Agroforestry has emerged as a sustainable land use system capable of enhancing soil health and mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. The present study investigates the influence of fruit tree-based agroforestry systems on soil physico-chemical properties and carbon stock dynamics in comparison to sole cropping systems. Results revealed a significant improvement in soil quality under agroforestry, marked by decreased bulk density, pH, and electrical conductivity, alongside enhanced organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soil moisture. These improvements are attributed to continuous litterfall, root turnover, and better ground cover from tree-crop interactions. Simultaneously, agroforestry treatments demonstrated a higher total carbon stock across biomass (above and below ground), soil, and crops. The highest tree carbon density (8.71 t ha⁻¹) and total system carbon stock (52.88 t ha⁻¹) were recorded under apricot-based intercropping (Apricot + Rajmash), significantly surpassing the control treatments. Soil carbon stock was also notably greater under agroforestry systems, likely due to increased organic inputs and improved microclimatic conditions. These findings confirm that agroforestry not only enhances soil fertility but also contributes substantially to atmospheric carbon capture, making it a viable strategy for climate-resilient agriculture in the Himalayan region.

Biomass allocation to the root systems of trees in agroforestry and forest mixture systems involving nitrogen-fixing species

Agroforestry trees for soil maintenance: a case study of Albizia gummifera and Cordia africana in Guangua district, Northwestern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The study examined potential of agroforestry trees in phytoextraction of toxic heavy metals and metalloids (Pb, Cd, As and Hg) in soils from abandoned mine sites. The soil contained high levels of Pb (450 mg/ kg), Cd (25 mg/kg) and As (120 mg/kg). Three trees were planted in the contaminated soil: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia nilotica and Leucaena leucocephala, in a completely randomised block design with three replicates. After six months, tissue samples were collected and heavy metal concentrations analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results showed that L. leucocephala had the highest accumulation of Pb (145 mg/kg) and Cd (28 mg/kg) in roots, while A. nilotica had lower levels but still showed absorption capacity. E. camaldulensis showed potential for phytoextraction as it could translocate both heavy metals and metalloids to the topical tissues. Overall, all the three tree species demonstrated ability to remediate contaminated soils. L. leucocephala and A. nilotica had high phytoremediation capacity based on their phytoextraction efficiency and can be used to reclaim contaminated soils. However, further research is required to evaluate the time and frequency of tree planting over several cycles.

Farmers in southern Ethiopia integrate versatile trees with annual crops; yet, scientific data on their impacts on soil properties and crop yields remain limited. This research evaluated the impact of Croton macrostachyus (Hochst. Ex Delile) and Erythrina brucei (Schweinf) canopies on soil properties and wheat yield across different radial distances from the tree trunks, in Gamo, southern Ethiopia. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment was applied, incorporating two tree species replicated four times for each and four radial distance treatments. Soil and wheat data were analysed using two-way ANOVA. The findings demonstrated significant enhancements in soil properties and wheat yields under both tree canopies, with peak yields observed at two-thirds of the crown radius. Since this study was conducted over a single season and focused on just one crop, future research should incorporate multi-seasonal and regional data, as well as variations in soil depth.

One of the main abiotic limitations in tropical agroforestry and nursery production systems is water stress or drought. The purpose of this study is to assess how Gmelina arboreaandJatropha curcas a fast-growing agroforestry tree species reacts to various watering schedules in nursery settings. To evaluate its resistance to water deficit,germination, important physiological and growth parameters are assessed. The findings suggestthe correlation patterns confirm the significant impact of water deficiency on physiological integrity. Under stressful circumstances, leaf necrosis significantly increased.The model explained 91.7% of the growth rate variance (p < 0.0001), and stressed seedlings showed reduced elongation and biomass accumulation. Collar diameter is significantly impacted by a lack of water. Its variability was explained by stress level (p < 0.0001) with 98.8%, suggesting a considerable reduction in stem thickening under situations of high stress.Additionally, there was a substantial correlation between stay-green and plant height, indicating that chlorophyll retention promotes seedling growth.The results guide the choice of species for plantations in water-limiting locations and nursery hardening.

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) offers both economic and therapeutic benefits in Bangladesh, thereby enhancing farmers' profits and addressing the growing demand for natural health products. Its integration into woody perennials can increase both income and productivity. However, research on the productivity evaluation of aloe vera in association with trees in different agroforestry systems in charland is limited, underscoring the need for further study. Therefore, an experiment was conducted from July 2022 to October 2024 in Char Kalibari under Sadar Upazila of Mymensingh District, Bangladesh, to evaluate the growth, yield, and economic productivity of aloe vera with tree-based agroforestry systems. A single-factor randomized complete block design with four treatments and three replications was employed, resulting in a total of 12 plots, each measuring 16 m². The treatments consisted of T0, representing aloe vera sole cropping (control), T1 = aloe vera with Swietenia macrophylla agroforestry, T2 = aloe vera with Mangifera indica agroforestry, and T3 = aloe vera with Psidium guajava agroforestry. Aloe vera suckers were transplanted into the interspaces, where the trees were permanently grown at a spacing of 2 m × 2 m. Findings revealed that aloe vera in sole cropping had significant growth and the highest fresh leaf yield (39.6 t ha-1) compared to agroforestry treatments. Among the agroforestry combinations, the aloe vera-Swietenia macrophylla performed better than others, while the aloe vera-Psidium guajava showed the lowest growth and yield. From an economic point of view, the aloe vera-Mangifera indica agroforestry system provided the highest net income (664579 Tk ha-1), benefit-cost ratio (1.81), and land equivalent ratio (1.69), making it the most profitable agroforestry combination. Correlation analyses revealed strong positive relationships between yield and key yield-contributing characters, including plant height, leaf number, leaf length and diameter, and individual leaf weight. In summary, the limited negative impact of tree components on the aloe vera plant emphasizes the viability of its cultivation in agroforestry systems in the Charland ecosystems to meet national demand.

Agroforestry practices are sustainable methods of managing lands as they support biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services that are critical for sustaining rural livelihoods. This indicates its importance as a holistic and integrative area-based measure supporting human-nature interactions. However, the biodiversity conservation efforts of agroforestry practices and the associated beneficial services to rural farmers and their households, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, are underexplored. In this study, we assessed the biodiversity conserved through agroforestry practices, associated provisioning ecosystem services, and the perception of farmers on practising agroforestry in selected rural communities in Southwestern Nigeria. We employed a mixed-methods approach to achieve these objectives, combining well-structured questionnaires with field-based observations for validation processes. We identified 38 forest tree species belonging to 24 families and 14 Agricultural tree species belonging to 11 families. The identified tree species offer various benefits to farmers and their households, with medicinal resources being the most prominent. Additionally, most farmers across selected communities expressed a willingness to adopt agroforestry practices, regardless of demographic differences. We provided recommendations for facilitating the adoption of agroforestry practices among rural farmers. Additionally, we suggested prospects for assessing tree biodiversity and beneficial services of agroforestry systems across various scales.

The process of mineralization, which releases nutrients from organic matter, is essential for the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems. This study was conducted to understand the general mineralization pattern of three agroforestry species leaf litter using litter bag technique at Bye nursery site, Jimma Environment and Forest Research center. The experiment would be conducted during summer season due to moisture is the major factor which affect the existence of different microbes that facilitates (accelerates) nutrient mineralization rate. In this research, we investigated the mineralization patterns of leaf litter from three agroforestry tree species: Erythrina abyssinica, Ficus vasta, and Croton macrostachyus. A factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in the study, with the tree species serving as the main plot and the incubation period (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days) as the subplot factor. According to our results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has revealed that (P < 0.001), the amounts of nutrients released and the rates of mineralization varied significantly among tree species. Except for phosphorus, almost 89% of the original litter nutrient content was mineralized and incorporated into the soil during the study period. All tree species released potassium (K) levels of over 975 ppm into the soil environment. Croton macrostachyus and Ficus vasta released over 88% of their phosphorus (P) by the end of the incubation period. The order of nutritional mineralization for Croton macrostachyus and Erythrina abyssinica was K>N>P, whereas for Ficus vasta it was K>P>N. Additionally, we found that for short term soil fertility correction to the eroded soil, application of both E.abyssinica and C.macrostachyus leaf litter are useful. Our results provide foundational information and new perspectives that can inform future investigations into mineralization trends in other agroforestry species.

GEDI and Sentinel data integration for quantifying agroforestry tree height and stocks.

ABSTRACT Quantifying the impact of increasing CO2 levels on plant growth traits and carbon sequestration is crucial for forecasting ecosystem dynamics and evaluating climate change mitigation strategies. Here, we aimed to investigate how the growth and carbon sequestration potential of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. a notable agroforestry tree species responds to varying levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration, ranging from ambient level (408 ppm) to elevated levels (450 ppm, 500 ppm, 550 ppm, and 600 ppm), using OSC S-1000 L plant growth chamber. Plant growth in terms of growth traits such as shoot length, leaf length, and leaf width was measured. Carbon sequestration potential was determined by the carbon stock of the whole plant by adopting the loss on ignition method. We found that at 600 ppm, plant growth peaked, showing a 17.13% increase in leaf length, 6.82% in leaf width, and 5.21% in shoot length compared to ambient CO2 level. Likewise, an increase in carbon content of 5.21% was observed at this level. This study highlights both the adaptability of the species and a direct relationship between CO2 levels, growth traits, and carbon content. Our findings not only deepen the understanding of species-specific responses to climate change but also hint at potential strategies for enhancing carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems.

A review of the direct and indirect effects of African agroforestry trees

ABSTRACT The Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is a vital resource in the dry savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, providing both economic and ecological benefits, particularly for women in rural communities. Despite their importance, shea trees face challenges due to agricultural intensification and reduced regeneration. This study investigates the socio-ecological dynamics of shea tree agroforestry systems in a village community in northern Ghana using a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key informants and participatory mapping exercises, while quantitative data were obtained from household surveys. Findings indicate high resilience and complexity within these systems and codependency between the shea trees and their users, supported by healthy shea tree populations, community recognition of their value and the system adaptability to climate stressors, such as reduced rainfall and rising temperatures. The farmers protected the shea trees from physical damage, but wildfires may damage the trees and plowing of soils may unintentionally remove seedlings. However, recent demographic changes have intensified farming practices, which may further threaten shea tree regeneration. Therefore, to balance agricultural productivity with ecological conservation, there is a need for new land-use strategies to ensure long-term sustainability in the region.

Effect of Leaf Mulch from Selected Agroforestry Tree Species on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in South-West Nigeria

Melia dubia, a short rotational agroforestry tree species, has earned wide fame among farmers of India for its apparent monetary benefits. To gain firsthand knowledge about population structure and diversity, unexplored naturally occurring four populations of this species are being examined in India's northernmost Western Ghats region. Our approach used assessment based on molecular analysis using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. RAPD profiling suggested moderate gene diversity (PPL= 52.54-59.32 %, H= 0.16-0.21) and genetic differentiation (GST=0.11) but high gene flow (Nm=4.22) among populations. Most genetic differentiation (96%) was ascribed within-population. The close range of Nei’s genetic identity coefficient (0.955-0.973) among populations confirmed a limited gene pool of this species. Divulgence of narrow genetic base warrants immediate measures for in-situ conservation of M. dubia in the northernmost Western Ghats region. Waghai and Nanapondha appeared to be the most genetically diverse among the populations. Therefore, they should be prioritised as a seed source for artificial regeneration.

This paper investigates the value chain development and market price stability of some agroforestry tree products in Dandi Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Purposive sampling was used to select three (3) villages within Dandi Local Government area, including Tunga maizuma, Mallenyero and Kamba, on the basis of availability of producers, marketers and consumers of some agroforestry tree products. Five markets were selected purposively on the basis of availability of marketers and consumers of the agroforestry tree products. The research determines sale values, analyzes market channels, and explores value addition through packaging. Key findings reveal that smallholder farmers face significant barriers in accessing markets, high transaction costs, limited capital access, and lack of market information. The paper identifies factors contributing to price instability, such as supply-demand imbalances and poor market information. Analysis of market channels demonstrates that farmers often receive only a fraction of the final retail price due to multiple intermediaries. Results show that value-added products can offer higher returns and extend the market season for agroforestry tree products. Based on these findings, the paper strongly recommends an interventions to strengthen targeted farmer organizations, improve access to market information, and promote value addition activities, which will contribute to poverty reduction and food security in rural communities.

Health and performance of fattening pigs reared in grassland and agroforestry systems in a temperate maritime climate.

Agroforestry (AF) systems improve ecological interactions and reduce environmental stresses in semiarid regions, thereby improving food security and livelihood. While many AF trees benefit crop growth, some may have inhibitory effects. Hence, assessing tree-crop interactions is essential to optimizing AF practices in semiarid regions. This study examines the allelopathic effects of Dodonaea angustifolia and Populus deltoides leaf powder on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germination, growth, and yield. A pot experiment was conducted in Ganta Afeshum district, northern Ethiopia, using four concentrations of leaf powder (50, 100, 150, and 200 g per pot) mixed with soil, alongside a control (without leaf powder). Wheat germination and yield decreased by 10% and 15%, and 16 and 13%, respectively, as the concentrations of D. angustifolia and P. deltoides leaf powder increased to 200 g. Similarly, the addition of 200 g of D. angustifolia and P. deltoides leaf powder reduced barley germination by 13% and 14%, and its yield by 18% and 15%, respectively. These findings suggest that integrating D. angustifolia and P. deltoides into AF systems may reduce wheat and barley productivity in semiarid regions. Further long-term field studies are needed to confirm and expand upon these findings.

ABSTRACTParkland agroforestry tree species are prominent features in many landscapes of the world. However, the parkland agroforestry' species composition is influenced by ecological and economic factors in a given socio‐cultural environment. The aims of this study were to investigate the tree species diversity in parkland agroforestry in the study area. The two administrative kebeles were selected purposively. A total of 90 households were randomly selected for tree species inventory. Six transect lines were established for the inventory of tree species in study sites. Along each of the 3 transect lines, 15 quadrates were laid out. The total number of quadrates used was 90 (45 quadrates for each study site). Shannon, Simpson and evenness indices were used to calculate the richness and diversity of the tree species in the study area. From the study, the Shannon, Simpson and evenness diversity indices revealed that tree species richness per quadrate in both study sites was (1.84b ± 0.25) and (2.49a ± 0.14). This exposed the tree species; the Shannon, Simpson and Evenness diversity indices were higher at the Bohe site than at Bachira. The significant value index of individual tree species at parkland agroforestry was assessed, and Croton macrostachyus and Cordia africana were ranked first and second tree species in both studies sites with mean IVIs of 52.22% and 38.43%, respectively. This is recommended to farmers to increase the diversity and richness of tree species in their parkland agroforestry practice and reducing the charcoal market and needs further detailed investigation accordingly. Parkland agroforestry plays a vital role in conserving tree species diversity as well as the ecological sustainability of agricultural landscapes.

This study investigated the calorific values of five tree species, three of which are exotic and grown in agroforestry systems and the other two are naturally growing and indigenous in Tabora, Tanzania. Whereas the exotics are Acacia crassicarpa, Acacia leptocarpa and Acacia julifera, the indigenous species are Brachystegia boehmii and Brachystegia spiciformis. Wood fuel, primarily in the form of charcoal and firewood, is a critical energy source in developing countries, particularly for heating and tobacco curing. Understanding the calorific values of these species is essential for optimizing their use as sustainable bioenergy sources, especially in regions where biomass remains a dominant energy resource. The study was conducted at the Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) Tumbi Centre, utilizing wood samples collected from trees at various heights and positions within the stem. Calorific values were determined using a bomb calorimeter and statistical analyses, including ANOVA and regression, were employed to compare species and assess correlations between sample positions and energy content. Results revealed that the mean calorific values of the exotic Acacia species (Acacia crassicarpa: 17.11 kJ/g, Acacia leptocarpa: 16.67 kJ/g, and Acacia julifera: 17.45 kJ/g) were not significantly different from each other but showed significant differences compared to the indigenous Brachystegia spiciformis (20.18 kJ/g). Brachystegia boehmii exhibited a calorific value of 16.66 kJ/g, similar to the Acacia species. Notably, Acacia julifera demonstrated favourable calorific properties, making it a promising tree species for further cultivation in agroforestry systems aimed at sustainable energy production. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the thermal properties of agroforestry tree species, providing critical data for sustainable forestry management and energy planning. The findings underscore the importance of integrating both exotic and indigenous species into agroforestry systems to enhance energy security, support local economies, and promote environmental conservation. Recommendations are made for the adoption of Acacia julifera in community woodlots and plantations, alongside continued research into the thermal properties of other species to inform sustainable resource management practices in Tanzania and similar regions.