Age Limit Research Articles

Child Marriage and Infant Mortality in Indonesia: A Spatial Analysis Approach

Spatial analysis approach is capable of identifying spatial clustering of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) across districts/cities in Indonesia. This information is essential for policymakers when developing appropriate health interventions at districts/cities level. At delivery, maternal age is one of the strongest predictors of infant mortality, which is closely related to child marriage. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between child marriage and IMR in Indonesia, which was controlled by the influence of maternal, household, and health factors. The results showed that there were spatial dependency on IMR in Indonesia. Analysis Regression Spatial Durbin Model showed that child marriage had a positive and significant relationship with IMR. Furthermore, it was discovered that IMR was influenced by several explanatory variables in districts and neighboring cities. To reduce mortality rate, there was a need to increase health services by developing neighboring areas and building access to areas with good health facilities. Educational initiatives are also important, emphasizing the importance of delaying the age of marriage and enforcing the minimum age limits. This approach empowered every child to marriage carefully and had good reproductive health knowledge that could decrease IMR in Indonesia.
 

Reproductive Changes in the Population of the Republic of Croatia

Knowledge of demographic trends is the basis for policy making, both economic, social, health, etc., as well as population policy. The Republic of Croatia has been facing demographic problems for many years, mainly an increase in the elderly population with a simultaneous decrease in the reproductive base and the number of young people. Croatia is one of the countries in the post-transition stage of population characteristics, characterized by the transition of the total fertility rate from a low positive rate to a level that no longer ensures the renewal of generations, and the mortality rate, which is determined by increasing life expectancy. In the Republic of Croatia, fertility is measured by the periodic total fertility rate, which indicates the average expected number of live births that a woman of fertile age (15 to 49 years) would give birth to. The total fertility rate of 2.1 children is often cited in the literature and among the public as the numerical level of generational change, while the Republic of Croatia has recorded a total fertility rate below this level for decades, i.e., 1.48 (2020). Another important characteristic of the post-transition period is late childbearing. The age limit for marriage and readiness to have a first child is increasing. The average age of a mother at the birth of her first child increased from 23.5 years (1960) to 29 years (2020), which significantly shortens a woman's reproductive time. Due to numerous factors, the number of live births has decreased from 95,560 children in 1960 to 35,845 children in 2020, a decrease of 59,715 live births. The subject of this work is a study of the reproductive determinants of population development in the Republic of Croatia, focusing on the determination of the factors influencing fertility and the quantitative presentation of demographic indicators. The aim of this work is to find the cause of declining fertility. Therefore, this work analyzes the factors that influence fertility. Due to the resulting birth deficit, it is necessary to take measures to promote births. Therefore, in the concluding remarks, recommendations are given for improving the demographic situation in the Republic of Croatia in the context of promoting births and increasing fertility. Keywords: reproductive changes, fertility, Republic of Croatia, total fertility rate

Regulation of Maturity Based on Marriage Law in Indonesia: A Perspective on Legal Benefits

The level of maturity is a reference that a person is capable of carrying out a marriage. Facts in the field show that there are cases of divorce carried out by couples who have met the age requirements. Reaching the minimum age of maturity in marriage is not enough to conclude that a person is mature. In Marriage Law Number 16 of 2019, only the minimum age limit for marriage is explained or it can be explicitly said that a person is an adult it was 19 years old. Meanwhile, you should also consider the emotional maturity of the person. So it is necessary to clarify the oncept of maturity in marriage law in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to examine maturity regulations based on the Marriage Law in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research with a philosophical approach, a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The techniques used to analyze legal materials are survey, question, read, recite/recal, review using deductive thinking. The results of the analysis show that maturity plays a major role in the success or failure of a relationship, maturity influences a person's ability to truly commit to a lifelong relationship and understand that commitment means giving up all other partner options. Maturity impacts a person's ability to understand concepts and apply the skills necessary to form and maintain healthy relationships. This can be used as a consideration in legal reform in order to create responsive and progressive legal rules.

The Age Threshold for Presidential Nominations in the Perspective of Dignified Justice Theory

The Constitutional Court's decision regarding the age limit for nominations for President and Vice President has caused problems in society, one of which is related to the issue of the existence of a Family Court. This issue arises because juridically there is a logical inconsistency in the Constitutional Court's decision regarding the age limit for nominations for President and Vice President and related to the nomination of the President's children to contest the Presidential and Vice Presidential elections in the 2024 election. This research aims to analyze aspects of the age threshold for Presidential candidacy and The Vice President reviewed the theory of dignified justice along with an analysis of the Family Court issue as a result of the Constitutional Court's decision. This research is normative legal research which also orientates socio-legal aspects to assess the impact of a Constitutional Court Decision. The approach used is a conceptual and statutory approach. The research results confirm that the enigma of the age threshold for presidential candidacy in the perspective of the theory of dignified justice occurs because the Constitutional Court has gone beyond the open legal policy conception where the age threshold for presidential and vice presidential candidacy is actually the domain of the legislative institution as in the open legal policy conception. Judging from the theory of dignified justice, the enigma of the age threshold for presidential candidacy also occurs because the Constitutional Court failed to construct the dimensions of social justice as envisioned in the formulation of Pancasila. MK Decision on the Age of the President and Vice President as part of a legal product certainly has social, political and legal impacts on society. Issues related to the Family Court should be addressed wisely by the Constitutional Court because these issues exist as a form of public concern for the dignity of the Constitutional Court as an institution that protects the constitution.

SOSIALISASI AMANDEMEN TERHADAP BATASAN USIA PERKAWINAN MELALUI UU NO.16 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS UU NO.1 TAHUN 1974 TENTANG PERKAWINAN

The age limit for marriage in Indonesia has different regulations. In Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, determines the age limit for marriage as 19 (nineteen) years for men and 16 (sixteen) years for women. However, in 2019, the government amended the age limit for marriage through Law No.16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law NO.1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. Marriage is only permitted if the man and woman have reached the age of 19 (nineteen) years. This activity uses the method of socializing Law No. 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage in strengthening legal awareness, especially knowledge related to statutory regulations in the field of family law, which is a very positive activity.

Peningkatan Permohonan Dispensasi Perkawinan (Dini) di Pengadilan Agama Akibat dari Perubahan Sosial

Marriage is a sacred bond that unites two individuals with the support of society and religious organizations. However, in the ever-changing social dynamics, the phenomenon of early child marriage has become a big problem in Indonesia. This article examines the increase in marriage applications in Religious Courts as a result of social changes that conflict with the rights of children and adults. Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage sets the minimum age limit for marriage. This change has a significant impact on children's basic rights as well as their physical and psychological development. The author also examines the impact of implementing the revised minimum age for marriage policy in 2019 on the rate of child marriage in Indonesia. The research method we use is a normative legal approach in terms of methodology. By considering these issues, this research provides an in-depth understanding of the challenges facing the marriage system in Indonesia as well as the social and regulatory changes that may impact efforts to overcome these challenges.

The Impact Of Law Number 16 Of 2019 Marriage Dispensation And Child Marriage Gap

Child marriage in Indonesia is quite high. Child marriage is a form of violence against children and is a practice that violates children's basic rights as outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Child marriage limits access to essential services, including education and health services, and can have long-term negative impacts on children's well-being and life chances. The legal age limit for marriage in Indonesia is a minimum of 19 years. However, one of the policies in the Marriage Law is a loophole that supports the legality of child marriages, through the granting of dispensations by the Court. The number of requests for marriage dispensation at the Ambarawa Religious Court continues to increase. This data is a reference for the author in studying the impact of the enactment of Law Number 16 of 2019, an amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, on children. This research uses normative juridical methodology, namely reviewing court decisions. As a finding, one of the impacts of the enactment of Law Number 16 of 2019 which amends Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage is the increase in the number of requests for marriage dispensation at the Ambarawa District Court, Semarang Regency. This increase reached 337%, with the average number of applications per month increasing from 7.44 to 25.07. Changes in the marriage age as stated in Article 7 regarding the minimum marriage age of 19 years are not effective in reducing the number of child marriages. So it is necessary to optimize the implementation of Supreme Court Regulation Number 5 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for Granting Marriage Dispensations to ensure that judges have clear procedures and structured steps in adjudicating marriage dispensation cases.

Reorganisation of the paediatric care network in Italy

In this paper we advocate for an urgent restructuring of the paediatric care network, emphasizing timely and comprehensive treatment for children. Key points include harmonising the upper age limit to 18, integrating hospital and territorial paediatric care, and utilising telemedicine. The importance of community-based prevention, proximity services, and the establishment of Community Houses with multi-professional teams is stressed. Additionally, there's a call for political will and resources to upgrade paediatric hospital networks and create integrated care pathways, ensuring consistent and improved care for children nationwide.

Implications Of Marriage Dispensation In Increasing Divorce Filings

In principle, the limit on the age of marriage for citizens is to ensure that couples about to marry must have sufficient mental and physical maturity. The minimum age limit for marriage has been regulated by legal provisions and compilations of Islamic law, but there are still differences in determining the age limit. The Amended Marriage Law Number 16 of 2019 has stipulated that the minimum age for marriage for women is the same as for men, namely 19 (nineteen). The ratification of this provision must be a response to public unrest. This can happen because perpetrators of child marriage often lack mental and even economic preparation for a household, causing protracted conflicts. In writing this law, the author wants to examine the factors that cause underage marriages and the influence of underage marriages on the divorce rate in Mojokerto Regency to know the causes of underage marriages, underage marriages, and the impact of underage marriages against divorce. This study uses standard experimental research methods, and the data obtained will be analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. The results of this study show that in Mojokerto Regency, early marriage is due to parental pressure, economic factors, and pregnancies outside of marriage. As a result, conflicts that cannot be sustained in these marriages often arise and end in divorce

Legal Review Of Administrative Violations Of The Status Of Foreign Citizens (Wna) In The Election Of Regent Of Sabu Raijua Based On Mk Ruling No 135/Php.Bup-Xix/2021

Problems regarding citizen status recently occurred in the implementation of the 2020 simultaneous regional elections due to administrative violations of foreign citizen status in regional head elections, this problem occurred when the Regent of Sabu Raijua Regency, Orient Patriot Riwu Kore (Orient) was elected as the elected Regent in NTT based on KPU Decree Number 342/HK.03.1-Kpt/5320/KPU-Kab/Xll/2020 concerning Determination of the Recapitulation of Vote Count Results and Determination of the Results of the 2020 Sabu Raijua Regent and Deputy Regent Election, dated December 16, 2020, who turns out to have Citizen status Foreign Country (WNA). This research was gathered through the use of documentation methodologies and a statutory approach. The data analysis technique employs qualitative techniques, which are then systematically collated to produce tangible data on Administrative Violations of the Status of Foreign Citizens (WNA) in the Sabu Raijua Regency Regent Election Based on Constitutional Court Decision No. 135/Php.Bup-Xix/2021. Based on the results of the dual citizenship provisions for regional official candidacy that apply in Indonesia are must be an Indonesian citizen, apart from that in Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship which provides a time limit for having dual citizenship, namely the age limit of 18 years. The Constitutional Court nullified the appointment of Regent Orient Riwu Kore after discovering that his brother possessed a valid United States Passport, in contravention of Citizenship Law Number 12 of 2006.

Modeling and analysis of a multilayer solid tumour with cell physiological age and resource limitations

We study an avascular spherical solid tumour model with cell physiological age and resource constraints in vivo. We divide the tumour cells into three components: proliferating cells, quiescent cells and dead cells in necrotic core. We assume that the division rate of proliferating cells is nonlinear due to the nutritional and spatial constraints. The proportion of newborn tumour cells entering directly into quiescent state is considered, since this proportion can respond to the therapeutic effect of drug. We establish a nonlinear age-structured tumour cell population model. We investigate the existence and uniqueness of the model solution and explore the local and global stabilities of the tumour-free steady state. The existence and local stability of the tumour steady state are studied. Finally, some numerical simulations are performed to verify the theoretical results and to investigate the effects of different parameters on the model.

The Role of Ethics in Decision Making by the Constitutional Court on the Age Limit for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates

The Role of Ethics in Decision Making by the Constitutional Court on the Age Limit for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates

Forming Family Welfare Villages: Efforts to Prevent Early Marriage in Denai Sarang Burung Village, Deli Serdang Regency

This service activity was carried out in Denai Sarang Burung Village, Pantai Labu District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, which has the challenge of early marriage as a serious social problem. Early marriage, which occurs when couples have not met the standards and age limits for married life, can have a negative impact on the local community. Therefore, prevention efforts involving families and adolescents are needed. Prevention activities are conducted through activities that aim to build communication between parents and teenagers. This includes training on making flower bouquet, snack bouquet and money bouquet. In addition, knowledge transfer was conducted on marriage law, the dangers of teenage promiscuity, and teenage reproductive health. The outcomes of this community service activity include the publication of scientific articles to be published in national journals, publication through mass media, and the making of videos to be uploaded on the YouTube platform. This activity was carried out in Denai Sarang Burung Village, Deli Serdang Regency, using FGD, counseling, and mentoring methods, involving synergy between local partners and the academic community of the University of North Sumatra.

Prognostic value of the serum creatinine/cystatin C ratio in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BackgroundSarcopenia, characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy and physical inactivity, is a manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with a poor prognosis. The serum creatinine (Cr)/cystatin C (CysC) ratio has been proposed as a marker of sarcopenia, given its correlation with total skeletal muscle mass, and as a prognostic indicator in COPD. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the serum Cr/CysC ratio as a prognostic determinant in these patients. MethodsA total of 124 outpatients with COPD were enrolled in this study. Their serum Cr and CysC levels were measured. Survival time analyses were conducted to compare mortality rates between the low and high serum Cr/CysC ratio groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association between various factors. ResultsUsing a serum Cr/CysC cut-off value of 0.885, the mortality rate (per 1000 person-years) for overall mortality was significantly higher in the low serum Cr/CysC ratio group (69.2 versus 28.6; hazard ratio, 2.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–5.79; p < 0.05). Similarly, the mortality rate due to respiratory disease was also higher (37.8 versus 8.2; hazard ratio, 4.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–20.9; p < 0.05). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that serum Cr/CysC was an independent risk factor for respiratory disease mortality, regardless of age and airflow limitations. ConclusionsThe serum Cr/CysC ratio could be a valuable clinical parameter for identifying sarcopenia and severe airflow obstruction. The study findings highlight the utility of this ratio as a prognostic predictor in patients with COPD.

Meltdose Tacrolimus Population Pharmacokinetics and Limited Sampling Strategy Evaluation in Elderly Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Meltdose tacrolimus (Envarsus®) has been marketed as a formulation achieving a more consistent tacrolimus exposure. Due to the narrow therapeutic window of tacrolimus, dose individualization is essential. Relaxation of the upper age limits for kidney transplantations has resulted in larger numbers of elderly patients receiving tacrolimus. However, due to the physiological changes caused by aging, the tacrolimus pharmacokinetics (PK) might be altered. The primary aim was to develop a population PK model in elderly kidney transplant recipients. Secondary aims were the development and evaluation of a limited sampling strategy (LSS) for AUC estimation. A total of 34 kidney transplant recipients aged ≥65 years, starting on meltdose tacrolimus directly after transplantation, were included. An eight-point whole blood AUC0-24h and an abbreviated dried blood spot (DBS) AUC0-24h were obtained. The PK data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effect modeling methods. The PK data were best described using a two-compartment model, including three transit compartments and a mixture model for oral absorption. The best three-sample LSS was T = 0, 2, 6 h. The best four-sample LSSs were T = 0, 2, 6, 8 h and T = 0, 1, 6, 8 h. The developed population PK model adequately described the tacrolimus PK data in a population of elderly kidney transplant recipients. In addition, the developed population PK model and LSS showed an adequate estimation of tacrolimus exposure, and may therefore be used to aid in tacrolimus dose individualization.

Formulation of Underage Marriage in The Perspective of Islamic Law and Legal Sociology

The child's independence in pursuing ideals and realizing success for the future is a desire for parents and the country. This can be achieved when the child has carried out a good learning process that can be taken through the formal or informal level. However, the irony that occurs if a child's dream of becoming a person is useful for the future, religion, and the state must be cut off with what happens, such as marriages that are still not on time or underage marriages. This research aims to analyze underage marriages from the perspective of Islamic law and understand the benchmarks of legal awareness in society to minimize the occurrence of underage marriages and to know the implications of underage marriages. This study is library research using a qualitative approach. The results show that Marriage is a strong bond or mitsqon golidhon carried out by couples who have met the age limit or baligh, but marriages, carried out by someone who is underage must be based on a recommendation through a marriage dispensation issued by a religious court. Second, community indicators in realizing legal knowledge and understanding will form a stable legal attitude so that they can apply patterns of legal behavior. Third, the implications of underage marriage include the disruption of compulsory education, Fulfillment of subsistence, which is not optimal for the families, diversion of responsibility to parents because they have not been able to work properly, Reproductive health conditions are still vulnerable due to lack of good nutrition and give rise to poverty and vulnerability to divorce.

IMPACT OF SALARIES AND INCENTIVES ON EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION IN AN IT COMPANY

This paper explores key factors influencing salary levels and incentives in the IT sector, using an analysis of statistical data segmented by categories such as age group, gender, work experience, education level, and position within the company. The aim was to determine how these demographic and professional characteristics affect employee priorities regarding compensation and incentives. The research is based on a sample of 150 employees in an IT company, selected through a purposive sampling process, with the intention of providing a deeper understanding of the impact of various factors on employee satisfaction through their compensation structure. A compensation structure in an organization includes all aspects of remuneration received by employees, including base salary, bonuses, benefits, and other forms of incentives. Based on the study of the impact of age limits and gender on employee preferences regarding salaries and incentives, it can be concluded that there is significant variation in the priorities of employees in different age groups and between genders. Younger employees, under 30, are primarily focused on salary height due to the need for financial stability in the early stage of their career. Employees aged between 30 and 40 strive to achieve a balance between salary and long-term security, with a strong focus on the quality of working life, flexibility, and the opportunity for professional development. Older employees, over 40, give priority to long-term stability and benefits, considering smaller changes in salary as less important compared to long-term security. Regarding gender, male employees tend to be more aggressive in negotiating salaries and seeking additional incentives, including bonuses and financial benefits. In contrast, female employees often strive for a balance between work and personal life, with greater interest in flexible working hours and benefits that support family needs. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring compensation packages and benefits to the needs of employees at different life stages and based on their gender, in order to maximize satisfaction and efficiency in IT companies. Based on the analysis of the impact of experience, education, and position in the company on employee preferences regarding salaries and incentives, we can conclude that there is a differentiated approach to compensation based on these factors. In terms of experience, less experienced employees (0-3 years of experience) are motivated by higher salaries and bonuses due to the desire for rapid professional advancement. Employees with 3-5 years of experience value a balance between salary and benefits, while focusing on additional perks that contribute to quality of life. Employees with more than 5 years of experience seek greater security and long-term benefits. Regarding education, employees with higher degrees (master’s or doctoral) expect higher salaries and incentives. Those with vocational education may be more interested in flexible working hours and working from home, while employees with a bachelor’s degree seek opportunities for advancement and training. As for the position within the company, managers expect higher salaries and bonuses due to greater responsibility, while operational staff at lower levels of the hierarchy value additional benefits and the work environment more. In conclusion, these findings indicate the importance of tailoring compensation and benefit strategies to individual employee needs, taking into account their experience, education, and position within the company, in order to maximize satisfaction and loyalty in IT companies.

Effect of Girisindura Malahara on Padadari - Case Study

Ayurveda is considered to be the oldest healing science. In Sanskrit, Ayurveda means “The Science of Life”. The incidence of skin disease is gradually increasing and Padadari is one of the most common diseases which is seen now a days. It is also called as Vidari, Dari, Cracked Fissure. Feet are the most often neglected and affected part of the body even though they are most important part of our body. Cracks or fissures on foot have no age limit and can affect anyone. Most of the time cracks are occupational like for farmers and for those who stand for longer duration. Excessive walking, walking bare foot, back open shoes, obesity, diabetic, psoriasis, unhygienic conditions, exposure to dust, dirt and microbes are some of the common causes for Padadari. In Ayurvedic classics there are various herbs mentioned as Vrunaropaka. Here in this study Girisindura Malahara has been used in the case of Padadari. The obtained results and outcomes are being shown. Hereby presenting the case of Padadari which was treated successfully.

Interruptions in Insurance Coverage and Prescription Drug Utilization: Evidence from Kentucky.

This study examined how interruptions in insurance coverage affect purchases of prescription drugs for young adults. It used data spanning 2014 to 2018 from Kentucky's prescription drug monitoring program, which tracked the universe of federally-regulated (Schedule II-V) prescription drugs dispensed in the state. The study employed a regression discontinuity design based on the age limit at 26 for dependent insurance coverage for children. At age 26, the probability of purchasing a prescription decreased by 5%, with all subcategories of prescriptions affected. The share of generic prescriptions increased for stimulants (the only category observed with substantial branded prescriptions). By age 27, prescription purchases returned to levels observed at 25, but the share purchased with public insurance and the generic share for stimulants remained higher. The findings suggest that interruptions in insurance coverage decrease prescription drug utilization by young adults and that public insurance programs such as Medicaid are important for resuming treatment.

Exploring barriers and strategies for improving sexual and reproductive health access for young men in Sweden: Insights from healthcare providers in youth clinics

MethodsYouth clinics in Sweden are not reaching young men to the same extent as young women. We conducted a qualitative study to explore healthcare providers’ (HCPs) perspectives on the barriers to young men’s access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and how youth clinics can better accommodate the needs of young men. We used thematic analysis to analyze eight interviews with nine HCPs (three men and six women). ResultsWe developed three themes: 1) It’s about the youth clinics and those working in them—the clinics suffered from low organizational support, which affected their ability to accommodate young men’s needs and were perceived as “girls’ clinics”. Midwifery, which is the main profession of HCPs working with SRH in the clinics, was perceived as a women’s profession for women’s SRH; 2) It’s not all about the youth clinics—young men were perceived as lacking essential knowledge about SRH and gender norms were preventing young men from visiting youth clinics; 3) Organizational strategies for improving access—the participants discussed strategies to attract young men, including separate reception for young men, hiring more male staff, having higher age limits for young men, and digital solutions to address privacy concerns. ConclusionThere is a need for societal efforts to increase young men’s knowledge about SRH and improve their access to SRH services. Several strategies can be adapted by youth clinics to attract more young men but there is need for further research to design and evaluate such interventions.