Age Structure Research Articles

KARAKTERISTIK STRUKTUR POPULASI TERNAK BABI DI DESA LATUHALAT KECAMATAN NUSANIWE KOTA AMBON

The aim of this research on the structural characteristics of the pig population in Latuhalat Village is to understand the composition, dynamics and structural characteristics of the pig population in Latuhalat Village. The parameters measured in this research are the characteristics of the respondents which consist of: age, gender, education, livelihood and population structure which includes the number of pigs per age group and the sex ratio. The research was carried out with 40 farmers as samples and this type of research was descriptive research. The research results show that the characteristics of respondents in the research location, Latuhalat village, Nusaniwe District, are dominated by men in productive age with secondary education and running mixed farming businesses. The population structure of pigs is dominated by female livestock, both at calf age (50.63%), young age (51.37%) and adult age (60.53%). This research also identified the main challenges by farmers, is the low knowledge and skills of farmers which resulted in low pig productivity. The recommendation from this research is that there needs to be an extension program that is carried out on the government and from academics and needs to be given a technology, especially in the field of feed and housing technology.

Demographic challenges in the context of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the sphere of maternity and childhood protection

The article examines current demographic trends in Russia in comparison with population changes based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) and the UN Population Division. The specifi cs of the age structure of the population of Russia, formed by a number of demographic waves, are such that changes in the number of births and the size of age groups occur in waves; this trend will continue in the coming decades. The state policy of the Russian Federation in the fi eld of family support, aimed at increasing the total fertility rate from 1.3 to 1.6 by 2030 and to 1.8 by 2036, should provide for the introduction of new health-preserving and reproductive health protection technologies, the development of childhood infrastructure, antenatal clinics and perinatal centers for high-quality and aff ordable medical care for mothers and children.

Data-driven corrosion failure probabilistic assessment model for reinforced concrete structures

The corrosion-induced failure of marine reinforced concrete structures, stemming from prolonged exposure to environments with elevated chloride content, poses a significant threat to structural integrity and serviceability. Traditional models predominantly depend on prior information to estimate the spatial stochastic degradation of aging structures, leading to a lack of comprehensiveness and accuracy in evaluation results. To address these limitations, a data-driven probabilistic assessment model for corrosion failure is proposed. This model incorporates a pre-training phase that integrates electrochemical simulations with long-term exposure data to establish the spatiotemporal distribution of corrosion failures, thereby facilitating a thorough assessment of overall damage by quantifying the corrosion failure proportion while propagating epistemic uncertainty. Subsequently, a multivariate function is derived using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to elucidate the relationship between input and output variables. The efficacy of the data-driven model is evaluated through experimental observations and model predictions. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge project serves as a case study, wherein this model is demonstrated using actual data obtained from exposure experiments and field detection. Furthermore, the proposed model enables a rapid prejudgment of corrosion failure proportion, significantly reducing diagnostic time compared to conventional procedures.

Bioresources of lake Mostovoye and ways of their rational use

The ichthyofauna of most water bodies in the Altai Krai is represented by low-value and slow-growing fish. Fish productivity is largely determined by the degree of exploitation of the reservoir and the form of organization of the fishery. Rational fishery in natural reservoirs should ensure the exploitation of the ecosystem of the reservoir as a single whole. Mostovoe Lake is located in the Zavyalovsky and Baevsky districts of the Altai Krai, is one of the largest freshwater lakes in the Altai Territory, belonging to the floodplain of the Kulunda River. The water in the reservoir is of the sulfate-chloride class of the first type, fully meets all fish farming requirements. The collection of ichthyological material was carried out by the method of control catches. The species composition and spatial distribution of fish were studied by setting a set of fixed gill nets in the reservoirs. Information on the size and age structure of populations, catches of the main commercial fish and crayfish in Mostovoe Lake is provided. The magnitude of the fishing effort and the assessment of the state of aquatic bioresources (ichthyofauna) in the reservoir were carried out using one of the expert assessment options — the point systems method. The ichthyofauna of Mostovoe Lake includes six species that are subject to commercial fishing: common pike, roach, silver carp, river perch, common carp (carp), and common pike perch. Of the commercial invertebrates, crayfish is caught. The indicators of the commercial stock and the recommended catch of bioresources in the reservoir were calculated. Recommendations for regulating fisheries based on ichthyological monitoring are proposed. A certain effect for stabilizing the structure of the ichthyocenosis of the reservoir can be made by fishery melioration: the introduction of herbivorous fish — white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) for a more complete use of the food base of the lake — phytoplankton and macrophytes. It is necessary to continue monitoring studies of the lake’s winter oxygen regime.

On the necessity of accounting for age structure in human malaria transmission modeling

Malaria is one of the most common mosquito-borne diseases widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, causing thousands of deaths every year in the world. In a previous paper, we formulated an age-structured model containing three structural variables: (i) the chronological age of human and mosquito populations, (ii) the time since they are infected, and (iii) humans waning immunity (i.e. the progressive loss of protective antibodies after recovery). In the present paper, we expand the analysis of this age-structured model and focus on the derivation of entomological and epidemiological results commonly used in the literature, following the works of Smith and McKenzie. We generalize their results to the age-structured case. In order to quantify the impact of neglecting structuring variables such as chronological age, we assigned values from the literature to our model parameters. While some parameters values are readily accessible from the literature, at least those about the human population, the parameters concerning mosquitoes are less commonly documented and the values of a number of them (e.g. mosquito survival in the presence or in absence of infection) can be discussed extensively. Our analysis, informed by parameter values from the literature, demonstrates that overlooking those structural variables of human and mosquito populations may result in inaccurate epidemiological predictions and suboptimal control strategies. We highlight the epidemiological implications of these findings and emphasize the necessity of considering age structure in future malaria control programs.

Foot darkening with age in Spheniscus penguins: applications and functions.

The proportions of individuals in various age classes in a population of wild animals affect population trends, behaviors, learning, and social structures. Knowledge of age structure is needed for effective conservation and management of populations. However, it is not always possible to determine the age or age class of individual animals, and hence the age structure of the population. Penguins, like most birds, cannot be aged once they molt into adult plumage. Spheniscus penguins attain adult plumage at 6 to 24 months of age, and individuals can live more than 30 years. We studied foot darkening in the four species of Spheniscus penguins to determine if age class can be determined from foot color. We compared how foot color changes with age among the four species to investigate potential functions of the darkening. We found that Spheniscus penguins have pale feet at hatching and the feet become darker with age throughout the lives of individuals. We showed that we can accurately predict the age structure of a colony of Magellanic penguins Spheniscus magellanicus, but not the ages of individual penguins, based on a sample of foot colors. The timing of foot darkening within species was consistent with foot color functioning in protection from UV radiation, and not with foot color functioning in thermoregulation. The species that breeds at the lowest latitudes and experiences the highest UV radiation (Galápagos penguins Spheniscus mendiculus) had feet that darkened at the earliest ages, and the species that breed at higher latitudes and experience less intense insolation (African S. demersus and Magellanic penguins) had feet that darkened latest. Humboldt penguins S. humboldti breed mostly at low latitudes and foot darkening was intermediate between Galápagos and Magellanic penguins. We also found that males' feet darken somewhat earlier than females' feet, likely because females spend more time in their nests (burrows or under vegetation) than males and have less sun exposure. We found that feet darkened in an individual over years, but not within a breeding season. The color change is a life-long process, likely an evolutionary adaptation within species, not a seasonal, temporary response to UV radiation. We propose foot darkening as a way to assess age structure in Spheniscus penguins. Foot color in a colony of Magellanic penguins can provide a rapid, noninvasive method to estimate the age structure of the colony.

ВОЗРАСТНАЯ СТРУКТУРА Г. ДИВНОГОРСКА В 1959–1989 ГГ.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the age composition of the young small town of Divnogorsk in the period from 1959 to 1989. The study is based on data from the All-Union population censuses, which makes it possible to compare the age structures of this city with the average values of other cities in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the RSFSR as a whole. Special attention is paid to the impact of these changes on the demographic landscape of the region, which contributes to a deeper understanding of population dynamics and the development of demographic process management to ensure sustainable socio-demographic development. The analysis of the materials showed and confirmed that Divnogorsk was indeed a young city in the first decades of its existence, the average age and the proportion of the elderly population were lower than in the RSFSR and the cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. At the same time, the proportion of children and the working-age population is higher.

A Survey on Computational Methods in Drug Discovery for Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Currently, the age structure of the world population is changing due to declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy. As a result, physicians worldwide have to treat an increasing number of age-related diseases, of which neurological disorders represent a significant part. In this context, there is an urgent need to discover new therapeutic approaches to counteract the effects of neurodegeneration on human health, and computational science can be of pivotal importance for more effective neurodrug discovery. The knowledge of the molecular structure of the receptors and other biomolecules involved in neurological pathogenesis facilitates the design of new molecules as potential drugs to be used in the fight against diseases of high social relevance such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), to cite only a few. However, the absence of comprehensive guidelines regarding the strengths and weaknesses of alternative approaches creates a fragmented and disconnected field, resulting in missed opportunities to enhance performance and achieve successful applications. This review aims to summarize some of the most innovative strategies based on computational methods used for neurodrug development. In particular, recent applications and the state-of-the-art of molecular docking and artificial intelligence for ligand- and target-based approaches in novel drug design were reviewed, highlighting the crucial role of in silico methods in the context of neurodrug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases.

Effects of different mobility concepts in new residential areas

Growing cities need new residential areas, which are often either not connected to the existing transport infrastructure or are poorly connected to it. A fast way to connect these areas is the construction of roads. However, this generates a car-depending mobility among the inhabitants, which is in conflict with several sustainability goals. Moreover, the impact of the implementation of new public transport options is only partly known and this fact reduces the willingness to invest in expensive public transport measures. In this work we examine different mobility concepts, including shared mobility, bicycle highways, a high-frequency bus service, suburban trains and car limitations in a new residential area of 2000 households in Berlin, Germany, which is currently under construction. The households and inhabitants are created synthetically using statistical data derived from a survey among the first people moved in. The age and size structure of these households turn out to be different from the neighboring households. Then, we implement all measures in a microscopic travel demand simulation and quantify the potential modal shifts for four different mobility concepts. The results show that weak and short-term mobility concepts show no significant change in mobility behavior. Only highly integrated projects like bicycle highways into the inner city combined with suburban trains can reduce the need for car-dependent mobility. Shared mobility only fills in the gaps for special occasions but not for daily mobility due to the high costs. In a final step we examine the usage of the introduced public transport services and compare the change in the occupation of the buses and trains. Here our work shows that interchanging from bus to subways and suburban trains drastically reduces the attractiveness of public transport. Introducing a new suburban train changes this situation and the whole region shows a drop of 40% of car trips.

The long and winding road

In this paper we address the biography of a set of copper nails recovered in 1998 from a Late Iron Age structure located at the archaeological site of Puig de Sa Morisca (Mallorca, Spain). The archaeometric and typological analyses conducted on these nails allowed us to relate them to nautical technology, as well as to approach the origin of the raw materials and the production processes involved in their manufacture. The biographical information obtained from these studies has been crucial to address the extensive mobility of these copper nails through the Western Mediterranean during the Iron Age, as well as to approach their fluid nature and association with different communities of practice, assemblages and appropriation phenomena.

Diversity and abundance of large old trees in Hainan Island: Spatial analysis and environmental correlations

AbstractLarge old trees (LOTs) are invaluable natural treasures and cultural legacies, holding ecological, historical, social, and economic significance. However, climate change and human impacts threaten their existence. Understanding their species composition, age structure, biomass, and distribution patterns in relation to environmental factors is essential for effective conservation. In Hainan Island, South China, we analyzed 1081 LOTs from 74 species across 35 families, using a combination of field surveys and government data. The dominant families were Moraceae, Sapindaceae, and Fagaceae, with key species including Ficus altissima, Litchi chinensis, and Tamarindus indica. The age distribution followed a reverse J‐shape, indicating a prevalence of trees aged 300–399 years. In contrast, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height distributions were unimodal, favoring medium to large‐sized trees. Spatial analysis revealed uneven distribution patterns: the western zone exhibited the highest species diversity, the central zone moderate diversity, and the eastern zone low diversity, reflecting uneven urban and agricultural impacts. Most LOTs were concentrated at elevations of 0–50 m. Factors such as GDP, urbanization, and forest cover positively correlated with LOT abundance and diversity, with forest cover and average annual temperature particularly favoring these trees. The findings emphasize the intricate relationship between environmental factors and LOT distribution. They advocate for tailored conservation strategies that address the complex interplay of ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural influences on their preservation.Abstract in Chinese is available with online material.

Endangered Taxus wallichiana var. wallichiana—Its Forest Characteristics, Population Structure, and Regeneration Status in Yunnan, Southwestern China

The survival of relict Taxus wallichiana var. wallichiana (Yunnan yew) is threatened by overexploitation for its quality wood and medicinal properties, particularly for taxol extraction. Understanding the current status of its communities and populations is crucial for protecting existing natural forest resources. We established 53 vegetation plots in Yunnan, southwestern China, where T. wallichiana var. wallichiana is the primary dominant species. These plots were classified into four forest types. The forests were multi-stratified, with T. wallichiana var. wallichiana frequently dominating the subcanopy and shrub layer. Species diversity indices did not significantly differ among the four forest types. The age structure of T. wallichiana var. wallichiana exhibited a multi-modal pattern, with a maximum age of 1165 years. Growth was slow, with an average radial growth rate of 0.78 mm/year. Despite its strong sprouting ability, the species had a poor seedling/sapling bank and suffered from inadequate regeneration. Its seedlings/saplings are shade-intolerant. This study provides a scientific basis for effective conservation strategies, emphasizing the need for in situ regeneration to ensure the survival of T. wallichiana var. wallichiana and its contributions to biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Analysis Of the Impact of China's Population Age Structure on Residential Commercial Housing Prices

With the intensification of global aging, the impact of changes in population age structure on the real estate market is becoming increasingly significant. This article aims to explore the impact of changes in China's population age structure on the prices of residential commercial housing, to provide a scientific basis for regulating the real estate market. By analyzing data from 30 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2022, this article finds that as aging population intensifies and the number of children decreases, both the old-age dependency ratio and the child-age dependency ratio have a negative impact on housing prices. This means that the aging society and the economic pressure of childcare may weaken the demand for home purchases. Household Saving Rate and increase in total population positively drive house prices, while the relationship between per capita income and house prices is not significant. From a regional perspective, the aging population in the eastern region has a significant effect on suppressing housing prices, while the impact is gradually evident in the central region. The western region has a smaller impact and population growth suppresses housing price increases. The study emphasizes the impact of changes in the age structure of the Chinese population on the prices of residential properties and proposes policy recommendations such as improving old-age security and optimizing the housing supply structure to promote the steady development of the real estate market.

Weather events influence survival and recruitment of Coereba flaveola (Bananaquit) in the Caribbean

Abstract The West Indies is considered a biodiversity hotspot and a priority for ecological conservation efforts. Understanding how environmental conditions influence survival of resident avifauna is an important information need given the predicted increases of drought and frequency and intensity of severe storms in the region. Throughout much of the Caribbean, Coereba flaveola (Bananaquit) are widespread and abundant, traits that may facilitate understanding their response to environmental changes in the region. We used a 10-yr capture–mark–recapture data set to examine C. flaveola survival, recruitment, population growth, and age structure in context of monthly and seasonal precipitation and temperatures, drought conditions, and occurrence and intensity of storm events. Our models suggested wing length, occurrence of storms, and drought all influenced survival. Both the incidence of storms and drier than average conditions in the preceding wet season (April–June) decreased survival. Sex of bird and net hours influenced capture probability, but weather influences on recruitment were equivocal. During non-storm years, mean population growth was stable at 1.019 (95% CI: 0.962, 1.098), but dropped to 0.843 (95% CI: 0.795, 0.846) in storm years. Increasing frequency of storms, such as back-to-back years, would likely push the growth rate lower. A protracted pattern of increased storm frequency, especially if coupled with a subsequent drought during the wet season, may lead to localized extirpations or strongly reduced populations.

Stand structure and disturbance history of old-growth blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forests in the Bhutan Himalaya

Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forests are of significant ecological, economic, and cultural importance in the Himalayas. We used dendrochronological methods to investigate the role of natural and human disturbance in shaping the development of these forests. Analyses of the age structure and growth patterns of blue pine populations over the period 1760–2020 at two different sites in central Bhutan revealed that blue pine tends to establish as single-cohort stands following relatively intense disturbances and as multi-cohort stands after low-to-moderate severity disturbances. Shifting cultivation, which was common across the region, likely led to the establishment of single-cohort stands, particularly near human settlements, whereas natural disturbances are likely responsible for the development of multi-cohort stands. Tree-ring records revealed an acute change in recruitment patterns in the early 1970s associated with the 1969 Forest Act of Bhutan, which limited traditional practices, such as firewood collection and grazing, within the forests. This led to a sudden and sustained increase in the recruitment of broadleaf tree species and effectively curtailed blue pine regeneration over the past half century due to thick understory and midstory vegetation reducing the amount of light reaching the forest floor. These results highlight the role of disturbances, both human and natural, in driving forest stand dynamics in Himalayan forests and how forest policy and traditional practices can alter those dynamics.

Resource stock, age structure, and seed prediction of ferula sinkiangensis K.M. Shen

Ferula sinkiangensis K.M. Shen (FS) is an endemic species in Xinjiang, China. It has extremely high economic and medicinal value but is on the brink of extinction. A comprehensive survey of the distribution area of FS was conducted to study its resource stock, age structure and yielding capacity of seeds. Results show that there is one existing distribution area of FS with an area of 322.84 hm2 and a total plant quantity of 907,100. The age structure of FS population is reasonable showing a growing type of population. After low-temperature treatment and indoor germination of the seeds of FS, the utilization efficiency of seeds was increased by 15.45 times and 1165.81 times respectively. The establishment of the original habitat protection zone has played a huge role in promoting the recovery of the population of FS and the indoor germination of seeds would greatly alleviate the problem of seeds shortage of FS. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 765-772, 2024 (September) Special

Design of Social Infrastructure and Services Taking into Account Internal Migration by Age Cohort

Abstract Background European cities and regions are facing depopulation and an ageing population, leading to a shift in the demand and supply of goods and giving rise to the silver economy. This demographic change has an impact on urban and regional planning, which is influenced by both internal and external migration. Objectives Based on the hypothesis that the attractiveness of locations also depends on the age of the inhabitants, the paper investigates the gravitational effects on the intensity of migration flows by age cohorts. Methods/Approach This study examines how factors that influence the retention or attraction of people towards specific areas affect migration between age groups at different hierarchical spatial levels, using the gravity model implemented at the Slovenian spatial levels NUTS 2 and NUTS 3. Results Distance is least important for the 65-74 age group, while wages influence only the youngest cohorts. The capacity of care homes has a significant influence on the attractiveness of older cohorts to move between NUTS 2 regions. There is a high correlation between the factors at the municipal and NUTS 3 levels for the population aged 75+. The factors at NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels show a strong correlation for those under 65. Conclusions These results can form a basis for the development of the silver economy as they show the need for adapted infrastructures and services for older adults. As the age structure is changing, authorities should adapt infrastructures and services to the different levels of central places/regions. The growing number of older people makes research into optimal solutions for long-term care a crucial factor for the silver economy.

Individual child factors affecting the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent condition characterised by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This systematic literature review aims to identify the child clinical and sociodemographic factors related to the detection and diagnosis of ADHD in children and adolescents, given concerns about delays or failures in identifying ADHD as well as over-diagnosis, hindering appropriate and timely support for children and families. Through electronic and manual searches of peer-reviewed and grey literature, 5852 articles were identified and subjected to two stages of screening by independent reviewers. Due to the heterogeneity in study methods, a narrative approach was used to summarise study findings. Forty-one studies meeting eligibility criteria revealed sixteen child-related factors influencing the ADHD diagnostic process. These factors include ADHD subtype, ADHD symptom severity, comorbid mental disorders, behavior problems, internalizing symptoms, functional impairment, social and cognitive functioning, physical health, gender, age, relative age, race/ethnicity, socio-economic status, insurance coverage, residence urbanicity, and family structure. While the impact of many of these factors on ADHD diagnosis was inconsistent due to the substantial diversity in study designs and context, certain patterns emerged. Meeting the criteria for the inattentive subtype, lower functional impairment, female gender, Black or Latinx ethnicity, and being relatively young for their grade were consistently found to be associated with a delayed or absent ADHD diagnosis. Further research is needed to explore the intricate relationships between these child-level variables and their implications for ADHD recognition, referral, and evaluation, especially outside the USA.

DEMOGRAPHIC AGING TRENDS IN EU COUNTRIES AND UKRAINE

The article provides an analysis of trends in the development of the demographic aging process in the countries of the European Union and Ukraine based on the calculation of values of demographic aging (aging coefficient, aging index, demographic burden due to the elderly, age of values aging). The obtained data allow us to draw a conclusion about the convergence of most values of population aging in the EU as a whole, as well as to identify several groups of countries with the same aging values and demographic trends. As a result of the study, the authors identified 5 groups of countries that demonstrate: 1) the highest of aging and population aging rates; 2) the average values of the index and the aging coefficient, however, show high rates of growth of the aging population and demographic burden; 3) average values of aging, but reduced growth rates of the aging population; 4) average values of aging; 5) the lowest rates and values of population aging. The authors forecast changes in the age structure of the population in the EU until 2100, which showed that in the future the share of people aged 65+ will only increase, and this will require certain changes in the social life and economy of the countries of the studied region. The demographic situation that has developed in the studied region requires constant monitoring and accounting in strategic planning at all levels, as well as improvement of the social policy of the EU countries regarding the elderly.

Assessing subgroup differences and underlying causes of ozone-associated mortality burden in China using multi-source data

Long-term ozone exposure is a significant public health concern. To mitigate its impact, it is crucial to identify diseases, populations, and regions that are particularly sensitive to ozone. In this study, we used high-quality data and updated relative risk estimates to investigate subgroup differences in mortality burden due to ozone exposure in China. In 2020, nationwide ozone-associated deaths totaled 276,800 (95 % CI: 106,700–451,900), representing 3.2 % of all deaths, with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases accounting for 16.8 % and 83.2 %, respectively. The per capita ozone-associated mortality in China was 20 per 100,000 person-years, with a significantly higher rate observed in elderly individuals aged ≥75 years (189 deaths per 100,000) compared to young individuals aged 30–44 years (1 death per 100,000). There were notable spatial patterns of ozone-associated deaths among the regions, indicating a critical response to ozone levels and population density. Interestingly, urban areas exhibited a 22.4 % lower mortality rate related to ozone compared to rural areas. This difference was attributed to the combined influence of ozone exposure (+19.9 %), population size (+17.7 %), age structure (−39.2 %), and baseline mortality (−20.8 %). By emphasizing subgroup differences and driving factors, these findings significantly enhance the understanding of the ozone-associated mortality burden, providing valuable insights for policymakers.