Global burden, temporal trends and cross-national inequalities of the comorbidity between depressive disorder and hormone-dependent tumors in women of reproductive ages from 1990 to 2021: A population-based analysis with projections to 2036.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare, multisystem genetic disease requiring early diagnosis and lifelong multidisciplinary follow-up. In many middle-income countries, including Colombia, national CF registries are absent, and epidemiological information largely relies on administrative health data. Although such data do not reflect true clinical prevalence, they enable systematic monitoring of service-based prevalence and diagnostic practice patterns, offering critical insights for health system planning. We conducted a nationwide, observational study using the Colombian Individual Registry of Provision of Health Services (RIPS) from 2015 to 2024. Children and adolescents aged 0-19 years with CF diagnoses (ICD-10 E84.0-E84.9) were identified. Annual crude and age-standardized administrative prevalence rates were estimated using national population projections. Diagnostic test utilization (spirometry, chest CT, pancreatic elastase, genetic testing) was quantified per 100 encounters. Temporal trends were analyzed using LOESS smoothing with 95% confidence intervals. The age-standardized national administrative prevalence of CF-related healthcare encounters was 5.64 per 100,000. Administrative prevalence was highest in children aged 0-4 years and declined progressively with age. The contributory insurance regime showed the highest service-based prevalence, suggesting disparities in diagnostic access. Temporal patterns revealed a peak in 2018-2019 followed by a decline after 2020, coinciding with COVID-19-related disruptions in pediatric care. Diagnostic utilization was markedly low: spirometry was performed in fewer than 6 tests per 100 encounters annually, chest CT use was sporadic, and genetic testing was minimal before 2018, increasing slightly thereafter. Administrative prevalence of CF in Colombia has remained stable over a decade but is accompanied by underutilization of essential diagnostic procedures and inequities across insurance groups. Strengthening diagnostic capacity, standardizing monitoring practices, and improving early detection are urgent priorities. This study provides a scalable framework for CF surveillance in countries lacking national registries.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and uterine fibroids (UF) are major gynecological diseases that markedly affect the reproductive health of women of reproductive age (WRA). This study aimed to provide updated global estimates of these disorders among WRA (15-49 years) between 1990 and 2023 and to forecast future trends. Data from the GBD 2023 were used to assess the temporal trend and future projections of PMS and UF among WRA. Estimated annual percent change (EAPC), ARIMA model, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to assess temporal trends (1990-2023), forecast projections (2024-2050), and examine the association of socio-demographic index (SDI) with major gynecological disorders, respectively. In 2023, the global incidence was approximately 233,405,777 cases of PMS and 10,017,494 cases of UF. Between 1990 and 2023, the age-standardized prevalence rates of PMS and UF among WRA increased, with EAPC of 0.06% (95% CI: 0.04, 0.07) and 0.58% (95% CI: 0.53, 0.62), and the corresponding age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates also increased, with EAPC of 0.05% (95% CI: 0.03, 0.07) and 1.21% (95% CI: 1.01, 1.42), respectively. Projections to 2050 indicate a slight decline in PMS prevalence rates but a mild increase in DALY rates, whereas both the prevalence and DALY rates of UF are expected to rise substantially. The burden and temporal patterns of PMS and UF varied markedly across countries, regions, and SDI levels. The prevalence rates of PMS (r = 0.351) and UF (r = 0.381) showed significant positive correlations with SDI (p < 0.0001). The PMS burden was highest among women aged 15-30 years, while women aged 35-49 years showed a greater burden of UF. The global burden of PMS and UF has increased over the last 34 years, underscoring the need for targeted public health strategies to improve reproductive health in women.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major public health challenge in the United States. This study analyzed the long-term trends in PCa burden from 1990 to 2021 and provides projections for future trends. Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database to evaluate PCa burden metrics in the United States and globally, including incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years. Temporal trends were assessed using joinpoint regression analysis, while age-period-cohort models were applied to evaluate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. Decomposition analysis was performed to quantify the contributions of population growth, population aging, and epidemiological changes to variations in PCa burden. Future trends through 2036 were projected using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model. Relative to global estimates, the burden of PCa remained higher in the United States throughout the study period. In 2021, PCa imposed a significant burden on males in the United States, particularly among individuals aged 65 to 69. An estimated 2,671,779 prevalent cases, 297,836 incident cases, and 44,032 deaths were recorded. The age-standardized incidence rate and age-standardized prevalence rate in the United States exceeded the corresponding global estimates, reaching 108.04 and 967.87 per 100,000 population, respectively. Although age-standardized rates generally declined between 1990 and 2021, the absolute numbers of incident and prevalent cases continued to increase, indicating that an increasing number of individuals are living with PCa. Among U.S. states, Louisiana had the highest burden, whereas Hawaii had the lowest. Decomposition analysis revealed that population aging and population growth increased the burden of PCa, whereas epidemiological changes partially offset these increases. Projections suggested a gradual increase in the burden of PCa through 2036. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health strategies to reduce the future burden of PCa in the United States.

Backgrounds Sexual violence (SV) in older adults is an underrecognized public health issue. As populations continue to age globally, comprehensive evidence on the magnitude, trends, and distribution of SV remains scarce. Objectives We aimed to assess the global, regional, and national burden of SV among adults aged 60 years and older from 1990 to 2021. Methods Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) across 204 countries and territories. We examined the prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of SV for older adults aged 60–95 from 1990 to 2021. The estimated annual percentage changes (AAPC) in the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and DALY rate (ASDR) of SV were calculated to evaluate the temporal trends by sex and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). Results In 2021, an estimated 20.8 million older adults globally experienced SV, resulting in approximately 134,000 DALYs. The burden increased steadily over the past three decades, with both prevalence and DALYs showing persistent upward trends. Women consistently experienced substantially higher prevalence rates than men. Moreover, the highest burdens were observed in regions with lower SDI, such as parts of Southeast Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa, whereas high-SDI regions reported the lowest burdens. A significant inverse correlation between SDI and SV burden was confirmed (ρ = −0.72 for prevalence; ρ = −0.68 for DALYs; both P < 0.001). Conclusions SV among older adults is increasing globally, with women and populations in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions bearing the greatest burden. Targeted prevention, screening, and support strategies are urgently needed to reduce these inequalities and address this growing public health challenge.

This study evaluated the epidemiological burden and temporal trends of mental disorders in Vietnam from 1990 to 2023 and projected the future burden through 2040. Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 data were used to analyze the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year rate (ASDAR) by age, sex, and diagnostic subtype. Temporal trends were quantified using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and Pearson correlation analysis examined associations with Vietnam's human development index (HDI). Bayesian structural time series (BSTS) models were used to forecast the burden through 2040. In 2023, approximately 9.1 million individuals in Vietnam had mental disorders, with 2.94 million annual incident cases and 1.41 million disability-adjusted life-years. Depressive disorders ranked highest across all metrics, and females consistently had higher age-standardized rates than males. Age-standardized rates increased significantly from 1990 to 2023: ASIR, 1.10% EAPC (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87%-1.33%); ASPR, 0.27% EAPC (95% CI, 0.21%-0.33%); and ASDAR, 0.52% EAPC (95% CI, 0.46%-0.58%). Mental disorder burden was strongly positively correlated with HDI (r=0.773-0.909, all p<0.001). BSTS models projected continued increases through 2040 (ASPR, 9,003.75; ASIR, 3,307.11; ASDAR, 1,408.05 per 100,000 population). Mental disorders constitute an escalating public health challenge in Vietnam, with the burden increasing steadily over 3 decades and projected to continue rising through 2040. Reorientation toward an integrated, community-based care model, alongside targeted workforce expansion and systematic integration of mental health services into primary care, is essential to mitigate this growing burden.

Pan-vascular diseases pose a significant and growing global public health burden. However, the burden of pan-vascular diseases remains unknown, especially regarding its trends through 2050. The global burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD), ischemic stroke (IS), and lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (LEPAD) was analyzed in this study. We investigated the prevalence trends of these pan-vascular diseases from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories, assesses the impact of population aging, lifestyle changes, and epidemiological shifts on the prevalence of pan-vascular diseases, examines health inequalities between countries, and forecasts trends through 2050.In 2021, the estimated global cases of IHD, IS, and LEPAD reached 254.3 million, 69.9 million, and 113.7 million, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) were 3031, 1018, and 1337 per 100,000 population, with estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) of 0.61%, 0.95%, and 0.1%, respectively. Over recent years, population growth contributed most to the increasing burden of IHD, IS, and LEPAD, with a slightly higher impact in females for IS and LEPAD. Notably, epidemiological factors (-18.9%) partially mitigated the burden of LEPAD despite demographic pressures. Trend projections indicate a slow increase in IHD ASPR, particularly among females, while males exhibit a relatively stable trend through 2050. A similar pattern was observed for IS, whereas ASPR for LEPAD is expected to remain stable. Significant absolute and relative inequalities in disease burden were observed across countries with varying sociodemographic index (SDI) levels. The burden of pan-vascular diseases continues to rise globally, driven primarily by demographic changes (population growth and aging). Despite improvements in healthcare, significant cross-country health inequalities persist, particularly in high-SDI countries, where the disease burden has intensified. As prevalence trends are projected to increase further, targeted public health interventions and policies are urgently needed to mitigate the growing impact of pan-vascular diseases and reduce global health disparities.

Maternal sepsis and maternal infections (MSMIs) pose significant risks to maternal, fetal, and neonatal health. This study examines the burden trends of MSMIs in China from 1990 to 2021, comparing them with global patterns. The burden of MSMIs in China and worldwide was evaluated using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) spanning 1990-2021. Temporal trends were assessed through Joinpoint regression, calculating average annual percentage changes (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals. Future burden projections up to 2036 were estimated using ARIMA modeling. Cross-regional comparisons were conducted to identify variations in disease impact. Between 1990 and 2021, China exhibited distinct trends in the burden of MSMIs compared to global patterns. The country's age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) declined from 29.62 to 23.95 per 100,000, reflecting an annual reduction of -0.73%, in contrast to a global increase to 37.40. Mortality indicators showed significant declines, with China's age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) dropping by 77.7% to 4.04 (-5.10% per year), compared to a 56.9% global reduction. Disease burden indicators demonstrated accelerated improvements, as China's age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR) fell by 78.3% to 93.73 (-5.31% per year), exceeding the global reduction of 53.1%. Prevalence patterns showed a contraction in China's age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) to 390.24 (-0.47% per year), whereas international prevalence rose to 513.68. Age-stratified analysis revealed inverse relationships: ASIR declined progressively with aging, while mortality and disability indicators intensified in older populations, differing from the bimodal prevalence distribution that peaked in middle age. From 1990 to 2021, China experienced a significant decline in the MSMIs burden, diverging from rising global trends. Projections suggest this divergence will persist, with China's burden continuing to decrease by 2036, while global rates increase. Urgent targeted interventions are needed for high-risk regions and populations.

IntroductionHealth issues regarding autoimmune diseases in men have been neglected. We here investigated temporal trends in burden of autoimmune diseases in men and assessed inequities in healthcare access and quality worldwide.MethodsThis ecological, descriptive time-series analysis using Global Burden of Disease estimates included men with autoimmune diseases at all ages covering 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and years of life lost (YLLs) and average annual percentage change were calculated. Global trends were stratified by age, sociodemographic index (SDI), region and country. Overall Quality of Care Index (QCI) and three selected age groups including young (aged 0–14 years), working (aged 15–64 years) and postworking (aged 65+ years) QCI were calculated globally, regionally and nationally.ResultsGlobally, the burden of autoimmune diseases in men significantly decreased from 1990 to 2021. However, in high SDI countries, age-standardised incidence rate increased from 2005, and age-standardised prevalence and YLDs rates increased from 2015. In 2021, significant disparities in QCI scores persisted across SDI levels, with the overall QCI ranging from 74.97 in low–middle countries to 90.55 in high SDI countries. Remarkable ranges in QCI scores between low SDI countries and high SDI countries for the young, working and postworking groups were also detected, with estimates of 82.94 to 92.18, 74.76 to 89.59 and 68.18 to 85.78, respectively. Absolute convergence in QCI was estimated in all these three age groups, with the most prominent convergence in the young group.ConclusionsProgress towards controlling autoimmune diseases in men varied widely, with substantially high mortality in low and low–middle SDI countries. Significant inequities in healthcare access and quality persisted across sociodemographic development levels and age groups. Healthcare systems need to improve healthcare access and quality for working and postworking populations while simultaneously maintaining performance among young individuals.

ABSTRACTBackgroundGuillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune‐mediated neuropathy that may be influenced by infectious, demographic, and healthcare‐related factors. Although increasing attention has been paid to neurological complications during the COVID‐19 pandemic, the global burden, inequalities, and future trends of GBS remain insufficiently characterized.MethodsThis population‐based observational epidemiological study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 to assess the burden of GBS across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. The main outcomes included prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), age‐standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age‐standardized YLD rate (ASYR), and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Analyses were stratified by sex, age group, country, region, and socio‐demographic index (SDI). Inequality analysis, decomposition analysis, Joinpoint regression, and Bayesian age‐period‐cohort modeling were further used to assess socioeconomic disparities, driving factors, temporal changes, and future trends.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the global burden of GBS increased substantially. In 2021, the global number of prevalent cases reached 471,850, and the ASPR was 5.91 per 100,000 population. The corresponding number of YLDs was 139,639, with an ASYR of 1.75 per 100,000 population. The burden was lowest among children younger than 5 years and increased progressively with age. Males generally had a higher burden than females, particularly among older adults. Low‐SDI regions experienced disproportionately higher ASPR and ASYR, indicating substantial global inequalities. The increases observed after 2019 temporally coincided with the COVID‐19 pandemic; however, this association should be interpreted cautiously. Decomposition analysis suggested that epidemiological changes, population growth, and population aging collectively contributed to the increasing burden of GBS.ConclusionThe global burden of GBS increased markedly from 1990 to 2021, with substantial regional, sex‐, age‐, and SDI‐related heterogeneity. The post‐2019 increase temporally coincided with the COVID‐19 pandemic, but causal inference should be avoided due to the observational nature of this study. Strengthening neurological surveillance, improving early diagnosis and treatment capacity, and reducing healthcare disparities in low‐SDI regions may help mitigate the future burden of GBS.

Early onset pancreatic Cancer: epidemiology, molecular features, and clinical outcomes.

Global burden of bipolar disorder in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of temporal trends, demographic disparities, and SDI associations for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

BACKGROUND Near vision loss (NVL) and refractive disorders (RD) are vision impairments that impact quality of life and economic factors globally. Public health planning requires understanding their burdens and predicting trends. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, we analyzed age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) and disability-adjusted life year rates (ASDR) for China and the G20 from 1990 to 2021. Trends were described using actual and estimated annual percentage changes. Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling predicted disease burden from 2022 to 2038. Decomposition analysis quantified contributions from population growth, aging, and epidemiological changes. RESULTS NVL ASPR in China was 40 341.49 per 100 000, higher than in the G20. RD ASPR in China was 3044.90 per 100 000, lower than in the G20. Both conditions were more prevalent among women. NVL burden was highest in the 55 to 64 age group; RD burden peaked in the 80 to 84 age group. Overall, NVL showed an increasing trend (China: +1.95%; G20: +1.92%); RD showed a decreasing trend (China: -0.46%; G20: -0.36%). NVL burden is projected to continue rising, whereas RD burden will decline by 2038; both are mainly influenced by population growth. CONCLUSIONS We identified divergent trends for NVL and RD in China and the G20 among adults. NVL burden has increased since the mid-1990s and is projected to continue rising through 2038; RD rates have declined. Burdens remain higher in women, particularly in middle-aged (NVL) and older (RD) populations. These findings support sustained, demographically responsive eye health planning.

Urogenital congenital anomalies (UGCAs), including congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and external genital malformations, are major causes of early-life morbidity, preventable mortality, and long-term disability, particularly in low-resource settings. This study assessed the global burden, temporal trends, regional disparities, and future projections of UGCAs in children under 9 years using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset. GBD 2021 data were used to estimate incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in children aged 0-8 years. Analyses were stratified by sex, age, Socio-demographic Index (SDI), region, and country. Age-standardized rates (ASRs), SDI associations, and decomposition analyses were conducted, and future trends were projected using ARIMA and Holt-Winters models. Estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence (ASIR) and prevalence rates (ASPR) remained stable, whereas mortality and DALY rates declined. In 2021, incidence was 2026,032 (95% UI: 1417,198-2787,372), prevalence 3360,751 (2594,010-4411,084), DALYs 5122,959 (4069,356-6172,763), and deaths 58,906 (46,861-70,940). ASRs were 150.46 per 100,000 for incidence, 248.91 for prevalence, 384.10 for DALYs, and 4.41 for deaths. Females had higher ASIRs and ASPRs, while males showed higher mortality and DALY rates. Incidence and prevalence increased with age, whereas mortality declined. With increasing SDI, incidence and prevalence rose, while mortality decreased. The burden is increasingly concentrated in low-SDI regions; Southern Sub-Saharan Africa was the only region with rising mortality. CAKUT remained the predominant subtype globally. Projections indicate continued declines in mortality, with stable incidence and prevalence. Although global mortality and DALYs from UGCAs have declined, the growing burden in low-SDI regions highlights persistent inequalities and the need for targeted interventions.

To analyze the spatiotemporal trends and predict the future burden of Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among children and adolescents in China from 1990 to 2023, using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2023 database. Data on the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years for Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2023 dataset. The analysis targeted children and adolescents aged under 19 years, stratified by sex and age groups: under 5 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years. The average annual percentage change and its 95% uncertainty interva were calculated using Joinpoint regression analysis to evaluate trends. Additionally, time-series modeling and forecasting were performed using the autoregressive integrated moving average model to analyze the age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized prevalence rate, age-standardized mortality rate, and age-standardized DALY rate. The incidence and mortality rates of Hodgkin Lymphoma decreased significantly from 1990 to 2023, with age-standardized incidence rate declining from 0.650 per 100,000 to 0.322 per 100,000 (95% UI: -2.237 to -1.780) and age-standardized mortality rate from 0.531 per 100,000 to 0.107 per 100,000 (95% UI: -4.914 to -4.448). However, the prevalence of Hodgkin Lymphoma increased, reflecting improved survival rates. Higher burden was observed in males, particularly in the 15-19 age group. The incidence and prevalence of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma increased significantly, with age-standardized incidence rate rising from 3.896 per 100,000 to 5.174 per 100,000 (95% UI: 0.615 to 1.390) and age-standardized prevalence rate from 12.476 per 100,000 to 34.793 per 100,000 (95% UI: 3.009 to 3.395). Mortality and DALY rates declined, but the absolute number of deaths increased due to population growth. Higher burden was observed in males across all age groups. Time series modeling using the autoregressive integrated moving average model predicts that over the next two decades, the incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma will continue to decline. This study highlights the distinct epidemiological patterns of Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma among children and adolescents in China. While the incidence and mortality rates of Hodgkin Lymphoma decreased significantly from 1990 to 2023, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma exhibited an increasing incidence, though its mortality rate also declined over the same period. The results offer valuable insights for policymaking and the development of health service delivery strategies aimed at optimizing acute therapeutic access for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and long-term survivorship care for Hodgkin Lymphoma in pediatric lymphoma patients.

Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies (CMLA) are common birth defect worldwide. This study aims to describe temporal trends of age- and gender-specific burden of CMLA in China (1990–2021), including incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and to compare these with the global burden, and to predict burden changes in the next 15 years in China. Using the open access data of the Global Burden of Disease database (1990–2021), the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs of CMLA in China and worldwide were extracted. Age-standardized rates were calculated. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to evaluate time trends. Auto-regressive integrated moving average model was used to predict the burden in China in 2022 to 2036. Decomposition analysis was applied to evaluate the contribution of aging, population, and epidemiological changes to the change in disease burden. From 1990 to 2021, absolute numbers of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs of CMLA in China decreased by 51.54%, 16.79%, 83.02%, and 29.04%, respectively, far exceeding the global level (−3.32%, +19.13%, −28.05%, and −1.17%). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) in China decreased significantly (AAPC = −4.531% and −1.055%, respectively), and the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) also decreased (AAPC = −0.584%). The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was relatively stable (AAPC = 0.047%). The global ASPR, ASMR, and ASDR showed a downward trend, while ASIR was basically stable. China’s burden shows a significant age shift (ages ≤29 decreases, ≥30 increases) and gender differences (male burden exceeded female across indicators). Auto-regressive integrated moving average forecasts that ASPR, ASDR, and ASMR will continue declining over the next 15 years, while female ASIR may increase slightly. Decomposition analysis showed that epidemiological changes were the main factors driving the age-standardized rate decline, and population growth hindered the decline. China has made remarkable achievements in reducing the disease burden of CMLA, at a time when the decline in the global burden has been slow and uneven. The burden in China showed the characteristics of migration from children to adults, with persistent gender differences.

This ecological study was based on secondary, population-level data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. We systematically assessed the burden of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) from 1990 to 2021 at global, regional, and national levels, and projected trends through 2041. Temporal trends were evaluated using joinpoint regression to calculate the average annual percentage change. Future trends up to 2041 were projected using autoregressive integrated moving average models. In 2021, the global number of prevalent GBS cases reached 471,850, with an age-standardized prevalence rate of 5.91 per 100,000, a 229% increase since 1990 (average annual percentage change: 3.34). Substantial regional disparities were observed, and frontier analysis indicated an inverse correlation between the sociodemographic index (SDI) and age-standardized rates. The disease burden was higher in males than in females, with peak prevalence occurring among children aged 5 to 9 years. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was temporally associated with a marked increase in GBS burden in 2021, coinciding with a shift in the burden toward low-SDI regions. Projections suggest that the age-standardized prevalence rate will continue to rise through 2041, disproportionately affecting resource-limited areas. The global burden of GBS increased markedly from 1990 to 2021, with a notable rise after 2019 that was temporally associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Addressing this growing burden will warrant targeted interventions, strengthened surveillance, and equitable allocation of resources, particularly in low-SDI populations.

Colorectal cancer in Saudi Arabia, 1990-2023: An epidemiological ecological study and forecasting projections to 2030.

BackgroundAnxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide and impose a substantial burden on public health systems. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the global burden of anxiety disorders, examine long-term temporal trends, explore their associations with human resources for health (HRH), and project future disease burden.MethodsData were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. We first described the global burden of anxiety disorders in 2021 and its geographical distribution across countries and regions. We then analyzed temporal trends in incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021. In addition, correlations between anxiety disorder burden and HRH were assessed. Finally, future trends from 2022 to 2050 were projected using multiple statistical models.ResultsIn 2021, anxiety disorders accounted for 53.91 million incident cases worldwide, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 678.25 per 100,000 population. The global number of prevalent cases reached 359.21 million, and the total number of DALYs was 42.51 million. China had the highest absolute number of cases, whereas Portugal had the highest age-standardized prevalence rate. Correlation analyses showed moderate associations between several HRH categories and the burden of anxiety disorders; traditional and complementary medicine practitioners were weakly negatively correlated with DALYs. Model-based projections suggest that the global burden of anxiety disorders may continue to increase over the next 25 years.ConclusionAnxiety disorders remain a major global public health challenge. These findings provide updated evidence on their epidemiological burden and may help inform health resource allocation and long-term mental health planning.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and etiologies of blindness and visual impairment in China from 1990 to 2021, and to provide references for formulating prevention and treatment strategies for blindness and visual impairment. Methods: This study was an ecological trend study based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. Data on the number of cases, prevalence, age-standardized prevalence and etiologies of blindness and visual impairment in China from 1990 to 2021 were extracted. The prevalence and changes in etiological composition in different genders and age groups were analyzed. Joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC). Decomposition analysis was performed to quantify the contributions of population aging, population growth and epidemiological change to the changes in the number of cases. Results: In 2021, the number of cases of blindness, severe visual impairment and moderate visual impairment in China was 8.768 2 million, 4.178 9 million and 47.757 2 million, respectively, which increased by 64.90%, 129.47% and 139.80% compared with 1990, with AAPCs of 1.70%, 2.87% and 2.89%, respectively (all P<0.05). The age-standardized prevalence rates were 465.14 per 100 000 population, 214.09 per 100 000 population and 2 501.72 per 100 000 population, respectively, which showed changes of -28.63%, -8.73% and+7.74% compared with 1990, with AAPCs of -1.03% (P<0.05), -0.15% (P=0.281) and 0.28% (P<0.05), respectively. The prevalence of visual impairment was higher in females than in males. In 2021, the highest number of cases of blindness and severe visual impairment was in the 70-74-year age group; the highest number of cases of moderate visual impairment was in the 65-69-year age group. Population aging contributed 133.40%, 87.49% and 68.54% to the changes in the number of cases of blindness, severe visual impairment and moderate visual impairment, respectively; population growth contributed 39.82%, 23.78% and 22.18%, respectively; epidemiological change contributed -73.22%, -10.56% and 9.28%, respectively. Refractive error and cataract were the top two etiologies of blindness and visual impairment. Conclusion: The number of cases of blindness and visual impairment in China showed an upward trend from 1990 to 2021. With population growth and aging, the disease burden will further increase. Focusing on cataract in the elderly and refractive error in children and adolescents is an important strategy to reduce the burden of blindness and visual impairment in China.