Agricultural Cultivation Research Articles

DETEKSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI JAMUR PATOGEN TERBAWA BENIH VARIETAS PADI LOKAL DI KABUPATEN KAPUAS

This study was aimed to detect and identify seed-borne pathogenic fungi in six local rice varieties of Siam Unus, Karangdukuh, Mayang, Gumpal Kuning, Gumpal Putih, and Siam Arjuna in Kapuas Regency. In addition, the objective of this study was also to determine the effect of seed pathogens on the physiological quality and the percentage of infected seeds.
 The research location was at the Agricultural Cultivation Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palangka Raya, and the study was carried out from September 2020 to February 2021. Seed health testing used the filter method (blotter test), isolation and identification of seed-borne pathogenic fungi using the agar method. The variables observed included macroscopic morphology of pathogens in petri dishes and microscopic evaluation using a compound microscope, seed germination, percentage of infected seeds, frequency of microorganism findings and pathogenicity tests on seed germination.
 Based on the results of the study, the identified pathogenic fungi carried by local varieties of rice seeds in Kapuas district were Aspergillus spp., A. flavus, A. niger, Curvularia sp. and Oidium sp., however these pathogens did not affect seed germination. The highest numbers of microorganisms observed on the agar method was Aspergillus spp. (37.5%), followed by Curvularia sp. (29%), whereas in the blotter test method the frequency of the fungus Curvularia sp. only 5.6%. The frequency of finding A. flavus and A. niger on the agar method was lower at 21.8%, while the fungus Oidium sp. was detected in very low percentage for only 0.9%. The pathogenic fungus Oidium sp. showed the highest level of pathogenicity in seeds reaching 21.7%, while the pathogenic A. niger, Curvularia sp. and A. flavus showed a lower infection rate, at 13.9% to 17.8% respectively. These pathogenic fungi might cause the seeds to not germinate normally such as leading to necrosis of the hypocotyl and plumules, stunted germination growth, and death of seed germination.
 Keywords: Detection, identification, seed-borne pathogens, local rice varieties, Kapuas

Highly Efficient, Antibacterial, and Salt-Resistant Strategy Based on Carbon Black/Chitosan-Decorated Phase-Change Microcapsules for Solar-Powered Seawater Desalination.

Solar-powered interfacial evaporation has been recognized to be a promising and sustainable technology for seawater desalination, in view of the challenge of freshwater scarcity and fossil energy storage. Nevertheless, current cutting-edge interfacial evaporation systems mostly ignore the issues of intermittent solar irradiation and bacterial contamination. We have hereby developed a novel type of an interfacial evaporator equipped with carbon black (CB)/chitosan (CS)-decorated phase-change microcapsules as a multifunctional photothermal material for solar-powered seawater desalination, based on a highly efficient, antibacterial, and salt-resistant multipurpose strategy. In the developed microcapsules, an n-docosane phase-change material (PCM) core was engulfed in a TiO2 shell, followed by surface decorating a CB/CS nanocomposite layer. A high thermal energy-storage capacity of more than 140 J g-1 was achieved, thanks to tight sealing of n-docosane as a PCM core in the perfect core-shell structured microcapsules. Moreover, a rational combination of CS and CB nanoparticles not only contributes an extremely high solar absorption efficiency of 95.04% and good wettability to the as-synthesized microcapsules, but also imparts outstanding antibacterial and salt-resistant abilities to them. These innovative designs enable the developed evaporator to gain a high evaporation rate of 2.58 kg m-2 h-1, along with an evaporation efficiency higher than 90% for consecutive and stable evaporation of seawater under intermittent solar illumination. Compared to conventional evaporators without a PCM, there is an increase by 1.03 kg m-2 in the total water production of the develop evaporator under natural solar illumination for 8 h on a semicloudy day. The resultant evaporated water presents good vegetation compatibility to meet the requirement of crop growth for agricultural cultivation. This work provides a new pathway for designing and developing the high-performance interfacial evaporators with prominent antibacterial and salt-resistant abilities to produce purified water through solar-powered sustainable seawater desalination.

Edge computing driven sustainable development: A case study on professional farmer cultivation mechanism

AbstractNew‐type professional farmers are new‐type rural talents with scientific and cultural literacy and professional knowledge of agriculture under the background of rural revitalization. The new type of professional farmers is of great significance for accelerating agricultural modernization and promoting the construction of a powerful modern socialist country. In the process of cultivating new types of professional farmers in rural areas, it is necessary to break through the previous informatization constraints of poor information flow, and give full play to the role of advanced information technology to promote the sustainable economic development. This paper proposes a new type of professional farmer cultivation platform based on edge computing architecture to improve the cultivation efficiency of new type of professional farmers, so as to better promote the development of rural informatization. Aiming at the challenges of energy consumption under the edge platform architecture, this paper proposes a dynamic scheduling method for semi‐online tasks for edge computing platforms. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm, the method in this paper is compared with the classic scheduling algorithm, and simulated and verified on the CloudSim platform. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms in the task completion time metric. With the expansion of task scale, more energy consumption can be saved by using the algorithm proposed in this paper.

EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PARTNERSHIP PT. ANTAM Tbk UBPN POMALAA ON HEALTHY HYDROPONIC VEGETABLE BUSINESS

Hydroponics is an agricultural cultivation technique that uses water as a planting medium and with a special installation system that minimizes the use of chemicals in the cultivation process. Hydroponic healthy vegetable business is a hydroponic business located in Pomalaa, Southeast Sulawesi. Previously, this business operated alone in terms of marketing and cultivation which resulted in not optimal income obtained with existing resources. Existence of PT Antam operating in the Pomalaa area is expected to help hydroponic businesses with the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). PT Antam has as a form of their responsibility towards the surrounding environment where the company is located. This research was conducted to determine the effect of the implementation of CSR partnership PT. Antam Tbk for the Hydroponic Healthy Vegetable business using a quantitative descriptive analysis research method, namely by observing the research location and processing data using the R/C formula. The results of this study indicate that R/C > 1, which means that the demand is greater than the costs incurred, or in other words, every IDR 1 cost incurred can generate revenue of IDR 3.85, so it can be concluded that the Hydroponic Healthy Vegetable business is feasible for developed and generate profits for farmers.

Planting conditions can enhance the bioactivity of mulberry by affecting its composition.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) has a special significance in the history of agriculture and economic plant cultivation. Mulberry has strong environmental adaptability, a wide planting range, and abundant output. It is not only an important resource for silkworm breeding but also a raw ingredient for various foods and has great potential for the development of biological resources. The bioactivities of mulberry in different planting areas are not the same, which is an obstacle to the development of mulberry. This study collected information on the planting conditions of mulberry branches in 12 planting areas, such as altitude, temperature difference, and precipitation. A comparison of the levels of 12 constituents of mulberry branches from mulberry grown in different planting areas was then made. An in vitro model was used to study the bioactivities of mulberry branches in the 12 planting areas, and mathematical analysis was used to explain the possible reasons for the differences in the composition and bioactivities of mulberry branches in different planting areas. After studying mulberry samples from 12 planting areas in China, it was found that a small temperature difference could affect the antiapoptotic effect of mulberry branch on microvascular endothelial cells by changing the levels and proportions of rutin, hyperoside, and morusin. Adequate irrigation can promote the antioxidation of the mulberry branch on microvascular endothelial cells by changing the levels and proportions of scopoletin and quercitrin. The results of the analysis of planting conditions and the levels of active constituents and their correlation with bioactivities support the improvement of mulberry planting conditions and have great significance in the rational development of mulberry resources. This is the first time that a mathematical analysis method was used to analyze the effects of planting conditions on mulberry biological activity.

The modulation of light quality on carotenoid and tocochromanol biosynthesis in mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts

This study aimed to identify the regulatory mechanisms of white, blue, red lights on carotenoid and tocochromanol biosynthesis in mung bean sprouts. Results showed that three lights stimulated the increase of the predominated lutein (3.2–8.1 folds) and violaxanthin (2.1–6.1 folds) in sprouts as compared with dark control, as well as β-carotene (20–36 folds), with the best yield observed under white light. Light signals also promoted α- and γ-tocopherol accumulation (up to 1.8 folds) as compared with dark control. The CRTISO, LUT5 and DXS (1.24–6.34 folds) exhibited high expression levels under light quality conditions, resulting in an overaccumulation of carotenoids. The MPBQ-MT, TC and TMT were decisive genes in tocochromanol biosynthesis, and were expressed up to 4.19 folds as compared with control. Overall, the results could provide novel insights into light-mediated regulation and fortification of carotenoids and tocopherols, as well as guide future agricultural cultivation of mung bean sprouts.

Quantitative Assessment of Horizontal Ecological Compensation for Cultivated Land Based on an Improved Ecological Footprint Model: A Case Study of Jiangxi Province, China.

Cultivated land horizontal ecological compensation is an essential means of reconciling agricultural ecosystem protection and regional economic development. It is important to design a horizontal ecological compensation standard for cultivated land. Unfortunately, there are some defects in the existing quantitative assessments of horizontal cultivated land ecological compensation. In order to raise the accuracy of ecological compensation amounts, this study established an improved ecological footprint model based on the ecosystem service function, focused on estimating the value of ecosystem service function, ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity, ecological balance index and ecological compensation values of cultivated land in all cities of Jiangxi province. It then analyzed the rationality of ecological compensation amounts in Jiangxi province, which is one of the 13 provinces of major grain-producing areas in China. The results show the following: (1) The total value of soil conservation service function, carbon sequestration and oxygen release service function and ecosystem service function in Jiangxi province showed a spatial distribution trend of "gradually increasing around Poyang Lake Basin". (2) The cultivated land ecological deficit areas in Jiangxi province are Nanchang City, Jiujiang City and Pingxiang City; ecological surplus areas are Yichun City, Ji'an City and eight other cities; and there is an obvious "Spatial Agglomeration" phenomenon in ecological deficit and ecological surplus areas where ecological deficit areas are mainly concentrated in the northwest region of Jiangxi. (3) The amount needed to attain fair ecological compensation for cultivated land is 5.2 times the payment amount for cultivated land; this indicated there is larger arable land, a favorable condition for agricultural cultivation, and better supply capacity of ecosystem services in most of the cities of Jiangxi. (4) The compensation amount for cultivated land ecological surplus areas in Jiangxi province is generally higher than the cost of ecological protection, and its proportion in GDP, fiscal revenue and agriculture-related expenditure is significantly higher than that in ecological deficit areas; this indicated that the compensation value of cultivated land could play the driving role in the protective behavior for cultivated land. The results provide a theoretical and methodological reference for the construction of horizontal ecological compensation standards for cultivated land.

Design of an intelligent bean cultivation approach using computer vision, IoT and spatio-temporal deep learning structures

Crop health monitoring and weed removal are two crucial elements dictating efficient, productive and resilient cultivation. Due to frequent attacks by pest and pathogens, the crops become diseased resulting in degradation of the quality and quantity of the production. The process of continuous monitoring of crop health is challenging and requires the involvement of information and communication technologies (ICT). The outcome is precision agriculture where the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are vital ingredients. The design of an integrated approach of precision agriculture based on IoT and AI is discussed here which is tailored for real time crop health monitoring and performs various other operations like weed detection, ambient air sensing, watering the vegetation automatically at regular intervals of time, spraying of pesticides etc. The proposed system is a combination of an IoT formed using sensors and devices, image processing and machine learning (ML)/ deep learning (DL) techniques confined to the cultivation of fifteen varieties of beans found in India. The work involves two intelligent learning models configured to capture spatio-temporal attributes of image samples and sensor inputs and for real time discrimination between healthy and diseased bean leaves, detection of weeds growing around the cultivation land and also for process control. The first approach employs a DL structure named EfficientNetB7 along with a Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) while the second method adopts a VGG16 with an integrated attention mechanism. Also experiments have been carried out using benchmark ML classifiers like Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Time Delay Neural Network (TDNN) combined with feature extraction techniques. Segmentation methods have been used to separate out the diseased sections of the leaves which are then used as apriori labels for the classifiers to reinforce the previously known details of the bean varieties. Subsequently, the trained networks are tested with bean leaf samples collected from cultivation farms. Results show that our proposed DL models could accurately predict the health state of the bean leaves with less computation time. With an automated approach of bean leaf health discrimination, weed detection and process control, the cost effectiveness of the overall effort is enhanced. Further, the sensor pack also provides precise thresholds at which water sprinkling could be initiated resulting in water conservation.

Punishment, Patronage, and the Revenue Extraction Process in Pharaonic Egypt

AbstractThe processes of control and collection are prominent themes throughout pharaonic history. However, the extent that the central regime attempted to administer agricultural fields to collect revenues directly from the farmer who actually worked the land is unclear during the pharaonic period (c.2686–1069). Relations between those involved in agricultural cultivation and local headships of extended families and wider kinship groups were deeply embedded within a broad range of interpersonal discourses, behaviours, and practices. Village headmen and officials at all levels of an impersonalized “state” hierarchy were themselves landholders who drew income from the land and were held responsible for collecting revenues from their fields. It is therefore necessary to define, with a focus on the imperatives of a subsistence economy, who was working the land and what the relationship was between them, the headmen, and those from within outside power structures (in the context of direct intervention against specific groups of the population). To address these points, I will focus on revenue extraction as a “state” process, how it was connected to the role of punishment, and its impact on local hierarchies (the targets of revenue extraction).

Shrimp Glucose-6-phosphatase 2 (G6Pase 2): a second isoform of G6Pase in the Pacific white shrimp and regulation of G6Pase 1 and 2 isoforms via HIF-1 during hypoxia and reoxygenation in juveniles.

Animals suffer hypoxia when their oxygen consumption is larger than the oxygen available. Hypoxia affects the white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei, both in their natural habitat and in cultivation farms. Shrimp regulates some enzymes that participate in energy production pathways as a strategy to survive during hypoxia. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) is key to maintain blood glucose homeostasis through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. We previously reported a shrimp G6Pase gene (G6Pase1) and in this work, we report a second isoform that we named G6Pase2. The expression of the two isoforms was evaluated in oxygen limited conditions and during silencing of the transcription factor HIF-1. High G6Pase activity was detected in hepatopancreas followed by muscle and gills under good oxygen and feeding conditions. Gene expression of both isoforms was analyzed in normoxia, hypoxia and reoxygenation in hepatopancreas and gills, and in HIF-1-silenced shrimp. In fed shrimp with normal dissolved oxygen (DO) (5.0mg L- 1 DO) the expression of G6Pase1 was detected in gills, but not in hepatopancreas or muscle, while G6Pase2 expression was undetectable in all three tissues. In hepatopancreas, G6Pase1 is induced at 3 and 48h of hypoxia, while G6Pase2 is down-regulated in the same time points but in reoxygenation, both due to the knock-down of HIF-1. In gills, only G6Pase1 was detected, and was induced by the silencing of HIF-1 only after 3h of reoxygenation. Therefore, the expression of the two isoforms appears to be regulated by HIF-1 at transcriptional level in response to oxygen deprivation and subsequent recovery of oxygen levels.

친환경 도시농업교육이 지속가능한 도시의 생태환경 인식에 미치는 영향

In addition this study suggests the necessity of environment-friendly urban agricultural education and of environmental education to diffuse through urban agriculture containing plural value.
 This study leaded to the conclusion as follows. First, The object mostly used the chemicals for pest control. Some of the object didn’t use the chemicals because they considered safe foods and environmental matters. Second, The most preferred urban agricultural educations were pest control, environment-friendly agricultural method, and plant culture method in order. Third, as for the severity of environmental problem, those who completed the education pointed out climate change and those who didn't complete the education pointed out atmosphere pollution. Fourth, As for manure used for environment-friendly agricultural cultivation, a part of the group who completed the education uses manure produced by themselves. Most of the group who didn't complete the education use the products produced already. Fifth, As for manure quantity, the group who completed the education uses less quantity than the group who didn’t complete the education. Sixth, As for how much the object can solve the environmental problem in urban area, the group who completed the education perceives in the possibility of solution on the higher level than the group who didn’t complete the education.

Data fusion‐driven difference analysis of farming culture between China and Japan

The difference in farming culture is the basis for the exchange, reference, and integration of agricultural culture. We propose a method based on data fusion and extraction method for analyzing differences in farming culture between China and Japan in this paper. Specifically, we designed a farming culture difference analysis model based on deep learning technology and improved algorithm. We combined deep neural network and particle swarm algorithm to design and improve the analysis model of farming culture difference. Firstly, we introduce in detail the designed analysis model based on deep learning, namely BP neural network. Secondly, we adopt the particle swarm algorithm (PSO) to improve and upgrade the defects of the BP neural network model. The experimental and comparative analysis of the results shows the characteristics of China's vast land and abundant resources and the characteristics of Japan, an island country with limited cultivated land.

Cover crop effects on infiltration, aggregate stability, and water retention in the Lower Mississippi River Valley

AbstractCover crops are widely considered to improve soil health in the form of erosion control, organic matter additions, and improving water‐holding capacity. Despite the generally well‐documented benefits, cover crops remain under‐studied in the Lower Mississippi River Valley (LMRV), an area historically dominated by intensive cultivated agriculture, with soils prone to erosion, and where the need for irrigation has led to unsustainable aquifer withdrawals. The objective of this study was to evaluate cover crop (with cover crops [CC] and without cover crops [NCC]) effects on near‐surface soil physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties. Soil sample collection and in situ measurements were conducted, once per site, between May 2018 and May 2019 across four locations within the LMRV portion of eastern Arkansas. Overall and steady‐state infiltration rates were unaffected (p > .05) by cover‐crop treatment. Across all locations, extractable soil Na content in the top 10 cm was greater (p ≤ .05) with NCC (31.6 kg ha−1) compared with CC (21.6 kg ha−1). Averaged across treatment and soil depth (0 to 5 and 5 to 10 cm), water‐stable aggregate concentration in the 0.25‐ to 0.5‐ (0.101 g g−1) was 1.5 times greater (p ≤ .05) than that in the 1.0‐ to 2.0‐mm size class (0.068 g g−1). Though many soil properties did not significantly differ between CC treatments due to their collective variations, results of this study demonstrate the wide‐spread implications of CC use on physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties across a region.

Definition of agronomic circular economy metrics and use for assessment for a nanofertilizer case study

Circular economy has become global priority, and fertigation make large contribution. Modern circular methodologies base their definitions, besides on waste minimisation and recovery, on the product usage U and lifetime L. We have modified a commonly used equation for the mass circularity indicator (MCI) to permit MCI determination for agricultural cultivation. We defined U as intensity for diverse investigated parameters of plant growth and L as the bioavailability period. In this way, we compute circularity metrics for the plantgrowth performance when exposed to three nanofertilizers and one biostimulant, as compared to no-use of micronutrients (control 1), and micronutrients supplied via conventional fertilizers (control 2). We determined an MCI of 0.839 for best nanofertilizer performance (1.000 denotes full circularity), while the MCI of conventional fertilizer was 0.364. Normalised to control 1, U was determined as 1.196, 1.121 and 1.149 for manganese, copper and iron-based nanofertilizers, respectively, while U was 1.709, 1.432, 1.424 and 1.259 for manganese, copper, iron nanofertilizers and gold biostimulant when normalised to control 2, respectively. Based on the learning of the plant growth experiments, a tailored process design is proposed for the use of nanoparticles with pre-conditioning, post-processing and recycling steps. A life cycle assessment shows that the additional use of pumps for this process design does not increase energy costs, while preserving environmental advantages related to the lower water usage of the nanofertilizers. Moreover, the impact of the losses of conventional fertilisers by missing absorption of plant roots, which is presumed to be lower for the nanofertilizers.

Locals’ Perception on Catfish Farming Cultivation to Prevent Stunting

Background: The catfish cultivating community plays an important role in fighting stunting in Timor Tengah Selatan, Kupang, and Manggarai Regencies. By encouraging people to increase their intake of protein from catfish, people increase their overall consumption of fish. Aim: This study aims to determine the perceptions of the village community towards the development of catfish farming to overcome stunting in Timor Tengah Selatan, Kupang, and Manggarai Regencies. Method: The method used in this study was a survey method, while the data collection technique in this study used a questionnaire and literature study. Findings: The results showed that in developing catfish farming, the positive response from the community towards freshwater fish in the Timor Tengah Selatan, Kupang, and Manggarai regions was significant. Of the 50 respondents, almost half said catfish farming was a good idea. As a result of poor marketing efforts and lack of public acceptance, many respondents believed the catfish industry would not be successful. More than half of the surveyed group or 61.67% believe that catfish marketing is inadequate. Moreover, 48.75% of respondents believe this industry will not be popular because people are not familiar with catfish and its related dishes.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Cultivated Land from 2010 to 2020 in Long’an County, Karst Region, China

Spatio-temporal changes in cultivated land have a profound impact on food security and sustainable development. However, existing studies on spatio-temporal changes in cultivated land mostly focus on single factors, for instance quantity, quality and ecology, that cannot comprehensively reflect the changes in total production capacity and the sustainability of cultivated land. This study aims to construct a comprehensive analysis approach and to provide a reference basis for a comprehensive analysis of the extent of changes in overall cultivated land food-production capacity and the formulation of cultivated land conservation-related policies. This comprehensive analysis method constructed from three dimensions: quantity, production capacity and ecology, fully reflects the changes in the total amount, structure, rate of change, spatial distribution, quality, total production capacity and sustainability of cultivated land. The results from the application of this approach to Long’an County, Guangxi Province, China demonstrate that: (a) from 2010 to 2020, the total amount of cultivated land in Long’an County decreased sharply by 30.83%, accounted for mainly by the conversion into orchards, forest land and other garden land; (b) the quality of cultivated land improved by 2.71% on average, mostly in relation to natural factors; (c) the total food-production capacity of cultivated land decreased by 28.96% on average, mainly due to the decrease in the area of cultivated land; (d) both the ecological grade and the sustainability of cultivated land decreased slightly; (e) the barycenter of cultivated land migrated 3.3 km to the ecologically sensitive areas in the west, and the patch size of cultivated land decreased from an average of 2.60 hectares/pc in 2010 to that of 1.34 hectares/pc in 2020, suggesting increased fragmentation of cultivated land; and (f) the patch regularity of cultivated land decreased from 2.08 in 2010 to 1.76 in 2020, showing improved patch regularity and slightly better adaptability to mechanization. There were two main reasons for the lower, total food production capacity in Long’an County: first, the low comparative income of grain cultivation, because of which farmers spontaneously adjusted the agricultural cultivation structure to pursue high returns; and second, the lack of targeted government policies to protect cultivated land. In general, this comprehensive analysis method is applicable to other provinces in China or other regions abroad to provide a reference basis for a comprehensive understanding of changes in the food production capacity of cultivated land and the formulation of policies on cultivated land protection.

The effects of cultivation patterns and nitrogen levels on fertility and bacterial community characteristics of surface and subsurface soil.

The cropping system affects the physicochemical property and microbial community of paddy soil. Previous research mostly focused on the study of soil 0-20 cm underground. However, there may be difference in the laws of nutrient and microorganism distribution at different depths of arable soil. In surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface (10-20 cm) soil, a comparative analysis including soil nutrients, enzymes, and bacterial diversity was carried out between the organic and conventional cultivation patterns, low and high nitrogen levels. Analysis results suggested that under the organic farming pattern, the contents of total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and soil organic matter (SOM) as well as alkaline phosphatase and sucrose activity increased in surface soil, but the SOM concentration and urease activity decreased in subsurface soil. A moderate reduction of nitrogen applied to soil could enhance soil enzyme activity. It was demonstrated by α diversity indices that high nitrogen levels remarkably undermined soil bacterial richness and diversity. Venn diagrams and NMDS analysis manifested great difference in bacterial communities and an apparent clustering tendency under different treatment conditions. Species composition analysis indicated that the total relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi retained stable in paddy soil. LEfSe results revealed that a low nitrogen organic treatment could elevate the relative abundance of Acidobacteria in surface soil and Nitrosomonadaceae in subsurface soil, thereby tremendously optimizing the community structure. Moreover, Spearman's correlation analysis was also performed, which proved the significant correlation of diversity with enzyme activity and AN concentration. Additionally, redundancy analysis disclosed that the Acidobacteria abundance in surface soil and Proteobacteria abundance in subsurface soil exerted conspicuous influence on environmental factors and the microbial community structure. According to the findings of this study, it was believed that reasonable nitrogen application together with an organic agriculture cultivation system could effectively improve soil fertility in Gaoyou City, Jiangsu Province, China.

Naturalistic technologies development for the cultivation of agricultural plants for the innovative development of rural areas as an element of organic farming

The Laboratory of Genomic Research and Breeding and Seed Technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education "Russian Academy of Personnel Support for the Agro-Industrial Complex" presented an action plan for the development of biologized technologies for the agricultural plants cultivation in the conditions of technogenically polluted soils of domestic agrobiocenoses. The object of research is vegetable crops of domestic selection that are strategically important for the food security of the Russian Federation. The study results confirmed the hypothesis that the fungal microbiota is able to interact synergistically with probiotic bacteria, improving their survival, stimulating growth and increasing biodiversity and recovery of the saprotrophic soil microbiota. An original complex scheme has been proposed, which interconnects variety-specific features and primary seed production of new varieties for usage in biologized and organic farming technologies.

Bio-organic fertilizers improve Dendrocalamus farinosus growth by remolding the soil microbiome and metabolome.

Organic and microbial fertilizers have potential advantages over inorganic fertilizers in improving soil fertility and crop yield without harmful side-effects. However, the effects of these bio-organic fertilizers on the soil microbiome and metabolome remain largely unknown, especially in the context of bamboo cultivation. In this study, we cultivated Dendrocalamus farinosus (D. farinosus) plants under five different fertilization conditions: organic fertilizer (OF), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bio-fertilizer (Ba), Bacillus mucilaginosus Krassilnikov bio-fertilizer (BmK), organic fertilizer plus Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bio-fertilizer (OFBa), and organic fertilizer plus Bacillus mucilaginosus Krassilnikov bio-fertilizer (OFBmK). We conducted 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to evaluate the soil bacterial composition and soil metabolic activity in the different treatment groups. The results demonstrate that all the fertilization conditions altered the soil bacterial community composition. Moreover, the combination of organic and microbial fertilizers (i.e., in the OFBa and OFBmK groups) significantly affected the relative abundance of soil bacterial species; the largest number of dominant microbial communities were found in the OFBa group, which were strongly correlated with each other. Additionally, non-targeted metabolomics revealed that the levels of soil lipids and lipid-like molecules, and organic acids and their derivatives, were greatly altered under all treatment conditions. The levels of galactitol, guanine, and deoxycytidine were also markedly decreased in the OFBa and OFBmK groups. Moreover, we constructed a regulatory network to delineated the relationships between bamboo phenotype, soil enzymatic activity, soil differential metabolites, and dominant microbial. The network revealed that bio-organic fertilizers promoted bamboo growth by modifying the soil microbiome and metabolome. Accordingly, we concluded that the use of organic fertilizers, microbial fertilizers, or their combination regulated bacterial composition and soil metabolic processes. These findings provide new insights into how D. farinosus-bacterial interactions are affected by different fertilization regiments, which are directly applicable to the agricultural cultivation of bamboo.

Multitemporal greenhouse mapping for high-resolution remote sensing imagery based on an improved YOLOX

Plastic greenhouses (PGs), as safeguard agricultural facilities, have changed the cultivation structure of agriculture, to a certain extent, and can seriously impact the environment. Exploring the temporal characteristics of greenhouses in terms of quantity and area is significant for sustainable agricultural development and environmental protection. Pixel or object-based large-scale greenhouse mapping has difficulty meeting the demand for the simultaneous extraction of greenhouse quantity and area. Multibranch task model can provide the number and area information of greenhouse. However, there are various labeling methods and model between different branches, which lead to the deviation between quantity and area results. This paper proposes a model that is based on improved you only look once X (YOLOX) and kullback–leibler divergence (KLD), called YOLOX and KLD plus (YXLD + ), to obtain spatiotemporally consistent greenhouse mapping. The new model still has stable performance in dense scenes, with a 5.7 % improvement in average precision compared to BBAVectors. Finally, a multitemporal greenhouse map of Zhoukou City was obtained using imagery provided by Google Earth (GE). Overall, the distribution of greenhouses in Zhoukou City remained stable between 2012 and 2017. However, the number and area of greenhouses in local areas has increased rapidly in the past five years, with the number of greenhouses increasing by 47.08 % and the area expanding by 41.38 %. Greenhouses' distribution and changing characteristics concentrate on the gently sloping areas from the northwest to the southeast. These results provide an objective perspective on the development of the local agricultural cultivation structure, which is of significant importance for the promotion of agricultural modernization.