Air Sacs Research Articles

The Impact of Two Types of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccines on Broiler Chicken Respiratory System.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vaccinating 1-day-old broilerchicks with two commercial vaccines such as live chronic respiratorydisease F strain (CRDF) and killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)vaccines on the respiratory system. For this purpose, one-day-old broilerchicks (n=120) were randomly divided into four groups; (n=30 birdseach). All groups were treated as followed: G1(CRDF): chicks werevaccinated with live CRDF vaccine (eye drop one drop 0.03ml/dose/10 5 ),G2 (killed MG): chicks were vaccinated with killed MG vaccine injectionwith 0.3ml s.c /3 x10 10 C.F.U/ml), G3: chicks were combined vaccinatedwith killed MG and CRDF live vaccines G4: served as controlunvaccinated group. The vaccination was performed at one day old in G1(CRDF), G2(killed MG), and G3 (killed MG and live CRDF). Thehistopathological changes of the trachea and air sacs were examined andevaluated at 35 days old. The results of histopathological examination ofair sacs in the G1(CRDF) revealed various mild epithelial hyperplasiawith papillary-like growth, subepithelial lymphocytic infiltration, in G2
 (killed MG), showed hyperplastic epithelial surfaces with moderatelymphocytic infiltration mainly around congestion capillaries. While G3(killed MG and CRDF) showed focal epithelial hyperplasia (villus-like),and perivascular lymphocytic aggregation in laminar C.T. Whereas G4(control) showed normal structures without any histopathological lesions.In the trachea the histopathological changes in G1(CRDF) showed focallymphocytic aggregation with a follicle-like appearance, another sectionshowed focal epithelial and cilia loss with goblet cell hypertrophy of theadjacent gland. G2 (killed MG) showed partial loss of thin mucosa withmild and desquamation lymphocytic infiltration in lamina propria,G3(killed MG and CRDF) showed diffuse mononuclear cells (MNCs)infiltration in tracheal mucous and submucosa with evidence of cysticdilution of adjacent gland together G4 control tracheal tissue showednormal structure without any lesions. Finally, it was determined thatvaccination with killed MG and live CRDF vaccines caused a moreobvious immune reaction (lymphoproliferative infiltration) in therespiratory system, including the trachea and air sac than the vaccinationwith combined killed and live vaccines, while the live Mycoplasmavaccines individually caused minor damage, particularly in the trachea.

Air availability and expandable vocal tracts shape the duration of mammal calls

The longest and shortest duration calls produced by any animal, spanning five orders of magnitude, are produced by whales. This is at odds with our understanding that the duration of an animal’s call is driven by its size. In fact, we intuitively assume that large animals, with large vocal tracts, make long duration sounds, whereas small animals make shorter sounds. We compare the duration of the shortest and longest calls in the repertoire across 174 mammal species and show the relationship between body mass and vocalization length breaks down for mammals. For mammals that call underwater, those with modified vocal tracts (e.g., air sacs, expandable trachea, etc.) that move air between expandable reservoirs produce longer calls than predicted for their size. Those mammals without modified vocal tracts that call underwater produce much shorter calls than expected. We explore here the different evolutionary pressures that shape vocal signaling.

BIOMETRIC INDICES OF POLLEN FROM NATURAL POPULATIONS OF <i>PINUS BRUTIA</i> VAR. <i>PITYUSA</i> (PINACEAE) OF THE CRIMEAN MOUNTAINS

The study of biometric characteristics of Pinus brutia var. pityusa pollen was carried out in natural populations of P. brutia var. pityusa in the Crimean Mountains. The pollen was collected during the period of its free flight on sample plots along four hypsometric profiles. In the western part of the southern macroslope of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains on Cape Aya in the Ayazma tract, 3 sample plots were laid at altitudes of 50–290 m above sea level, in Batiliman – 2 plots, at altitudes of 50 and 120 m above sea level; in the eastern part of the macroslope, 3 plots were laid on Karaul-Oba Mt. at altitudes of 40–120 m above sea level, and in the Novyy Svet tract – 2 plots at 50 and 100 m above sea level. Biometric analysis of pollen grains was carried out on temporary acetocarmine slides using generally accepted methods. The results of the study showed that an average size of the pollen grain of P. brutia var. pityusa in natural populations of the Crimean Mountains varies within the following ranges: total grain length from 81.5 to 88.5 μm, the length and height of the pollen grain body 52.2–59.4 μm and 47.8–53.4 μm, respectively, and the length and height of the air sac 40.0–43.0 μm and 25.5–30.4 μm, respectively. The smallest pollen is formed in coastal stands. In the plantations of P. brutia var. pityusa in the western part of the Crimean Mountains, a decrease in the length and height of the air sacs was noted. It was revealed that the indices characterizing the ratio of individual structural elements of the pollen grain, namely γ – the ratio of the body length to the height of the air sac of the pollen grain, δ – the ratio of the body height to the height of the air sac, and Θ – the ratio of the body length to the length of the air sac, allow to analyze aerodynamic properties of P. brutia var. pityusa pollen. The decrease in γ, δ, and Θ pollen indices in the plantations of Ayazma and Batiliman reflects a decrease in the efficiency of its aerial distribution, which has a negative effect on the level of heterogeneity of natural populations in these territories.

D-dimer level differences in pneumonia patients than in COVID-19

Introduction: Pneumonia, also known as pneumonia, is caused by inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli) in one or both lungs. In severe pneumonia, intravascular and intra-alveolar coagulation occurs, which is a response to local and systemic inflammatory processes. The clinical consequence of these changes in coagulation is an increase in the level of D-Dimer which causes death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate D-Dimer in 29 pneumonia patients and 37 COVID-19 patients at Jemursari Hospital. Methods: This research is quantitative with a cross-sectional analytic observational method. The research sample was obtained from the Jemursari Islamic Hospital in Surabaya for pneumonia and Covid-19 patients in 2021 Results: The results of the study, a number of women more than men. In women 63,6% and in men 36,4%, while the age is 46-54 years in pneumonia patients 28% and in Covid-19 patients 30%. D-Dimer levels in pneumonia patients 1001-2000 ng/mL were 35% higher compared to COVID-19 patients 501-1000 ng/mL were 30%. Mann Whitney's non-parametric test results obtained p=0.041 (p<0.05), meaning that there was a difference in D-Dimer levels between pneumonia patients and COVID-19. Conclusion: D-Dimer levels were more elevated in pneumonia patients than in Covid-19, so Covid-19 infection did not exacerbate coagulation and fibrinolysis activities.

Outcomes and Complications Associated With Caudal Thoracic and Abdominal Air Sac Cannulation in 68 Birds.

Air sac cannulation is used both as an emergency procedure in avian patients with severe upper respiratory compromise, as well as a means of routine ventilation for surgery of the head and neck. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe and quantify the complications associated with air sac cannulation in birds. Medical records were retrieved for all patients that underwent caudal thoracic or abdominal air sac cannulation at a single center between August 2004 and October 2020. Patient signalment, indication for air sac cannulation, location of air sac cannula (ASC) placement, occurrence and category of complications encountered, and survival data were recorded. Eighty-four ASCs were placed in 68 birds across 6 orders; 95.2% (80/84) of cases survived general anesthesia for initial ASC placement. The side and position of ASC placement were known in 33.3% (28/84) and 21.4% (18/84) of cases, respectively. Survival to ASC removal was known in 91.3% (73/80) of cases; 43 (58.9%) of these 73 cases survived to ASC removal. Complications were observed in 32.5% (26/80) of cases, and 11.5% (3/26) of cases died as a direct result of the complication. The most common reported ASC complication was loss of patency in 23.8% (19/80) of cases. Increased likelihoods for complications were seen in cases where exercise intolerance (P = 0.04) or abnormal respiratory sounds (P = 0.04) were reported at presentation. Increased likelihoods for survival to ASC removal were seen with intercostal placements (P = 0.049) and peri-interventional antibiotic therapy (P = 0.005). Decreased likelihood for survival to ASC removal was seen in cases where voice change was reported at presentation (P = 0.02). This study demonstrates a moderate risk of ASC complication, with a guarded overall prognosis for survival to ASC removal.

Development and evaluation of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Mycoplasma synoviae infection

Mycoplasma synoviae is an extremely significant avian pathogen, causing substantial financial harm to poultry farmers worldwide, and impacting both chicken and turkey production. Multi-epitope vaccines offer higher immunity and lower allergenicity compared to conventional vaccines. In this study, our objective is to develop a multi-epitope vaccine for M. synoviae (MSMV) and to evaluate the immune responses and protective efficacy of MSMV in chickens. We successfully identified a total of 14 B-cell, 5 MHC-I, and 16 MHC-II binding epitopes from the immunodominant proteins RS01790, BMP, GrpE, RS00900, and RS00275. Subsequently, we synthesized the multi-epitope vaccine by connecting all conserved epitopes using appropriate linkers. The resulting MSMV demonstrated notable antigenicity, non-allergenic properties, and stability. Notably, the MSMV effectively stimulated high levels of antibody production in chickens. Furthermore, MSMV the vaccine elicited a robust cellular immune response in chickens, characterized by a well-balanced Th1/Th2-type cytokine profile and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation. In immune protection experiments, the vaccinated chickens exhibited reduced air sac lesion scores and tracheal mucosal thickness compared to their non-vaccinated chickens. Additionally, vaccinated chickens displayed lower M. synoviae loads in throat swabs. These findings collectively suggested that the MSMV holds significant potential as a promising vaccine candidate for managing M. synoviae infections.

Screening of immunogenic proteins and evaluation of vaccine candidates against Mycoplasma synoviae

Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) is a serious avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses to chicken and turkey producers worldwide. The currently available live attenuated and inactivated vaccines provide limited protection. The objective of this study was to identify potential subunit vaccine candidates using immunoproteomics and reverse vaccinology analyses and to evaluate their preliminary protection. Twenty-four candidate antigens were identified, and five of them, namely RS01790 (a putative sugar ABC transporter lipoprotein), BMP (a substrate-binding protein of the BMP family ABC transporter), GrpE (a nucleotide exchange factor), RS00900 (a putative nuclease), and RS00275 (an uncharacterized protein), were selected to evaluate their immunogenicity and preliminary protection. The results showed that all five antigens had good immunogenicity, and they were localized on the M. synoviae cell membrane. The antigens induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and the vaccinated chickens exhibited significantly greater body weight gain and lower air sac lesion scores and tracheal mucosal thicknesses. Additionally, the vaccinated chickens had lower M. synoviae loads in throat swabs than non-vaccinated chickens. The protective effect of the RS01790, BMP, GrpE, and RS00900 vaccines was better than that of the RS00275 vaccine. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of subunit vaccines as a new approach to developing M. synoviae vaccines, providing new ideas for controlling the spread of M. synoviae worldwide.

Investigating an Outbreak of Aspergillus fumigatus Infection in a Racing Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) Flock

In this study, the clinical course, pathological findings, and potential risk factors of a systemic aspergillosis outbreak caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica) were investigated. The disease was reported during the period of intense exercise in a 120 head racing pigeon flock. The exercise period coincided with the high environmental temperatures. Affected birds displayed symptoms, such as weakness, fatigue, depression, inability to stand, rapidly developing weakness, incoordination, convulsions, and death. Necropsy revealed varying sized, prominent nodular or plaque-like lesions on the lungs, air sacs, and visceral peritoneum. Single or multiple case- onecrotic fungal granulomas invading the existing and/or adjacent tissues were seen histopathologically. Malacic le- sions associated with fungal elements were observed in the central nervous system. Histopathologic and cytological findings revealed the presence of characteristic A. fumigatus elements and lesions. Considering the fact that the envi- ronmental temperatures were above the seasonal norms during the emergence of the disease as well as subjugation of pigeons to intense exercise for race preparations, A. fumigatus colonization and its spread in racing pigeons was seen likely due to the combined effects of these risk factors.

Pneumonia Detection from Pediatric Lung X-Ray Images Using Artificial Neural Networks

Pneumonia Detection from Pediatric Lung X-Ray Images Using Artificial Neural Networks ABSTRACT Studies on medical imaging have grown significantly in recent years. Doctors have a crucial convenience for diagnosis thanks to semi- or fully automatic region recognition in medical imaging. It is crucial to support treatment without a specialist doctor, particularly in those nations where there is a dearth of such medical professionals. The little air sacs known as alveoli are most impacted by pneumonia, a lung inflammation. A key component of providing the right therapy conditions to heal patients and reduce harm while eradicating inflammation is early detection and precise diagnosis. Noise and blurring in patient photos obtained from X-ray machines are cleaned using deep learning algorithms and image processing techniques, and they are very helpful in. In this study, we studied chest X-ray images of pediatric patients with pneumonia and healthy individuals. XGBoost (eXtreme gradient boosting) is an innovative machine learning algorithm based on decision tree and using gradient boosting in its computations. It achieved 97.01% success with high classification performance. Keywords: Medical imaging, Machine learning, Pediatric Chest X-ray

The presence of air sac nematodes in passerines and near-passerines in southern Germany.

Major climatic changes in conjunction with animal movement may be associated with the spread of parasites and their vectors into new populations, with potentially important consequences for population persistence. Parasites can evolve to adapt to unsuitable ecological conditions and take up refuge within new host species, with consequences for the population growth of the new host species. One parasite species that has likely been increasing its geographic range, and potentially infecting new hosts, is the recently described air sac nematode Serratospiculoides amaculata, in great tits (Parus major) in Slovakia. In this study, we screened wild birds for potential air sac nematode infection in a woodland area of southern Germany. We identified four additional host species: Eurasian nuthatch, great spotted woodpecker, greenfinch and robin. As infection by this group of nematodes can be highly pathogenic, we recommend further investigation into its potential risk to these populations.

Assessment of an Enterobactin Conjugate Vaccine in Layers to Protect Their Offspring from Colibacillosis.

Colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is an important infectious disease in chickens and a major cause of mortality in young chicks. Therefore, protecting young chickens from colibacillosis is important for improving welfare and productivity in the poultry industry. Recently, we developed a novel enterobactin (Ent) conjugate vaccine that could induce high titers of anti-Ent immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in chicken serum and consequently mitigate the organ lesions caused by APEC infection. Considering that maternal immunization is a practical approach to confer instant immune protection to the hatchlings, in this study, we immunized breeder hens with the Ent conjugate vaccine and evaluated the maternal immune protection on the progenies challenged with APEC. Three doses of the vaccine induced high titers of anti-Ent IgY in the hens (about 16- and 64-fold higher than the control group in the sera and egg yolks, respectively), resulting in an eight-fold of increase in anti-Ent IgY in the sera of progenies. However, the anti-Ent maternal immunity did not display significant protection against APEC challenge in the young chicks as there was no significant difference in APEC load (in liver, lung, and spleen) or organ lesions (in heart, liver, spleen, lung, and air sac) between the vaccinated and control groups. In future studies, the APEC infection model needs to be optimized to exhibit proper pathogenicity of APEC, and the maternal immunization regimen can be further improved to boost the maternally derived anti-Ent IgY in the hatchlings.

Constrained Synthetic Sampling for Augmentation of Crackle Lung Sounds.

Crackles are explosive breathing patterns caused by lung air sacs filling with fluid and act as an indicator for a plethora of pulmonary diseases. Clinical studies suggest a strong correlation between the presence of these adventitious auscultations and mortality rate, especially in pediatric patients, underscoring the importance of their pathological indication. While clinically important, crackles occur rarely in breathing signals relative to other phases and abnormalities of lung sounds, imposing a considerable class imbalance in developing learning methodologies for automated tracking and diagnosis of lung pathologies. The scarcity and clinical relevance of crackle sounds compel a need for exploring data augmentation techniques to enrich the space of crackle signals. Given their unique nature, the current study proposes a crackle-specific constrained synthetic sampling (CSS) augmentation that captures the geometric properties of crackles across different projected object spaces. We also outline a task-agnostic validation methodology that evaluates different augmentation techniques based on their goodness of fit relative to the space of original crackles. This evaluation considers both the separability of the manifold space generated by augmented data samples as well as a statistical distance space of the synthesized data relative to the original. Compared to a range of augmentation techniques, the proposed constrained-synthetic sampling of crackle sounds is shown to generate the most analogous samples relative to original crackle sounds, highlighting the importance of carefully considering the statistical constraints of the class under study.

A retrospective cohort study investigating the etiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in children: Radiological and genetic analysis

Background/Aim: Spontaneous pneumothorax is a serious health concern due to its life-threatening nature. It occurs when air sacs in the lungs rupture, causing air to accumulate in the chest cavity and making normal breathing difficult. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) refers to the accumulation of air in the pleural space without any traumatic or iatrogenic cause. The objectives of our study are to identify the predisposing factors in PSP patients, determine which patients should undergo genetic analysis, and present the results of a new treatment algorithm. Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort analysis of children diagnosed with PSP and admitted to the emergency department or pediatric surgery clinic. The study evaluates demographic data, radiological findings, and molecular genetic analyses of these patients. Treatment planning was conducted using thoracic computed tomography (CT) or high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) after the acute phase, and eligible patients were selected for genetic analysis based on syndromes commonly associated with PSP. Results: The study included 14 patients, 10 boys and four girls, with an average age of 16.14 (0.95) years. PSP was detected on the right side in nine male patients and on the left side in one male patient, while in girls, it was detected on the right side in two patients and on the left side in two patients. Radiological findings included air cysts, fibrotic changes, and pleural thickening. Folliculin (FLCN) mutation was detected in two patients after genetic analysis. Conclusion: In the stratified treatment protocol, radiological findings were used as a guide, and the detection of possible syndromic mutations by genetic analysis was deemed important for future management.

Two Approaches for Detecting Pneumonia from Chest X-ray Images

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in the lungs. It remains the leading cause of death in children aged <5 years. This acute respiratory infection kills over 150,000 newborns yearly. We present two approaches for detecting pneumonic lungs. Both involve chest X-ray (CXR) image classification. The first approach is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). The second approach, proposed by us, uses the theoretical notion of Kolmogorov complexity (KC), which introduces the normalized compression distance (NCD) – a way of measuring similarities between objects of different nature, such as images. The respective algorithms are described, software implementation details are presented. Experiments were conducted to enable us to choose optimal parameter values that would facilitate accurate pneumonia detection. The two procedures showed high classification quality. This convincingly indicates they were accurate in differentiating the chest X-rays. Though a known fact, the CNN approach was confirmed to be more efficient when dealing with a larger training dataset. On the other hand, the NCD-KC technique was shown to be more efficient when handling a small number of classified images. A more sensitive and more accurate pneumonia diagnosing technique that combines the strengths of both approaches is found to be feasible.

Pollen morphology of Pinus sibirica (Pinaceae) mountain populations in the North-Eastern and South-Eastern regions of Altai

The influence of the climate humidity, mountain elevation and weather in the year of observations on the pollen morphology of the Siberian stone pine was studied. We compared the populations growing in the humid NorthEastern region of Altai (Mount Kolyushta, precipitation 867 mm/year, elevation 1350-1900 m) and the arid South-Eastern region of Altai (the Yuzhno-Chuysky ridge, precipitation 129 mm/year, elevation 1800-2100 m). It has been established that in an arid climate the body of a pollen grain is more spherical shape and larger in size, in a humid climate it is more ellipsoidal shape and smaller in size. It has been suggested that the tendency towards the formation of a spherical shape of the body of pollen grains is associated with the conditions of existence in an arid climate. Larger pollen grains were also formed in the lower mountain belts of both regions and in a year with warmer weather. Temperature has much less effect on the size of the air sacs, in contrast to the humidity of the region. In a humid climate, the sacs had an elongated shape, in an arid climate they were more rounded, but at the same time they did not differ significantly in volume. It is shown that the studied populations are more distant from each other in terms of the regional humidity factor, although the elevation and the weather also significantly influenced the pollen morphology of the Siberian stone pine.

Optimal control of pneumonia transmission model with seasonal factor: Learning from Jakarta incidence data

Pneumonia is a dangerous disease that can lead to death without proper treatment. It is caused by a bacterial infection that leads to the inflammation of the air sacs in human lungs and potentially results in a lung abscess if not properly untreated. Here in this article we introduced a novel mathematical model to investigate the potential impact of Pneumonia treatments on disease transmission dynamics. The model is then validated against data from Jakarta City, Indonesia. In the model, the infection stage in infected individuals is categorized into three stages: the Exposed, Congestion and Hepatization, and the Resolution stage. Mathematical analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is always locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than one and unstable when larger than one. The endemic equilibrium only exists when the basic reproduction number is larger than one. Our proposed model always exhibits a forward bifurcation when the basic reproduction number is equal to one, which indicates local stability of the endemic equilibrium when the basic reproduction number is larger than one but close to one. A global sensitivity analysis shows that the infection parameter is the most influential parameter in determining the size of the total infected individual in the endemic equilibrium point. Furthermore, we also found that the hospitalization and the acceleration of the treatment duration can be used to control the level of endemic size. An optimal control problem was constructed from the earlier model and analyzed using the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. We find that the implementation of treatment in the earlier stage of infected individuals is needed to avoid a more significant outbreak of Pneumonia in a long-term intervention.

Lead Nitrate Toxicity in the Suprabranchial Chamber and Air Sac of an Air Breathing Cat Fish Heteropneustes Fossilis(Bloch)

Abstract: Suprabranchial chamber and air sac is a vital accessory respiratory organ help the air breathing fish in ambient oxygen consumption which is one of the primary metabolic need for the survival of the the fish. Heteropneustes fossilis is an air breathing cat fish also capable to use atmospheric oxygen through their suprabranchial chamber and air sac which is known as its accessory respiratory organ. Lead nitrate, as a prominent heavy metal, when discharged directly in to water body as industrial waste, adversely effect in the capacity of oxygen consumtion of the fish by inducing toxic effect in the respiratory organs, gills, suprabranchial chamber and air sac of accessory respiratory organ. This study provide a background for evaluating the possible danger for human health resulting for consumption of the heavy metals toxicity affected fish. The toxic effect of Lead nitrate appear to be two types, one that occurs on a short term exposure to the toxicant evidenced by fish death and the other of chronic or long term effect detected by the constant changes in the normal biological system of the test fish.

Undertail body wall herniation with abdominal air sac rupture in budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Ventral abdominal hernia cases are frequently encountered in bird species. These abdominal hernias are usually seen in sexually active female birds. Although the etiopathology is not fully understood, it is believed that the main cause is hyperestrogenism. Among the herniated organs, intestines have been reported most commonly. However, a case of abdominal hernia accompanied by air sac rupture has not been identified in the literature. An 8-year-old female budgerigar presented with a complaint of swelling under the tail and was brought to Ankara University Veterinary Hospital. Clinical examination revealed the presence of a ventral abdominal hernia under the tail. Radiographic evaluation showed that a significant portion of the swelling was filled with air, and the herniated structures were identified as intestines. The swelling was punctured with a 16G gray cannula, and the air was completely drained. Immediately after the air was expelled, it was observed that the air refilled, indicating air sac rupture. During the surgery, the herniated intestines were reduced, and the abdominal wall was repaired. At the final follow-up examination after 14 days, complete recovery of the patient was observed. In conclusion, the surgical procedure and postoperative follow-up results of a case involving previously unreported ventral abdominal herniation accompanied by air sac rupture are presented.

Implementation of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) Method for Pneumonia Dataset Augmentation

As a communicable disease, the majority of pneumonia cases are brought on by bacteria or viruses, which cause the lungs' alveoli to swell with fluid or mucus. Pneumonia may arise from this and further making breathing challenging since the lungs' air sacs are unable to contain enough oxygen for the body. Pneumonia may generally be diagnosed clinically (by a physician based on physical symptoms) as well as through a photo chest radiograph, CT scan, and MRI. In this case, the lower cost of a chest radiograph examination making it as one of the most popular medical imaging tests. However, chest radiograph photo readings have a disadvantage, where it takes a long time for medical staff or physicians to identify the patient's illness since it is difficult to detect the condition. Therefore, an identification of chest radiograph imagery into various forms using machine learning becomes one way to address this issue. This research focuses on building a deep neural network model using techniques from the Generative Adversarial Network algorithm. GAN is a category of machine learning techniques using two models to be trained simultaneously, one is a generator model to generated fake data and the other is a discriminator model used to separate the raw data from the real data set images. The dataset used is Chest X-Ray images obtained from repo GitHub and repo Kaggle totaling 5,863 with normal data 1583 images and pneumonia data 4273 imagesThe results showed that the use of the Generative Adevrsarial Network method as augmentation data proved to be more effective in improving the generalization of neural networks, this can be seen from the results the result of the accuracy value obtained is 97%.

COVID-19 Detection using adopted convolutional neural networks and high-performance computing.

The COVID 19 pandemic is highly contagious disease is wreaking havoc on people's health and well-being around the world. Radiological imaging with chest radiography is one among the key screening procedure. This disease contaminates the respiratory system and impacts the alveoli, which are small air sacs in the lungs. Several artificial intelligence (AI)-based method to detectCOVID-19 have beenintroduced. The recognition of disease patients using features and variation in chest radiography images was demonstrated using this model. In proposed paper presents a model, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with ResNet50 configuration, that really is freely-available and accessible to the common people for detecting this infection from chest radiographyscans. The introducedmodel is capable of recognizing coronavirus diseases from CT scan images that identifies the real time condition of covid-19 patients. Furthermore, the database is capable of tracking detected patients and maintaining their database for increasing accuracy of the training model. The proposed model gives approximately 97% accuracy in determining the above-mentioned results related to covid-19 disease by employing the combination of adopted-CNN and ResNet50 algorithms.