Air Transport Operations Research Articles

Air transportation and tourism interactions and actions for competitive destinations: the case of Cyprus

PurposeAir connectivity is one of the most important aspects of tourism development, especially for island state destinations (ISD) which rely on air travel for accessibility. The complexity of the tourism industry necessitates close interaction among involved stakeholders to ensure successful policy implementation of air transportation operations that facilitate tourism mobility at a destination.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper self-administered questionnaires in a structured format were distributed to 200 managers. Additionally, seven unstructured follow-up interviews were conducted to enrich the content and better support the conclusions.FindingsThe results of the study suggest that air transportation and connectivity are not fully integrated with tourism policy and strategy planning. Yet it is crucial that a stakeholder approach is adopted that accounts for the needs of diverse stakeholders and airline strategies, along with a diversified tourism policy that can establish Cyprus as year-round destination.Originality/valueThe role of the airline industry in overall tourism strategy and policy is examined and the unique problems and challenges ISDs like Cyprus face in developing as a tourism destination and overcoming tourism seasonality are underlined.

The geographical characteristics of subsidized air routes serving as lifelines

The regional economic growth promoted by air transportation has fomented investigation into regional air transportation and the required incentives for its development. According to the types of financing used and the results of the investments, several countries have established particular subsidy strategies aiming to integrate their regions through air services. On the other hand, a few studies have explained the physical attributes of the served areas, demonstrating their reliance on air transport as it is the only feasible means of transportation. This article aims to distinguish the geographical characteristics of these areas, revealing the circumstances that explain the necessity of subsidies for air transport operation. The socio-economic information was collected from 1365 subsidized routes in 28 countries in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. The profiles of the served communities were divided into nine clusters. The results reveal that 51.36% of the subsided flights connect as lifelines to isolated populations in either remote or inaccessible regions mainly to satisfy social and humanitarian services. Many of these areas depend on air transport because they are sparsely occupied or home to an underprivileged population. However, this service may be commercially unfeasible. This situation legitimizes air service subsidization as a crucial requirement to guarantee the population's access to places where they may meet essential needs.

Methods of Air Traffic Management Using Artificial Intelligence in India

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been recognised as having a broad potential to reduce human workload or increase human capabilities in complex scenarios; however, it is now clear that AI also plays an important role in transforming our lives by promoting more efficient existing services or completely new services. AI is already assisting managers (airlines/airports managers, air traffic management) and operators in a wide range of aviation and air traffic system applications (pilots, air traffic controllers, airport operators, flow controllers). The aviation and air traffic management (ATM) sectors are now confronted with new interconnected challenges: energy transition, increased environmental protection, increased capacity flexibility, integration of new components into air traffic (drones), and system resilience to large traffic perturbations (economic crises, pandemics). AI should help to discover effective solutions to all of these problems. The capacity and safety of the airspace system are heavily reliant on the competent coordination of air traffic control System (ATCS) and flight desk employees. This indicates that aviation traffic will expand at an exponential pace, causing substantial congestion, flight delays, and pollution. Maintaining safe spacing between aircrafts, directing them during takeoff and landing from airports, guiding them around adverse weather, and ensuring that traffic moves smoothly with minimum delays. The goal of this Research Topic is to develop and apply new AI techniques to solve new aircraft operations and air traffic management problems, with the goal of making air transportation operations (including air traffic) more efficient and safe than they are today, while new aviation technologies and new airspace organisation concepts are introduced, and the main goal of this research is to provide automatic communication between the airport and the aircraft. The Problem of manually checking climatic conditions, runway parameters, air traffic, and various other information can be solved by using GSM technology. To reduce the manual efforts and human errors. Before landing, the arrival time of the aircraft is announced automatically.

Global Research of Innovation Green Concepts of New Hybrid Electric Integral Modul Aircrft and Solar Disc Airship

Actually New Innovation Green Concepts for future World Ecology Air Transportation Technologies will be focusing to new Optimal Geometry Structures as the complex Integral Disc-Wing Adaptive Transforming Frames for any Passenger Hybrid Electrical Aircraft and Solar Disc Airship with more Efficiency Active Vortex Energy Systems. The new International R&D European Programs to the Aircraft Vision’2035/40 are consist the innovation Design Science MAI Results and Patents for participation during 2020/23 to joint EC Research Consortium IMOTHEP and FUTPRINT50 of Hybrid Electrical Power of the Regional Aircraft for the Low Toxic and Low Noise Air Transport Operation Worldwide as recovery initiatives after COVID-19 Destroy pressure to the International Airlines and Consortiums new priority Low Cost Efficiency and Commercial Strategy.

Analisis Penerapan Kebijakan Protokol Kesehatan Pada Era New Normal Di Bandar Udara Notohadinegoro Jember

During the Covid-19 pandemic, all airports are required to comply with rules related to health protocols. The provision applies both to airport organizers, airline companies, passengers including officers or employees of airport organizers and airlines. This study aims to find out and analyze the Implementation of Health Protocol Policies in the New Normal Era at Notohadinegoro Jember Airport.This research uses qualitative research methods. Data sources are obtained through primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods use observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques are descriptively quantitative.The results showed that the implementation of new normal era health protocols on check-in area pasasi officers and supporting facilities and infrastructure in Bandar Udara Notohadinegoro Jember in accordance with the policy issued by the Minister of Transportation Number 13 of 2020 concerning Air Transportation Operations in the Community Activity Period Productive and Safe from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there are still obstacles faced in implementing health protocol policies in the New Normal era on the protective equipment of check-in area pasasi officers, namely gloves that are easily wet so that they become optional protective equipment.

Considerations regarding the EC Regulation no.261/2004 from the Perspective of the Protection of Passengers, but also of Air Transport Operators

The study regarding the interpretation and application of the provisions of the EC Regulation no. 261/2004 aims to highlight theoretical and practical aspects outlined since the entry into force of this normative act and until now. The European legislator has adopted this normative act, with direct binding force for the member states of the European Union, in order to ensure a protection of passengers who have concluded air transport contracts with different effective air transport operators. In essence, passengers are consumers and air carriers are in a dominant position, as a contracting party, in this type of contract, which is usually one of accession. However, the interpretation and application of this normative act in the different Member States has generated non-unitary practices from the perspective of the terms defined by the Regulation, but also unfair practices in the sense of forming an immoral market in which the right to compensation is traded.

Emission-aware adjustable robust flight path planning with respect to fuel and contrail cost

Aviation emission has always been regarded as the major contributor to climate and atmosphere changes. The recent research suggested that flights can be re-routed from sufficiently cold and humid atmospheres to mitigate the level of contrail production in particular regions during the flight planning stage. To address the needs, a weather data-driven flight path planning is proposed in this work. The spatial meteorological condition is generated using historical data and formulated as uncertain factors to develop a robust solution. Airlines can determine their allowance of flight level changes, pre-determined constrained flight levels set and robustness towards the maximum tolerance level of uncertain contrail length of a flight path. The overall cost can be further minimised, with a lowered total contrail length with the least increases in fuel consumption cost. The suggested methods validate the possibility of emission-aware adjustable robust flight path planning and ensure sustainable air transport operations.

Testing the heterogeneous effect of air transport intensity on CO2 emissions in G20 countries: An advanced empirical analysis.

This study investigates the heterogeneous impact of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport onair transport carbon emissionsin G20 countries for the period of 1990-2016. The paper employs a robust and advanced fixed-effect panel quantile regression model that considers unobserved discrete and distributional heterogeneity. Our empirical results show that the impact of the independent variables on air transport carbon emissions is quite heterogeneous across various quantiles.More specifically, the effect of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on carbon emissions is positive and becomes more assertive with the increasing trend at upper quantiles and is quite heterogeneous across all quantiles. Economic growth, urbanization, and tourism are significant contributing factors in enhancing air transport CO2 emissions, while crude oil price significantly reduces CO2 emissions. The Dumitrescu and Hurlincausality test estimates indicate that a bidirectional relationship extends from air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport to air transport CO2 emissions. The findings underline the need for cleaner, renewable, and environmentally sustainable energy sources for air transport operations.

Entropy Modeling of Optimal Intelligence Development in Regards with the Air Transport Operation

Entropy Modeling of Optimal Intelligence Development in Regards with the Air Transport Operation

Economic and legal aspects of violations of traffic safety rules on railway transport in Russia

Railway transportation is a vital service to global society and the backbone of a sustainable economy. It has an unprecedented opportunity to achieve the sustainability which is required for the 21 century. By doing so, railway will be able to respond to the expected growth in transport demand, both passenger and freight. This article reflects the main issues facing the transport system in the field of traffic safety and operation of railway transport, analyzes the criminal law aspects of the current legislation. Railways are an important part of the Russian transport network. Most of the Railways belong to the East Siberian railway. A special place in ensuring railway safety is occupied by economic legal regulators, especially the the most effective means of influencing socially significant behavior. Russian legislation provides for different norms of liability, including those provided for in the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation: 1) violation of the rules of traffic safety and operation of rail, air or water transport (Art. 263); 2) poor quality repair of vehicles and their release into operation with technical faults (art. 266); 3) bringing into disrepair vehicles or means of communication (article 267); 4) violation of the rules ensuring the safe operation of transport (article 268). In quantitative terms, they are quite enough to counter internal and external threats to the safe functioning of rail transport, but there are a number of significant shortcomings that do not allow to realize their protective potential to the full.

КАЛЬКУЛЮВАННЯ І АНАЛІЗ СОБІВАРТОСТІ АВІАПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ

Аbstract. The article summarizes the theoretical aspects of the processes of calculation and analysis of the cost of air transportation. In Ukraine, planning, accounting and analysis of operating costs is carried out in two main aspects ‒ economic elements and cost items. Aviation enterprises use International Accounting Standards 1 ″Presentation of Financial Statements″ to disclose information on expenses. In particular, this standard provides that an entity must disclose all items of expenses that are recognized in the reporting period in a single ″Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income″. A feature of the costing process of aviation enterprises is that they use not only the typical nomenclature of items recommended by ICAO, but also use costing on dry leasing terms (without a crew) when carrying out leasing operations; prime cost under wet lease conditions (with crew); cost price on ACMI terms. In this case, it is advisable to allocate the following cost items, which the airline has an impact on, to determine the cost of aviation work ‒ these are four items: 1) Aircraft; 2) Crew; 3) maintenance; 4) insurance. The purpose of the analysis of the cost of air transportation is to identify untapped reserves of its reduction and contribute to this reduction. The objectives of the analysis are: ‒ identification of trends in operating costs and production costs; ‒ assessment of the validity and intensity of the plan at the cost of production; ‒ determination of the dynamics and degree of implementation of the plan at cost; ‒ determination of the factors that influenced the dynamics of cost indicators, the magnitude and causes of deviations of actual costs from planned ones; ‒ analysis of the cost of certain types of products (carriage of goods, passengers, etc.); ‒ evaluation and determination of the optimal ratio of income and expenses. The analysis process is proposed to be carried out in five stages. At the first stage, analyze the dynamics and implementation of the cost plan for economic elements and costing items. At the second stage, establish the composition of costs and structure, analyze the changes that have occurred in the cost structure. At the third stage, it is supposed to carry out a factorial analysis of the influence of the total amount of costs and the rate of variable costs per unit volume of air transport operations using methods of deterministic factorial analysis. The fourth stage is the study of the dynamics, the implementation of the plan, the conduct of inter-farm comparisons and the determination of the influence of factors on the consumption rate. At the fifth stage, an analysis of industry-specific, specific indicators in dynamics is carried out, implementation is carried out according to plan, and the influence of factors on the change in the cost of a flight, flight hour, tonne-kilometer, passenger-kilometer, reduced tonne-kilometer is quantified. The analysis is carried out both with the help of economic and logical traditional methods (comparison, absolute and relative values, tabular, graphical), and methods of deterministic factor analysis (chain substitutions, absolute differences, etc.). Since the ways to reduce the cost are derived from the factors that affect it and they act in combination, the main directions for reducing them in practice will be to increase the degree of extensive and intensive use of aircraft and save costs in all respects. Keywords: operating costs, cost, methodology, analysis, costs, factors, production reserves, air transportation, airline.

Detecting delay propagation in regional air transport systems using convergent cross mapping and complex network theory

It has been widely recognized that delay propagation is a widespread phenomenon in air transport systems. Regional air transport systems are vulnerable to severe systemic delay propagation because of connected resources and shared airspace. This study presents a two-stage analytical framework to detect delay propagation in regional air transport systems, which is critical to support industrial applications in air transport operations. In the first stage, we propose a delay causality without the strong and independent causality (SIC) assumption to represent the delay propagation effect. A convergent cross mapping method is employed to obtain the delay causality. In the second stage, we build a delay causality graph based on the none SIC assumption (DCG-non-SIC). A complex network analysis of DCG-non-SIC is presented to enhance the understanding of delay propagation patterns. This study carries out a real-world case study and provides some interesting results. Robustness checks are conducted, which verifies that the results derived in the analytical framework are solid. The results show that there is extensive delay causality between airport pairs, and a transitive trait of delay causality is observed in regional air transport systems. In addition, the importance of airports in delay propagation is not exactly in line with the hub class or the airport size.

Reviewing the impacts of climate change on air transport operations

AbstractClimate change is increasing global-mean tropospheric temperatures, but the localised trends are uneven, including cooling the lower stratosphere and lifting the tropopause. The wind speeds are also being modified, both at the surface and aloft. A further effect, additional to wind and temperature alone, is of increasing fluctuations and severity of extreme weather. These are impacting air transport, and this will continue. The effects are known to include increased take-off distances where excess runway lengths exist and reduced payloads where they do not, increased en-route flight times, increased frequency and severity of encounters with clear air turbulence in some regions, changed patterns of wildlife — particularly bird — activity in some regions (potentially also for other anthropogenic reasons) are shifting locations of flight safety hazards, and increased burdens upon airport and associated infrastructure. There is increasing understanding and acknowledgment by companies and authorities of these effects and the importance of mitigating them, although this is not universal and there are as yet no universally understood best practices for air transport climate change mitigation.

The concept of national integrated risk management of aviation transport of Ukraine

In the context of modern conditions of air transport development, the concept of the national air transport integrated risk management system is substantiated. The concept is based on the definition of risk as the probability of occurrence of events in a complex of hazards of different nature, manifestations of safety vulnerabilities, consequences of past negative phenomena and explains the danger of the threat due to determination "maximum potential energy". Its remaining part is subsequently converted into kinetic energy, which affects the safety management system of air transport and has a negative impact on the sustainable development of the national economy as a whole. At the same time, priority attention is paid to the list of hazards by the criterion of deviation from the point of sustainable development, the importance of the impact of threats on the coefficient of elasticity, which allows more adequate assessment of hazards and respond to them. The classification of the main risks in the functioning of Ukrainian air transport has been developed, which includes the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, reduction of export-import operations in the economic downturn, number of flights and air passenger traffic, low congestion of airports and air infrastructure. Risks are identified in the following areas of operation and development of air transport in Ukraine: export-import operations, aviation infrastructure, air cargo, airports, air navigation service providers and general aviation, which allows early detection of risks and response to them. The concept was implemented by the State Aviation Regulation Department of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the State Civil Aviation Agency of Azerbaijan, Almaty International Airport (Kazakhstan), Ukraine-Air Alliance, ICAO NAU Institute, Georgian Aviation Training Center (Georgia).

Erratum to: “Icing Effects on Air Transport Operation: State-of-the-art and Prediction Problems” [Russian Meteorology and Hydrology 46(7), 461–473, 2021

Erratum to: “Icing Effects on Air Transport Operation: State-of-the-art and Prediction Problems” [Russian Meteorology and Hydrology 46(7), 461–473, 2021

The Operation of Traffic Rights in the Post- Brexit Era: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

On 30 December 2019, the European Union (EU) and Euratom, of the one part, and the United Kingdom (UK) of the other part, concluded an Agreement on Trade and Cooperation following the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. This agreement contains provisions on air transport, including the operation of traffic rights. It entered into force on 1 May 2020. The present essay will analyse the regulation of traffic rights in relation to the situation which governed the aviation relations between the two parties before said withdrawal, that is, the regime set forth by EU Regulation 1008/2008 on Common Rules for the Operation of Air Services in the Community. It will also look at the conduct of external aviation relations of the EU, while considering general air law provisions. In light of the previous state of the law, and similar arrangements made between jurisdictions aiming at the promotion of liberalization of trade and air services, it will be concluded that the restrictions on the operation of these traffic rights are relatively strict. Moreover, aviation, including traffic rights, has been approached in a rather pragmatic fashion, also meaning that the governance of the operation of air transport from an international and European law perspective has not always been appreciated. It is to be hoped that the parties will be able to establish a more liberal relationship in the future. Traffic rights, operation of air services, division of competencies, level playing field, fair competition, the EU internal market on air transport, air services agreements, the global framework

Icing Effects on Air Transport Operation: State-of-the-art and Prediction Problems

Icing Effects on Air Transport Operation: State-of-the-art and Prediction Problems

Legal Regulation of The Civil Liability of The Air Carrier for Damages to The Goods Authors Amera Jaafar Shareef

The main focus of this research will revolve around the topic of damage to goods during air transport operations (aviation accidents, delay and cancellation of flights, poor level of services) as it deals with the legal basis for the liability of the air carrier for damage to goods and compensation for the damages caused under the international laws and agreements, especially in light of the increase in the percentage of aviation accidents and the aggravation of damages that has resulted in a low level of confidence and protection of consumers rights. The research will further emphasis on the nature of air carrier, the scope of air transport contract, the elements of the responsibility of the air carrier, the liability claim, the position of Iraqi laws and regulation in comparison with the international agreements on the responsibility of the air carrier for damage to goods. The research reached several results, the most important finding is on the basis of the responsibility of the carrier found in the Warsaw Convention which highlights the fault of the air carrier, but the fault can be proven otherwise under the international agreements, especially the Warsaw Agreement adopted by comparative laws, have been self-regulating when dealing with provisions for passenger transport by air, despite this and as a result of the bifurcation of air transport operations. This agreement failed to take into account the regulation of all the rights granted to passengers as a result of the air transport process and the damages that they suffer as a result of that process.  The research recommendations are primarily initiated on the responsibility of the air carrier where the foundation lays on bearing dependency and that the responsibility of the air carrier should be based on the liability and the obligation to provide compensation. Furthermore, the legislator has to distinguish between the responsibility of the carrier for the personal injuries caused to the passengers and the goods more precisely, and to encourage air transport companies with a decent financial position to invest in this field, and operate on the basis to provide full compensation for moral damages in addition to the material damage and to offer full clarification in this regard.

Theoretical basis of forensic expert investigation of accidental events on air transport

The purpose of the article is to study and develop theoretical and methodological principles of forensic aviation technical expertise, recommendations for the application of special knowledge in criminal, civil, commercial and administrative proceedings to prevent, detect, investigate and consider by investigators / courts crimes related to violations of regulations legal acts on traffic safety or operation of air transport, as well as improving its methodology, justification and formulation of recommendations for legal evaluation of results and increase the effectiveness of the use of forensic conclusions in the process of proof. The methodological basis of the study are the laws and categories of the theory of knowledge, in particular the provisions of materialist dialectics, which contributed to the understanding of the purpose and objectives, subject, object, research issues in the context of interdependence of achievements and needs of practice. At the same time, the methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction) made it possible to understand in more detail the content of the studied questions, the essence of the studied categories and phenomena was clarified by the system-structural method. The Ministry of Justice of Ukraine has created a new type (subtype) of forensic examination: “Aviation Technical” and forensic specialty 10.25 “Investigation of aviation events and incidents”, so the article formulates the basic concepts of forensic aviation technical examination, namely: identifies the main issues, which are decided by forensic aviation technical examination; tasks, subject, object which give the chance to understand essence and the maintenance of expert activity of these researches; the tasks of a specific examination are distinguished from the tasks of other related types of examinations in this area. The process of researching air transport objects is quite complex, diverse and specific. The problems facing the investigation (court) determine the feasibility of creating and developing a theoretical basis for a new type (subtype) of forensic examination: “Aviation Technical” and forensic specialty 10.25 “Investigation of aviation events and incidents”. To solve the tasks and create a coherent system of expert research in air transport, it is necessary to conduct a set of research works to develop a methodological basis for this type (subspecies) of forensic examination.

The Impact of Covid-19 on Air Transport Operation in Poland

Purpose: The subject matter of the research was the effect of the COVID - 19 pandemic on the operation of air transport in Poland. The primary research objective was to present the key actions the aviation industry had to undertake to address new challenges. Design/Approach: The analysis of the economic consequences having an impact on the operation of passenger air transport and actions undertaken at Polish airports in the new situation based on available literature, statistical data, and aviation market reports. Findings: The rapid spread of the SARS CoV-2 virus initially resulted in a decreased demand for air transport and ultimately led to flight suspension and airport closure. Past observations and statistical data analyses clearly demonstrate that the aviation industry has changed due to the pandemic. Practical Implications: Continuing developments in air transport entail not only an economic advantage but also stimulated investments in state-of-the-art technologies. Through an increased application of expert knowledge and innovative approaches of many sectors, there will be new opportunities to address the issue of the impact of crises on air transport. Originality/Value: The indication of key actions undertaken by the aviation industry in Poland to mitigate the effects of the pandemics, which are long-term and will guarantee successful air transport into the future.