Use Of Agricultural Chemicals Research Articles

Effects of crop insurance on farm input use: Evidence from Kansas farm data

AbstractCrop insurance has been linked to changes in farm production decisions. In this study, we examine the effects of crop insurance participation and coverage on farm input use. Using a 1993–2016 panel of Kansas farms, evidence exists that insured farms apply more farm chemicals and seed per acre than uninsured farms. We use a fixed effects instrumental variable estimator to obtain the effects of change in crop insurance coverage on farm input use accounting farm-level heterogeneity. Empirical evidence suggests that changes in the levels of crop insurance coverage do not significantly affect farm chemical use. Thus, moral hazard effects from purchasing crop insurance are not large on a per acre basis but can lead to expenditures of $6,100 per farm.

Impact of Dactyloctenium aegyptium Weed Extracts on Soil Borne Fungal Phytopathogens and Legume Crop-Vigna

Background: As it is well known that intensive and indiscriminate use of chemicals in agriculture has caused very serious problems to the environment and as well as the human beings as it has poisoned our food also contaminated for soil and water. Aim to make light of the adverse effect of these chemical pesticides the extract of Dactyloctenium aegyptium was used against the soil borne plant pathogens i.e., Fusarium oxysporium, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotium rolfsi. Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during 2018-19, different part of Dactyloctenium aegyptium extracts show the antifungal activity against soil born fungal phyto-pathogen and also show the effect on vigna (Moong) at different parameters. The antifungal activity was resolute by well diffusion method. It is very effortless and usual method to resolve the inhibition zone. Result: Our investigation in which the heptane extract of the Dactyloctenium weed both part s was found to be most effective against the fungal plant pathogens i.e. 0.00 over the control which was 6.3 and 5.8 in Fusarium oxysporium and Rhizoctonia solani respectively and extract in ethyl acetate and butyl alcohol was show lowest effectiveness against Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsi i.e 5.3 and 6.4. In case of green gram germination, Dactyloctenium aegyptium in different solvent at 25% concentration, butylalcohol was the highest in increasing the germination percentage (100) show effectiveness. The leaves, root and stem length show highest effectiveness respectively methanol, heptane and water. The overall effectiveness of the different extract against the fungal plant pathogens were found significantly effective.

Bermudagrass Cultivars with Different Tolerance to Nematode Damage Are Characterized by Distinct Fungal but Similar Bacterial and Archaeal Microbiomes.

Turfgrass landscapes have expanded rapidly in recent decades and are a major vegetation type in urbanizing ecosystems. While turfgrass areas provide numerous ecosystem services in urban environments, ecological side effects from intensive management are raising concerns regarding their sustainability. One potentially promising approach to ameliorate the ecological impact and decrease the use of agricultural chemicals is to take advantage of naturally evolved turfgrass-associated microbes by harnessing beneficial services provided by microbiomes. Unfortunately, especially compared to agricultural crops, the microbiomes of turfgrasses are not well understood. Here, we analyzed microbial communities inhabiting the leaf and root endospheres as well as soil in two bermudagrass cultivars, ‘Latitude 36’ and ‘TifTuf’, which exhibit distinct tolerance to nematode damage, with the goal of identifying potential differences in the microbiomes that might explain their distinct phenotype. We used 16S rRNA gene V4 and ITS2 amplicon sequencing to characterize the microbiomes in combination with microbial cultivation efforts to identify potentially beneficial endophytic fungi and bacteria. Our results show that Latitude 36 and TifTuf showed markedly different fungal microbiomes, each harboring unique taxa from Ascomycota and Glomeromycota, respectively. In contrast, less difference was observed from bacterial and archaeal microbiomes, which were dominated by Bacteroidetes and Thaumarchaeota, respectively. The TifTuf microbiomes exhibited lower microbial diversity compared to Latitude 36. Many sequences could not be classified to a higher taxonomic resolution, indicating a relatively high abundance of hitherto undescribed microorganisms. Our results provide new insights into the structure and composition of turfgrass microbiomes but also raise important questions regarding the functional attributes of key taxa.

Regulating pests—material politics and calculation in integrated pest management

This paper attempts to shed some light on current biopolitics of food and environmental security by analyzing the strategy of Integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is an ecological form of pest management that emerged in the United States in the 1950s in response to the pesticide crisis and now informs numerous pesticide legislations around the world. The paper analyzes IPM as a governmental hinge that aims to reconcile the conflicting goals of food security and environmental security. To this end, the paper makes three intertwined arguments. First, through an examination of scientific texts from the field of economic entomology, the paper shows how biological and chemical pest control methods are produced as two conflicting materialities that must be mediated. In a second step, the text shows how economically defined thresholds and cost-benefit analyzes are used to level the difference between these two materialities and make them commensurable. Finally, it elaborates how IPM aims primarily at transforming farmers’ practices. The use of chemicals in agriculture is to be reduced by transforming farmers into calculating subjects. Overall, the article aims to show how IPM, as an important element of contemporary ecological governmentality, seeks to realize positive environmental effects in the quantitative medium of economics and science.

Evidence of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles amharicus and Anopheles arabiensis from Arjo-Didessa irrigation scheme, Ethiopia.

Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets are among the key malaria control intervention tools. However, their efficacy is declining due to the development and spread of insecticide resistant vectors. In Ethiopia, several studies reported resistance of An. arabiensis to multiple insecticide classes. However, such data is scarce in irrigated areas of the country where insecticides, pesticides and herbicides are intensively used. Susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l. to existing and new insecticides and resistance mechanisms were assessed in Arjo-Didessa sugarcane plantation area, southwestern Ethiopia. Adult An. gambiae s.l. reared from larval/pupal collections of Arjo-Didessa sugarcane irrigation area and its surrounding were tested for their susceptibility to selected insecticides. Randomly selected An. gambiae s.l. (dead and survived) samples were identified to species using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were further analyzed for the presence of knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles using allele-specific PCR. Among the 214 An. gambiae s.l. samples analyzed by PCR, 89% (n = 190) were An. amharicus and 9% (n = 20) were An. arabiensis. Mortality rates of the An. gambiae s.l. exposed to deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin were 85% and 86.8%, respectively. On the other hand, mortalities against pirmiphos-methyl, bendiocarb, propoxur and clothianidin were 100%, 99%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Of those sub-samples (An. amharicus and An. arabiensis) examined for presence of kdr gene, none of them were found to carry the L1014F (West African) allelic mutation. Anopheles amharicus and An. arabiensis from Arjo-Didessa sugarcane irrigation area were resistant to pyrethroids which might be synergized by extensive use of agricultural chemicals. Occurrence of pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors could challenge the ongoing malaria control and elimination program in the area unless resistance management strategies are implemented. Given the resistance of An. amharicus to pyrethroids, its behavior and vectorial capacity should be further investigated.

Shortages and price spikes will reshape agricultural chemical use

Shortages and price spikes will reshape agricultural chemical use

The Lack of Knowledge on the Microbiome of Golf Turfgrasses Impedes the Development of Successful Microbial Products

Golf courses have a significant environmental impact. High water demands and the intensive use of agricultural chemicals have been a concern for decades and are therefore in the focus of efforts to make golf courses more environmentally sustainable. Products based on modifying or using plant-associated microbiota are one of the fastest-growing sectors in agriculture, but their application on turfgrasses on golf courses is so far negligible. In this review, we summarize the limited knowledge on microbiomes of golf turf ecosystems and show that the lack of holistic studies addressing the structure and function of golf turf microbiomes, including their responses to intense turf management procedures, is currently the main bottleneck for development and improvement of reliable, well-functioning microbial products. We further highlight the endosphere of turfgrasses, which is easily accessible for microbial cultivation through constant mowing, as the most stable and protected micro-environment. Many grass species do possess endophytic bacteria and fungi that have been shown to improve the plants’ resistance towards microbial pathogens and insect pests, and several products using endophyte-enhanced grass varieties are commercially successful. We anticipated that this trend would tee-off on golf courses, too, once a more comprehensive understanding of golf turf microbiomes is available.

To 75 years of Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS of Ukraine. The school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists

Goal. To analyze the development of scientific research of the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Pesticides of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and to characterize the scientific school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists.
 Methods. Information about the scientific activity of scientists in the spheres of analytical chemistry and ecotoxicology, reflected in their personal files and literature.
 Results. Problems related to the improvement of the chemical method of plant protection and scientific substantiation of its application were largely solved by the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS during the whole period of 75 years of activity. The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Pesticides has played and still plays an important role in this respect. The founder of this laboratory Doctor Sciences (Chem.) Ye.S. Kosmaty was the first to conduct research on the problem of rational use of chemicals in agriculture, the study of processes and mechanisms of their interaction in the agro-ecosystem. His work was continued by students — V.M. Kavetsky, L.I. Bublyk, K.O. Chebot’ko. Doctor Sciences (Agr.), Professor L.I. Bublyk established a school of ecotoxicologists, preparing 15 candidates of science, 6 of whom continue to work at the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS and its network to this day. The main directions of their research are the development of the principles of rational use of pesticides, the methods for determining individual pesticides and their multiple residues in the objects of agrocoenosises and soil; study of the dynamics of pesticide detoxification in agrocoenosises; development of methods of ecological assessment of technologies of chemical protection of agricultural crops for the purpose of forecasting, prevention of ecological risks and reduction of negative impact on the environment.
 Conclusions. The achievements of the scientific school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS and its network are a significant contribution to the development of agricultural science. Their widespread implementation will help solve problems of ecologically oriented chemical method of plant protection and at the same time increase the production of high quality food.

Spatial‐temporal evolution and influence factors of China’s agricultural non‐point source pollution discharge intensity in recent 40 years

AbstractThe excessive use of agricultural chemicals and the unreasonable use of agricultural wastes are the main problems encountered by China’s agriculture department. However, the comprehensive study on the discharge intensity of China’s agricultural non‐point source pollution (ANPSP) under the long‐term series has not been fully explored. On the basis of our previous research, the spatial‐temporal characteristics and influence factors of ANPSP discharge intensity in China from 1978 to 2017 were analyzed. The results showed that the discharge intensity from 1978 to 2017 was on a declining curve and roughly underwent four stages, including the free development stage, reform promotion stage, market regulation stage, and policy incentive stage. In this process, the discharge intensity of COD, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) was, respectively, declined to 1829.1 tons/108 yuan, 758.3 tons/108 yuan, and 100.1 tons/108 yuan. The regional discharge intensity has varied obviously in space as time goes by, showing the characteristics of spatial agglomeration, agglomeration weakening, spatial differentiation, and differentiation aggravation. The influence factor analysis indicated that under the background of implementing the traditional farming mode, increasing farmers’ incomes, adjusting the plantation structure, and remaining the stable agricultural product prices, China’s ANPSP discharge intensity could be reduced effectively.

Organic interventions conferring stress tolerance and crop quality in agroecosystems during the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration

AbstractExcessive use of synthetic chemicals in conventional agriculture largely degraded the agroecosystems that constitute approximately 40% of the global terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, changing climate resulted in a substantial loss in agricultural productivity (both in quantity and in quality) mainly due to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. This draws public awareness about depleting natural resources, viz., soil, land, and water due to unsustainable agricultural practices and equivalently concerns for food‐related animal and human health risks. Modern organic agriculture has shown positive impacts in terms of food/biomass production, climate resilience, soil health, biodiversity, nutritional security, and good quality of life; and is of prodigious demand for nutrient‐rich organic food products. In the ensuing decade, owing to the principal focus for the quality aspects or health benefits of organic agriculture, this review explores how organic interventions affect the nutritional value and yield quality in a production system; enable plants to adapt to adverse futuristic environmental conditions, and address the global food and nutritional security challenges. The chronological emergence, current global status, public perceptions, and key components of organic agriculture with their attached health benefits are inextricably synthesized herein. Fostering the ethos of organic agriculture under the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) is highly imperative for agroecosystem restoration and its sustainable management. Moreover, the multidimensional paybacks of organic agriculture help in attaining important global goals and targets such as the Bonn Challenge and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN‐SDGs) by the year 2030. Therefore, invigorating the escalation of organic farming as a concurrent strategy of soil, land, and ecosystem restoration is the need of the hour.

Genomic Analysis of the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase-Producing Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5 Reveals Its Multifaceted Roles in Soil and in Beneficial Interactions With Plants.

Beneficial 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase-producing bacteria promote plant growth and stress resistance, constituting a sustainable alternative to the excessive use of chemicals in agriculture. In this work, the increased plant growth promotion activity of the ACC deaminase-producing Pseudomonas thivervalensis SC5, its ability to limit the growth of phytopathogens, and the genomics behind these important properties are described in detail. P. thivervalensis SC5 displayed several active plant growth promotion traits and significantly increased cucumber plant growth and resistance against salt stress (100mmol/L NaCl) under greenhouse conditions. Strain SC5 also limited the in vitro growth of the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 indicating active biological control activities. Comprehensive analysis revealed that P. thivervalensis SC5 genome is rich in genetic elements involved in nutrient acquisition (N, P, S, and Fe); osmotic stress tolerance (e.g., glycine-betaine, trehalose, and ectoine biosynthesis); motility, chemotaxis and attachment to plant tissues; root exudate metabolism including the modulation of plant phenolics (e.g., hydroxycinnamic acids), lignin, and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin); resistance against plant defenses (e.g., reactive oxygens species-ROS); plant hormone modulation (e.g., ethylene, auxins, cytokinins, and salicylic acid), and bacterial and fungal phytopathogen antagonistic traits (e.g., 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, HCN, a fragin-like non ribosomal peptide, bacteriocins, a lantipeptide, and quorum-quenching activities), bringing detailed insights into the action of this versatile plant-growth-promoting bacterium. Ultimately, the combination of both increased plant growth promotion/protection and biological control abilities makes P. thivervalensis SC5 a prime candidate for its development as a biofertilizer/biostimulant/biocontrol product. The genomic analysis of this bacterium brings new insights into the functioning of Pseudomonas and their role in beneficial plant-microbe interactions.

Influence of Natural Liquid Organics on Morphology and Growth Attributes of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

Background: Heavy use of chemicals in agriculture has weakened the ecological base and caused the degradation of soil, water resources and quality of the food. The increasing cost and unavailability of fertilizers, growing ecological concern has forced us to try new methods of application of nutrients. Natural farming is the new method introduced as a holistic alternative to the present chemical input based agriculture. There has been increasing interest in the use of panchagavya, beejamrutha, jeevamrutha and other liquid organic formulations during the recent years. Therefore, there is a need to compare the efficiency of natural liquid organics and the regular chemical fertilizers. Hence, the present investigation is taken up with the aim to study the effect of different foliar spray of organics on growth of blackgram. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the dryland farm, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati during Kharif, 2017 to study the effect of foliar sprays of different natural liquid organics on morphological and growth attributes of blackgram. Result: The results indicated that RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers) recorded significantly maximum plant height, leaf area, dry matter, seed yield and other yield attributes over the foliar spray of liquid organics. Results further revealed that significantly lower plant height, dry matter were recorded in the treatment receiving seed treatment with beejamrutha. No significant difference in terms of days to 50% flowering was observed among the treatments. Significantly higher emergence index was recorded in the treatments receiving seed treatment with beejamrutha and water. Integrated use of organics has recorded significantly more number of root nodules compared to other treatments. Jeevamrutha foliar spray recorded to be superior over panchagavya foliar spray which was attributed to the presence of micronutrients in jeevamrutha.

Problems of Chemical Control in Agriculture: An Environmental Perspective

Introduction: In the environment, agriculture has been causing several environmental problems due to the use of chemicals in agriculture, and mainly of agrochemicals, causing serious damage to the environment and the environment in which we live. The use of chemical products occurred due to many factors, which caused their consumption to increase, and one of them is the high demand for food due to the increase in the population.
 Aims: The aim of this work is to carry out a brief literature review on the problems of chemical control in agriculture: an environmental perspective, describing its importance in the agricultural sector.
 Literature Review: The control of pests, diseases and weeds, chemical control is essential, and before agriculture took a turn in sustainable rural development, the use of agrochemicals was common, and it was not seen as something that brings many problems. However, with the search for sustainability, and sustainable rural development, since the high consumption of pesticides was caused by agriculture, it was necessary to adopt other methods of controlling pests, diseases, and weeds. Even with the benefits of using chemical control, current agriculture seeks its use when other methods are not possible, as the use of pesticides causes many problems for the environment, for human health and for food.
 Final considerations: As a result, other methods have been adopted, such as cultural and biological control, so that, in this way, the use of pesticides in agriculture is reduced, and problems in different sectors of society are avoided, providing a more sustainable environment.

Agrochemical Usage Inventory and Measured Residues in Streams Within an Off-Season Durian Production Region of Thailand

Rising demand for off-season durian production in Thailand has led to increased agrichemical use and potential environmental and health concerns. In this study, we surveyed 117 farmers and collected water samples from 11 villages in Krungching Sub-district. Overall, 108 agrochemicals were listed as being used in off-season durian production, but we focused on residual concentrations of the persistent herbicides glyphosate and paraquat in surface water. We applied a pollution release and transfer registry for 2016 to determine an application rate of 288,149 kg/year for these agrichemicals. These were primarily detected during the dry season, and not the wet season. This reporting system can be used to develop seasonal environmental surveillance and monitoring tools for more sustainable use of agrochemical substances in off-season durian production in environmentally sensitive areas such as the Krungching River watershed, especially during the first stage of cultivation (dry season), in order to ensure the use of agricultural chemicals under appropriate circumstances. Further studies are needed to better understand the full diversity of persistent agrochemical substance usage and disposal, in order to reorient agricultural activities to focus on local needs and capabilities as part of efforts to implement more sustainable agriculture in Thailand.

Cultural Control: A Sustainable Method of Pest and Disease Control

Agriculture is composed of many factors that alter its production, are of an environmental and management nature, and in terms of management, pests and diseases are of great importance, as they cause a lot of damage to the crop, at different times, and the control of these is essential. pests and diseases to ensure that the plant can reach its production potential. With the concern for a more sustainable production, agriculture has diversified through transformations in the technological and information scopes, which helped to increase the production of production systems. However, only biological and plant-based controls did not guarantee such a large control of pests and diseases, and to complement the control, and to reduce the use of chemicals in agriculture, cultural control was used. This cultural control, together with its sustainable management of pests and diseases, using biological control methods and the base of plant origin, brought new forms of pest and disease control, helping in management, and providing a more sustainable production environment. In addition to these benefits, cultural control is of great importance in the control of pests and diseases, as its control comes as a preventive practice, providing a diversity of the system, and a better control of pests and diseases by breaking cycles, culture, pests and diseases.

Endophytic fungi as direct plant growth promoters for sustainable agricultural production

Current rates of population growth require the development of new agricultural strategies to feed the world human and livestock. The massive use of agricultural chemicals causes serious damage to the environment, and to human and animal health. For this reason, the use of endophytic fungi represents a biological alternative in increasing agricultural productivity in a sustainable way. This group of microorganisms, which inhabit plant tissues and organs without causing symptoms of damage, includes a great diversity of filamentous fungi and yeasts that are capable of increasing agricultural productivity. Some of the mechanisms involved in promoting plant growth by means of endophytic fungi include the increasing access to nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iron, etc.), production of plant hormones, the ethylene amount reduction, or increase in water acquisition rate. This review tries to compile all the works carried out in the last decades on endophytic fungi use as plant growth promoters with great potential in agriculture.

Heavy metals affecting Neotropical freshwater fish: A review of the last 10 years of research.

The expansion of urban centers, the increase in the use of chemicals in agriculture, and the significant expansion of industry has dumped increasing amounts of heavy metals into aquatic ecosystems, directly and indirectly affecting the entire food web in freshwater environments. In freshwater fish, many studies conducted worldwide have shown that these pollutants can cause alterations from the molecular level to behavioral, in all stages of life, including in future generations. Despite the great diversity of freshwater fish in the Neotropical region, few studies addressing the influence of metals on native species have been carried out. The last decade of studies showed that the effects of metals in neotropical species can be from the molecular to the behavioral level. Metals like Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Chromium and Zinc have often been detected in environmental studies and evaluated in experimental approaches. Metabolically active organs showed higher levels of accumulation. In addition, some environmental studies have shown that ecologic and trophic conditions can be determinant in the level of exposure to metals. Oxidative stress, genotoxicity and several histopathological alterations were the most recurrent effects detected in target organs.

Ensuring Chemical Safety Of Flour And Bakery Products In Surkhandarya

At present, due to changing ecological situation in the country, unfavourable weather conditions, uneven operation of industrial enterprises, especially the use of chemicals in agriculture, etc. (Pollution, increased waste, weakened control) a certain amount of different elements in the composition of food.

Quality Analysis of Some Spray Parameters When Performing Treatments in Vineyards in Order to Reduce Environment Pollution

There is a worldwide trend that supports the rational use of chemicals in agriculture. It has become common knowledge that irresponsible application of pesticides can cause food security issues, by endangering human and animal health while also having negative environmental consequences. The aim of this experiment was to assess the qualitative parameters of spraying treatments in vineyards. To achieve this, a vineyard and orchard sprayer machine was used for the application of treatments under a gradient of pressures (3, 5, 7, 9 bar). Water-sensitive collectors were placed at three heights (0.8 m, 1.5 m, 2.5 m). Following spraying was determined using DepositScan: the volume median diameter characterization of droplets (DV 1, DV 5, DV 9), and coverage degrees of sprayings. Results indicated that best coverage degree and larger droplets tend to be deposited 1.5 m from the ground, which corresponds with the highest proximity to the positioning of the nozzles of the machine during application, and lowest coverage is found at the top, where droplets deposited also tend to be smaller. For the anti-drift nozzle model used in the study, the best coverage was obtained at a pressure of 5 bar. For sustainability of agricultural practices and rational use of pesticides, more research is required for optimization of increased precision spraying that could ensure high coverage at lower doses of chemicals and coarse droplets. In this way the quantity of product sprayed is expected to be reduced, due to minimization of off-target losses and increased efficiency. This can ensure that negative environmental impacts are lowered. Improved treatment application at higher positioning of the canopy remains a challenge and shall receive more attention.

Uzbekistan’s Aquatic Environment and Water Management as an Area of Interest for Hydrology and Thematic Tourism

The functioning of Uzbekistan’s economy is closely linked to the water resources of its huge cross-border rivers: the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, as well as to the groundwater present within their basins. Both natural lakes and artificial reservoirs (e.g. the Aydar-Arnasay system of lakes, the Kayrakkum Reservoir, the Chardarya Reservoir) are present there, which retain significant amounts of water, and large canals with lengths of up to several hundred kilometres which involve complex hydraulic structures are used for irrigation purposes. All these are components of a water management system which needs optimisation; as much as 80% of agricultural land is irrigated, with 70% of the water being lost due to inefficient irrigation systems. The consequence of this allocation of river flows and the overuse of water in irrigation systems has been the disappearance of the Aral Sea (1960 year – 68,900 km2, 2017 year – 8,600 km2) and the inflow of water into the Sarygamysh Lake as well as the reduction of Uzbekistan’s groundwater resources by about 40%. The intensive development of irrigated agriculture is associated with changes in surface and groundwater quality caused, inter alia, by the increased use of chemicals in agriculture and the discharge of collector-drainage waters into river systems as well as their reuse. The extent of environmental degradation in some areas (especially in the Aral Sea region) is unique on a global scale. The origins of Uzbekistan’s other hydrological tourist attractions are related to attempts to ensure the availability of water for both human consumption and industrial use under conditions of water scarcity in the country’s arid and semi-arid climates. Not just the spectacular watercourses and water bodies present there (e.g. rivers, lakes, canals), but also small water retention facilities and minor infrastructure elements (e.g. wells, springs and retention basins, canals, ditches and flow control structures) are of potential tourist importance.