Ain El Research Articles

Soil Study and Identification of Plant Species Growing Near Two Thermal Springs (Ain El Haouamed and Ain Hamra) in the Eastern Region of Morocco

Soil Study and Identification of Plant Species Growing Near Two Thermal Springs (Ain El Haouamed and Ain Hamra) in the Eastern Region of Morocco

ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL APPROPRIATENESS OF THE FUTURE URBANIZATION OF THE CITY OF (AIN BEIDA, ALGERIA) USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS, AND THE DELPHI METHOD

Spatial adequacy evaluation is a valuable tool for planning land use strategies. It provides planners with data and outcomes that can help them make informed decisions to ensure effective and secure utilization of land in future urbanization processes. The objective of this study is to analyze the urbanization patterns in the city of Ain El Beida to determine the most appropriate areas for urban development. The aim is to create self-sustaining growth centers that effectively support the city, while also helping decision-makers address current expansions and protect agricultural lands. The study utilized spatial analysis methodology to evaluate and map the suitability of expanding the city's future space. It proposed an integration strategy that combined modern methods and techniques of the Delphi methodology to establish criteria for appropriate land use. The influence of these criteria will be analyzed spatially by administering a questionnaire to a sample of specialists in urban planning and city geography, followed by the application of spatial analyst techniques. The user's text is straightforward and precise. within the GIS framework, integrated via the analytic hierarchy approach. The user's text is straightforward and precise. To evaluate the suitability of the spatial location, to determine the significance of the factors influencing the expansion process based on their relative importance, to ensure that the desired goals are achieved in a way that reflects the priority of the decision-making criteria, and to identify the most favorable options for urban development in the study area. The findings indicated that the optimal locations for the urban growth of Ein El-Baida were determined to be 239.57 hectares, which accounts for 26.31 per cent of the entire land area under investigation. These areas are situated on the northern side of the city along National Road 80 (Ain Beida Presh) and on the western side along National Road 10 (Oum el-Bouaghi Ain Beida). These locations have been identified as the most suitable areas for spatial expansion due to their numerous incentives for urban attraction. Firstly, there is a considerable distance from the fertile and generously compensated agricultural areas, which offer unoccupied and level terrain, as well as its proximity to the central area of the pristine city of Ein. The study also determined that integrating GIS with hierarchy is crucial for constructing spatial models that accurately represent physical reality through mathematical means. This integration aids planners in selecting the most appropriate alternatives for urbanization and achieving comprehensive development of the city.

Optimizing DC Microgrid Systems for Efficient Electric Vehicle Battery Charging in Ain El Ibel, Algeria

Optimizing DC Microgrid Systems for Efficient Electric Vehicle Battery Charging in Ain El Ibel, Algeria

Geochemistry, mineral paragenesis and geothermal conditions of oreforming fluids from the Ain El Bey Cu–Fe deposit: potential occurrence of native gold and precious metal traces (North African orogenic belt, Northern Tunisia)

Geochemistry, mineral paragenesis and geothermal conditions of oreforming fluids from the Ain El Bey Cu–Fe deposit: potential occurrence of native gold and precious metal traces (North African orogenic belt, Northern Tunisia)

SOIL ANALYSIS OF BARN SWALLOW (HIRUNDO RUSTICA) NEST’S (NORTHEASTERN OF ALGERIA)

This work consists of analyzing the Barn Swallows nest’s soil (Hirundo Rustica) which was nested in the northeastern Algeria, particularly in the Mila region (Beinen), the Guelma region (Town-Center and Bouchegouf) and, the Oum El Bouaghi region (Ain el Baida). This species of birds uses different materials to build their nests, whose main component is the existing meadow soil. This study is contributes to knowing the bird strategy on nest building and materials chosen in it. From there, we have done weight chemical analysis according to the Vatan model; the results obtained are represented in the Czerminski diagram; for the organic matter quantification, we have used Walkley and Blacket method, and ecological analysis was according to ANOVA model. The weight chemical analysis results showed us loamy sandstone or marly sandstone soil type on the Northside of the study area (Mila region) and marly sandstone, sandy-marly loams, marl, and marly-sandy limestones on the Southside of the study area (Guelma and Oum El Baouaghi region), the organic matter analysis results showed non-aggressive soils and the ecological analyzes revealed a significant difference between the nest’s compositions of each region except for the loam which has an F = 1.4857 and P = 0.2681. So, the Barn Swallows have a very precise strategy in choosing construction materials for their nests. For that, we recommend to characterize those construction materials by other studies (plasticity, mechanical resistance, mineralogy etc.).

Experimental and Mathematical Modelling of Reverse Osmosis System to Investigate the Impact of Feed Water Pressure: a Case Study

Reverse Osmosis (RO) system has become the most practiced technique in the last six decades to desalinate brine and make saline water safe to drink. This paper presents an experimental and modelled set-up of an RO pilot system to monitor the impact of feed water pressure on various thermodynamics parameters of borehole water collected from Ain El Atti, Errachidia, Morocco. The initial testing to check the quality of water confirmed the presence of a high number of dissolved salts in borehole water. The experimental set-up was being installed at the LPHE-modelling and simulations laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. The study deals with monitoring the impact of feed water pressure on parameters of permeate including salinity (TDS), flow rate (Q), Specific Energy Consumption (SEC), recovery rate (Y) and Retention Rate (TR). The results showed some mixed impact of feed pressure on all parameters ranging from linear positive to linear negative relation. Furthermore, the results also showed that the simulation model showed high validity of the results with experimental results, which showed the accuracy of model.

Is the recycling of purified water from the Ain El Arbaa region for agricultural purposes possible?

The region of Ain El Arbaa, like all Algerian municipalities, suffers from a water shortage crisis. The main objective of this work is to investigate the possibility of reusing treated water from the region. 
 For this purpose, we have examined the quality of the water treated by the D'Ain El Arbaa treatment plant. 
 The analyzes carried out on the incoming sewage and outgoing waste water from the lagoon focused on the following parameters: (pH, total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4, electrical conductivity). This during the period from January 2021 to May 2021 with a sampling frequency of twice a month. 
 The results obtained show that this purification process using two sectors (pre-treatment, secondary treatment) is insufficient and does not meet the quality standards required for agricultural use for the parameters: TSS, COD, and electrical conductivity. For the preservation of the receiving environment, the results did not comply with the standards for the parameters TSS, DOC, NH4.
 The abatement yields of the lagoon treatment plant studied were average for all the parameters studied.
 So according to this work we can conclude that natural lagooning alone is not sufficient to have purified water that complies neither with the quality required for agricultural reuse, nor with the quality required for discharge into the natural environment.
 Then the addition of a complementary tertiary treatment, such as filter basins planted with macrophytes is necessary.

Diversity of hard tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting small ruminants in some breeding farms in Tizi-Ouzou area (Northern Algeria)

Ticks are hematophagous arthropods and obligate ectoparasites with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are of great medical and veterinary importance. Studying the composition of the tick fauna is a crucial step in establishing vector control programs. In this context, an inventory of hard ticks infesting small ruminants in the Tizi-Ouzou area was carried out over a one-year period, from December 2020 to November 2021. Using the direct collection technique on the host animal, a total of 663 animals examined, 170 were infested and a total of 1318 adult tick’s specimens were collected in four sampling sites. The result shows a tick diversity comprising six different species. The most abundant species was Rhipicephalus bursa (68.66%), followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (29.74%) and Ixodes ricinus (1.36%). Other species were less abundant, each representing only 0,08% of the total abundance. The highest specific richness was recorded in the Ain El Hammam site located at high altitude. A positive correlation was observed between the farms’ altitude and the tick diversity. The result of FCA analysis showed that distribution of ticks is related to altitude and habitat of tick’s species.

The Role of the Account Governor in the Validity and Credibility of Information in the Financial Statements: Case Study of the Cement Company, Ain El Kabira, scaek, Setif

The study aims to identify one of the most important independent functions that the institution resorts to uponcompletion of the preparation of its financial statements to give an honest and true picture of its financialstatements, which is carried out by the account keeper according to an organized methodology that begins by examining the accounts and numbers contained in the financial statements and ends with the recording A final report in which he expresses his opinion on the accuracy and reliability of the accounting information. The study concluded that the external audit function is the mirror that reflects the truthfulness of the information contained in the financial statements, and this function has been widely spread because of its positive impact on the decisions taken by the managers who depend primarily on the company’s financial statements, especially inlight of the adoption of the governance policy in management. This was reflected in the orientations of the cement company, Ain Al Kabeera

Effect of Feed Water Temperature on Reverse Osmosis Performance in a Borehole Water Desalination Plant: Numerical and Experimental Validation

Reverse osmosis is a water desalination process with the help of a semi-permeable membrane to deal with the global scenario of water scarcity. The study was performed by installing Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant coupled with photovoltaic (PV) panels in the LPHE-modelling and simulations laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. The principal purpose of the study was to investigate water quality and its proposed treatment by taking water samples from Ain El Atti, Errachidia, Morocco. Water quality testing confirmed the high value of Total Dissolved Salts (TDS), which made water saline. The current article will provide mathematical modelling of the RO process based on the theory of diffusion and mass transfer of solution. The results of the mathematical simulation model were validated with the help of a series of experiments done in the pilot laboratory. The study also focused on finding the impact of feed water temperature on the thermodynamic parameter of water (i.e., TDS, flow rate (Q), Specific Energy Consumption (SEC), recovery rate (Y), and retention rate (TR)). Finally, a comparison of results of both models and per cent error in results were calculated, which depicted a higher validity of the mathematical model by showing closer proximity of more than 85% of its results with the actual experimental setup.

Impact of Al Ain El Sokhna Port Extensions on Water Renewal

Impact of Al Ain El Sokhna Port Extensions on Water Renewal

Tradition and Customary Law in Tlemcen and the Hawz

This contribution deals with a theme relating to the Tlemcenois, a territory regrouping Tlemcen a medina, a pre-colonial city and former capital of the central Maghreb and the hawz, a set of localities of its periphery including Ain El Hûts. Thus defined, this territory is known for its ritual facilities including the Moorish bath, commonly called Hammam. Knowing that this social space, known for its functions, we approached this subject to highlight the mode of management, based on customary law, commonly called "Orf". This question falls within the framework of socio-anthropological studies. Indeed, the Moorish bath, in general, is considered as an annex of the mosque, a place and space of socio-cultural and especially cultural practices: it is recognized for its rituals including that of ablutions and body purification for women and men. For the local culture of the studied territory, the old Moorish baths are still managed according to the custom, respected by the respective population of the medina and the hawz. Moreover, all the uses and functions are rented to the individuals who frequent this public establishment. We have treated the traditional Moorish bath in Tlemcen and in the hawz (Ain El Hûts).

General characteristics of goat milk cheese (Feta) in the region of Tlemcen, Algeria

Goat milk, whose production is starting to develop in Algeria in recent years, has a number of advantages that even allow it to substitute cow's milk. It is a source of health benefits for humans; it contains more vitamins with a significant cheese yield than cow's milk. Our present study aims to study physicochemical, microbiological and for the first time trials of a fresh cheese (Feta) made from locally selected goat's milk in the region of Tlemcen and its 10 regions namely: Ouled Mimoun, Terny, Sebdou, Ain El houte, Remchi, Bensakrane, Maghnia, Sabra, Nedroma and Zenata. 27 goats from the local population were used for this study. The physicochemical quality (fat, density, conductivity, defatted dry extract, temperature, protein, mineral salts and lactose) of the milk sampled was measured using a LACTOSCAN Milk-Analyzer. Four flora (total germ, fecal coliform, Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella) were chosen to test the microbiological quality of the milk. The results obtained show that the good physicochemical quality of milk studied in all regions except the two regions of Nedroma and Maghnia showing a high fat content. A total absence of contaminations for the three types of fecal coliform flora, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella nevertheless for the total germs are found in all sampled regions. These results show that healthy goats hence the good practice of milking is applied during sampling. The manufacture of cheese type feta based on goat's milk was made in good conditions (raw material, hygiene, mechanical work ...) which led to a cheese of microbiological quality and nutritional and an interesting yield. The good breeding condition with a balanced diet gives a good quality of the milk and consequences of these results give an excellent forming thanks to the professional techniques of manufacturing a good feta cheese.

Obstacles of applying marketing advertisement strategies as access for promoting activities of sport touris

The research aims at recognizing obstacles of applying advertisement marketing strategies to promote sport tourism in Arab Republic of Egypt .The researchers used the descriptive method ( surveying studies ) with it's steps and procedures for it's appropriateness to achieve the research goals . The research sample was (112) . They were selected from the research community according to the following Employees in public department for sport tourism at Ministry of youth and sport of (8 ) individuals .They were selected purposively . Employees in public department for sport tourism at Ministry of tourism of (5) individuals .They were selected purposively . Employees in tourism installations at Arab Republic of Egypt in cities (Hurghada – Sharm El Sheik – El Ain EL Sokhana) , workers in the field of marketing and different fields of sport activities inside tourism installations of (81) individuals . They were selected randomly . Employees at advertisement companies in tourism field of (18) individuals . They were selected randomly .The most important findings are Weakness of applying advertising marketing strategies to promote sport tourism at Arab Republic of Egypt

الخصائص الجغرافیة والتغیرات المناخیة بمنطقة العین السخنة وعلاقتها بالنشاط البشری

تقع منطقة العين السخنة شمال غرب خليج السويس بين دائرتى عرض 29، 35o و 46، 29 شمالا وخطى طول 10، o32 و 25، o32 شرقا. تبعد منطقة الدراسة جنوب مدينة السويس بحوالي 55کم وعن مدينة القاهرة بحوالي 140کم، بينما تنحصر جغرافيا بين جبل عتاقة شمالا وهضبه الجلالة البحرية جنوبا. تتميزمنطقة الدراسة بموقع جغرافي متميز فهى محاطة بمجموعة من العوامل الجغرافية الطبيعية جعلت منها منتجع سياحي واستثماري وصناعي مهم على ساحل البحر الأحمر. يرجع تسمية منطقة الدراسة بالعين السخنة نظرا لکثرة العيون الکبريتية الساخنة بها، والتى تستخدم فى السياحة العلاجية، کما تتميز بشواطئها الرملية البيضاء غير الصخرية، حيث تنتشر على شواطئها مجموعة من القرى السياحية والفنادق. کما تتميز بمجموعة من مصانع الأسمنت والسيراميک والرخام والأمونيا وتکرير السکر، بالاضافة إلى وجود ميناء العين السخنة الذى يخدم النشاط الصناعى والسياحى. تتميز منطقة الدراسة باعتدال ظروفها المناخية مما جعلها مصيف ومشتى، بالاضافة إلى نشاط السياحة العلاجية مما جعلها مقصد للسائحين. نظرا لتدخل الانسان السلبي فى افساد الطبيعة وبناء المصانع بجوار المنشأت السياحية، والذي نتج عنه تغير بيئة منطقه الدراسة وخاصة التغير الحراري بمنطقة تصنف کمنتجع سياحي. لذلک اعتمدت الدراسة اعتمادا مباشرا على دراسة المرئيات الفضائية عبر فترات زمنية مختلفة لتوضح الاختلاف فى درجة حرارة المنطقة قبل تدخل الانسان ببناء المصانع وبعدها، کذلک المقارنة في استخدامات الأراضي قبل وبعد التدخل البشري، ومدي تأثير الرياح في تلوث البيئة المحيطة، لنضع أيدينا فوق المشکلة ومن ثم ايجاد الحلول وصياغاتها ومحاولة تطبيقها بأفضل وأحدث الوسائل الحديثة. The study area is located northwest of the Gulf of Suez, about 55km., away from Suez city and about 140km., away from Cairo. It is confined between latitudes 29 35 to 29 46 north and longitudes 32 10 to 32 25 east. Geographically, the studied area confined between Mount Ataqa to the north and plateau of Galala Al Bahariya to the south. The studied area is distinguished by a distinct geographical location, as it is surrounded by a set of natural geographical factors that made it an important tourist, investment and industrial resort on the Red Sea coast. The studied area is called Ain El Sokhna due to the large number of hot sulfur springs in it, which are used in medical tourism. It is also distinguished by its white sandy beaches that are not rocky, as there are a group of tourist villages and hotels on the shore line. The studied area is also characterized by a group of cement, ceramics, ammonia and sugar refining factories, in addition to the presence of the Ain El Sokhna port, which serves industrial and tourism activities. The studied area is characterized by moderately climatic conditions, which made it a resort and a winter resort, in addition to its medical tourism activity. However, due to the passive human intervention in spoiling nature and building factories next to the tourist facilities, which resulted in a change in the environment of the study area, especially thermal change in an area classified as a tourist resort. The study relied directly on the study of satellite visuals over different periods of time to clarify the difference in the temperature of the area before and after human intervention in building factories, as well as the comparison in land use before and after human intervention, and the extent of the impact of the winds on pollution of the surrounding environment, to put our hands above the problem and then find Solutions and their formulations and trying to implement them with the best and latest modern means.

A New Messinian87Sr/86Sr Curve for the Ain El Beida Section (Morocco): An Atlantic Perspective of the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis

AbstractWe present a new87Sr/86Sr curve for the time interval between 6.5 and 5.5 Ma of the Ain El Beida section (AEB, Atlantic side of Morocco). The location and the precessional‐scale resolution of our curve allow to investigate the possible relationships between global paleoclimatic and palaeoceanographic trends and the high‐amplitude hydrological changes of the Mediterranean during the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). The values, obtained from planktic foraminifers, plot in the upper portion of the global ocean curve and show long‐ (at eccentricity scale) and short‐term (precessional scale) oscillations; the latter are more evident during the maximum of eccentricity for both the 100 and 400 ka components, between 6.00 and 5.85 Ma. Negative87Sr/86Sr anomalies are observed at insolation minima in phase with δ18O maxima, marking the glacial stages from TG34 to TG26. It is unclear whether these oscillations originated from local (river runoff) or global (glacial/interglacial) climatic forcing. Conversely, the evaporites of the coeval Primary Lower Gypsum (5.97–5.62 Ma) accumulated in the Mediterranean at insolation minima show positive anomalies at glacial stages TG32, 30, 28, and 26. Such an opposite trend is possibly related to the greater sensitivity of the Mediterranean Sea to river runoff during insolation maxima compared to the global ocean, as recorded at the Moroccan Atlantic margin. These observations and the deviation toward lower values of the Mediterranean Sr isotope curve starting at around 6.5 Ma, support the hypothesis of a progressive restriction of the Atlantic connections since the early Messinian, leading to the MSC.

Mutation of the Seaside Architecture in Algeria and its Impact on Coastal Landspace. A Case Study: Ain El Turc, Algeria

The sea strongly contributes to the identity of coastline areas. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the coastline is a geographical entity which calls for specific organization. From an architectural point of view, design elements have been associated with the assets (or constraints) of the site. Thus, the view is associated with the bow window, protection against the climate with canopies and protruding roofs, and quality of the soil and bedrock. Integration into the site is also highly desirable, both in form (ship) and in construction materials. The urbanization of coastal areas in Algeria is a colonial fact. In pre-colonial times, little importance was given to these areas, whereas later they became a priority: port sites, the speed of communications with Europe, rich agricultural plains, a mild climate and welcoming beaches. The developments and seaside constructions carried out during this period were part of the logic of attractiveness to welcome more European settlers and promote the sedentarization and growth of those already living in Algeria. After independence, political and economic choices did not unfortunately take into account the geographical and climatic specificity of Algeria’s coastal zones. Thus, population growth and rural depopulation have led to a sharp increase in the demand for real estate, which has resulted in unbridled urbanization, regardless of the seaside vocation of these territories. In this article, based on the case of the seaside resort of Ain El Turc, which has colonial architectural production of an exceptional quality that takes into account the specificities of the coastline and the presence of the sea, the aim is to assess and verify if this architecture was perpetuated after independence. To this end, we have highlighted, through bibliographic research, the characteristics of seaside architecture from the 19th and 20th centuries and those of the contemporary time. An analysis of all the dwellings located in the Saint Rock district in the municipality of Ain El Turc consisted in identifying these characteristics and establishing a classification of these constructions.

Joint Gravity and Seismic Reflection Methods to Characterize the Deep Aquifers in Arid Ain El Beidha Plain (Central Tunisia, North Africa)

Electric resistivity sounding and tomography, as well as electromagnetic sounding, are the classical methods frequently used for hydrogeological studies. In this work, we propose the development and implementation of an original integrated approach using the unconventional hydro–geophysical methods of gravity and seismic reflection for the fast, large–scale characterization of hydrogeological potential using the Ain El Beidha plain (central Tunisia) as an analogue. Extending the values of vintage petroleum seismic reflection profiles and gravity data, in conjunction with available geological and hydrogeological information, we performed an advanced analysis to characterize the geometry of deep tertiary (Oligocene and Eocene) aquifers in this arid area. Residual and tilt angle gravity maps revealed that most gravity anomalies have a short wavelength. The study area was mainly composed of three major areas: the Oued Ben Zitoun and Ain El Beidha basins, which are both related to negative gravity trends corresponding to low–density subsiding depocenters. These basins are separated by an important NE–SW trend called “El Gonna–J. El Mguataa–Kroumet Zemla” gravity high. Evaluation of the superposition of detected lineaments and Euler deconvolution solutions’ maps showed several NE–SW and N–S relay system faults. The 3D density inversion model using a lateral and vertical cutting plane suggested the presence of two different tectonic styles (thin VS thick). Results from the gravity analysis were in concordance with the seismic analysis. The deep Oligocene and Eocene seismic horizons were calibrated to the hydraulic wells and surrounding outcrops. Oligocene and Eocene geological reservoirs appear very fractured and compartmented. The faulting network also plays an important role in enhancing groundwater recharge process of the Oligocene and Eocene aquifers. Finally, generated isochron maps provided an excellent opportunity to develop future comprehensive exploration surveys over smaller and more favorable areas’ sub–basins.

Isolation and characterization of a novel rhamnolipid producer Pseudomonas sp. LGMS7 from a highly contaminated site in Ain El Arbaa region of Ain Temouchent, Algeria.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02751-6.

Environmental responsibility as an entry point for the company's contribution to achieving sustainable development- case study of the cement company of Ain El Kebira - Setif

Environmental responsibility as an entry point for the company's contribution to achieving sustainable development- case study of the cement company of Ain El Kebira - Setif