�you all/ya’ll has been the topic of much commentary. 1 Of the 253 articles in McMillan and Montgomery (1989, 265–97) in the chapter on morphology and syntax, 25 are about you all or ya’ll, and 17 (68%) of these debate whether these forms can also be used in the singular. Some assert that these words are for stylistic exaggeration or cordiality or reflect the inclusive or associative use of the pronoun to refer to understood others besides the singular addressee. The other 8 articles cited concern whether the stress was originally on the first or second syllable of you all and whether the biblical or Shakespearean you all is related by this stress placement; also, alternate forms of the second-person plural, such as you’uns, are analyzed. Subsequent studies continue the issue of ya’ll as singular and cite the appearance of ya’ll outside the traditional South: in Oklahoma (Tillery and Bailey 1998) and in Vernacular Black English in Waterloo, Iowa (Riney 1993, 87). The contribution of the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (1986– 92) in discerning you all versus ya’ll geographic areas has been noted (Montgomery 1998, 36). Montgomery (1996, 5–10) discusses the complexity and versatility of ya’ll, a fused grammaticalization of you all, as having these six properties: (1) a paradigmatic gap for plural you; (2) an associative plural, including individuals associated but not present with the singular addressee; (3) an institutional plural addressed to one person representing a group; (4) an unknown potential referent; (5) a form used in direct address in certain contexts (e.g., partings, greetings, invitations, and vocatives); and (6) a stylistic choice distinct in tone (e.g., in intimacy, familiarity, and informality). Lipski (1993, 23–56) traces past conjectures about the derivation of the U.S. contraction of you all to ya’ll not only from European languages but also from a possible non-European source, such as Gullah. Dismissing Gullah as the source, however, Lipski believes that African American speakers first used the contracted form, which spread to White speakers. Lipski’s focus is a syntactic analysis of plural you/ya’ll variation, largely within the