuminated by the MALSR. Included are an evaluation of the illumination of this particular system and the psychophysical response to this kind of flickering illumination, a discussion of our criteria for judging the impact of intrusive illumination, and finally, direct measurements of the very high immunity to extraneous distraction for motivated human operators attempting to do complex visual tasks with a field of view ...