Exploring temperamental and clinical predictors of lithium treatment outcomes in bipolar disorder using diverse machine learning approaches.

Prevalence and socio-clinical correlates of mixed features specifier in depressive episode: A cross-sectional study from North India.

Exploring ADHD through the Lens of temperament: The TEMPS-A connection.

The role of affective temperaments on depressive rumination in individuals with bruxism

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between affective temperament traits and the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted including 47 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and 36 healthy controls. Participants were evaluated using the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Temperament Assessment Scale to assess affective temperament profiles, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to determine symptoms of anxiety and depression. Clinical, biochemical, and sociodemographic data were also collected. Correlation analyses and a generalized linear model were used to explore associations and predictors of psychiatric symptoms. Data were collected at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University between June 2016 and January 2017.ResultsPatients with primary hyperparathyroidism showed significantly higher scores for depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious temperaments compared to healthy controls. Anxiety and depression scores were also significantly higher in the patient group. Among patients, depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperament traits were positively correlated with both anxiety and depression levels, whereas hyperthymic temperament showed no significant association. Multivariate analysis revealed that anxious and cyclothymic temperaments were significant predictors of anxiety symptoms, while hyperthymic temperament was associated with lower depression scores. No significant associations were found between biochemical parameters and psychiatric symptom severity, except for a positive correlation between serum calcium levels and hyperthymic temperament.ConclusionsAffective temperament characteristics, particularly anxious and cyclothymic traits, are closely associated with the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Hyperthymic temperament may act as a protective factor against depression in this population. Incorporating temperament assessment into the clinical evaluation of these patients may facilitate early identification of those at higher risk for psychiatric comorbidities and guide more effective, individualized intervention strategies.

Affective temperaments as clinical indicators in major depressive disorder: Associations with psychiatric state and trait characteristics.

Latent profiles of affective temperaments can support differentiation of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and major depressive disorder.

The effect of body mass index on illness characteristics in patients with affective disorders: Results from an Italian multicentric study.

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsTemperamental traits are stable, biologically based personality characteristics that shape an individual′s emotional and behavioral responses. While certain traits, in their extreme expressions, may predispose individuals to mood disorders and diabetes‐related distress, others may confer resilience and protective benefits. Evaluating the prevalence and patterns of these traits in diabetic patients is therefore essential for a holistic understanding of their psychological profile. This study aimed to assess and compare temperamental characteristics between diabetic patients and healthy individuals.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included diabetic patients referred to the internal medicine and psychiatry clinics at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Temperamental traits were assessed in both patients and a healthy control group using the shortened Persian version of the TEMPS‐A, a self‐report questionnaire designed in 2005 to evaluate anxious, depressive, irritable, cyclothymic, and hyperthymic temperaments. The Persian version's validity and reliability had been confirmed, and the study assessed these traits in diabetic patients using this validated tool.ResultsA total of 62 participants were included, with a mean age of 46.33 ± 14.87 years. The case group was significantly older (p = 0.0001) and had a higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.002) than the control group. The case group showed a significantly higher dysthymic temperament score (p = 0.040). No significant differences were found in irritable, anxious, cyclothymic, or hyperthymic temperament, though hyperthymic temperament scores were higher in men in the case group (p = 0.044). Age was not significantly associated with temperamental traits.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of assessing affective temperaments, particularly depressive (dysthymic) temperament, in the management of diabetes. The presence of this temperamental trait suggests a higher vulnerability for developing mood disorders. Therefore, routine psychological screening for such predispositions is essential for identifying at‐risk patients and implementing early interventions to improve overall treatment outcomes and quality of life.

To assess alexithymia and affective temperament in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compare these patients to a group of patients undergoing endocrinological evaluation without a diagnosis of PCOS (non-PCOS). Additionally, the study explored the relationship between affective temperament, alexithymia, body mass index (BMI), and the severity of hirsutism in the PCOS group. A total of 46 patients with PCOS and 28 non-PCOS patients were recruited for the study. All participants underwent endocrinological and gynecological diagnostics. Alexithymia was assessed using the TAS-20 questionnaire, while affective temperament was evaluated with the TEMPS-A questionnaire. Both PCOS and non-PCOS patients were found to fall within the "intermediate alexithymic" range. Patients with PCOS exhibited more pronounced cyclothymic temperament (p=0,019), and the difference in irritable temperament was close to statistical significance (p=0,072). In a stepwise linear regression analysis, total alexithymia emerged as a statistically significant positive predictor of BMI in PCOS group (β=0.368, p=0.012). Patients with PCOS exhibit higher cyclothymic temperament compared to the non-PCOS group. Both groups show "intermediate alexithymia", which could impact treatment adherence and mental health, highlighting the importance of psychological interventions for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Abstract BACKGROUND Affective temperaments represent the substrate of personality that can influence the expression of autoimmune, infectious, and cardiovascular disorders. However, research conducted on brain tumors is absent. Aim: To investigate the effect of affective temperaments on the relationship between physical and psychiatric symptomsin patients with brain tumors. METHODS The sample consisted of 43 patients who have been evaluated at the Fondazione Policlinco Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS. Participants performed a multidisciplinary assessment including psychiatric evaluation through the administration of rating scales. The psychiatric dimensions assessed included severity of depressive, anxiety, manic symptoms, suicidality, resilience. Affective temperament was assessed through the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis,Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). We used TEMPS-A subscales as predictors and psychiatric rating scales total scores were outcome variables. RESULTS Higher levels of cyclothymic and irritable temperaments are associated to greater depressive and anxiety symptoms and greater suicidality. Depressive temperament predicts greater depressive symptoms. On the other hand, hyperthymic temperament buffer psychopathology. Limitation: The clinical variables included in the analyses do not represent the entire range of psychopathology. The small sample size limits the generalizability of the results found. CONCLUSIONS Stable-highly energetic temperamental traits, such as the hyperthymic, buffer against the development of psychopathology, whereas, unstable-highly energetic temperamental traits, such as the irritable and the hyperthymic, favor mood instability and suicide. Lower energetic temperamental traits, such as the depressive one, are associated to higher depressive symptoms but not suicide. The clinical evaluation of behavioral alterations in subjects with primary brain tumors might benefit from the analysis of affective temperament.

The emergence of new psychopathological constructs, e.g. “modern-type depression” (MTD), arose concerns in diagnosis and treatment of youth depression. Our study explored the role of MTD within an Italian youth sample (n = 273; aged 14–25) with major depressive disorder (MDD), through MINI 7.0.0, BDI-II, TACS-22 and TEMPS-M. Around 49.8% of MTD depression was found, specifically among females (p < 0.001). Only depressive and cyclothymic temperaments together with TACS-22 “complaint” subscale were found positive predictors of depressive severity (F(4,170)=55.872, p < 0.001, R2=0.568). Binomial logistic regression analyses found sex differences in the explanatory effects of affective temperamental profiles on the likelihood of developing MTD depression. In males, both depressive and cyclothymic temperaments (both, p = 0.004) are risky factors, while hyperthymic temperament is a protective factor (p = 0.010). In females, only cyclothymic temperament was found to be a positive predictor (p = 0.018). According to our findings, MTD may have a clinical relevance in youth MDD. There is the need to routinely include MTD assessment in clinical practice for a better MDD characterization and for offering tailored therapeutic approaches to MTD depression, based on sex differences and affective temperamental profile.

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are complex and disabling mental disorders, requiring a clinical characterization to improve patients’ outcome. Affective temperaments and seasonality are associated with illness severity and prognosis in mood disorders, but are rarely explored in clinical practice.MethodsThe impact of affective temperaments on seasonality has been explored in real-world patients suffering from MDD, BD-I or BD-II through the brief version of the Munster Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (b-TEMPS-M) and the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Patients’ levels of anxiety, depressive, and manic symptoms as well as trait-impulsivity, quality of life and global functioning were also explored through standardized assessment instruments. Associations were tested by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThe 100 recruited participants were mostly female (68%) with a mean age of 45.1±14.0 years. Sixty-six percent of them had a diagnosis of MDD and 34% of BD. Forty-seven patients had a seasonal pattern of the disorder, as shown by a Global Seasonality Score (GSS) at SPAQ >10. GSS mean value significantly correlated with b-TEMPS-M depressive (p<0.01), anxious (p<0.01) and cyclothymic (p<0.01) scores; linear regression showed an association between GSS and b-TEMPS-M depressive (p<0.01) and anxious (p<0.05) subscales, and with trait-impulsivity (p<0.05).ConclusionDepressive and anxious temperaments increase the risk of a seasonal pattern of mood disorders. Assessing affective temperaments and seasonality may be useful in the clinical characterization of the individual patient in order to better personalize the management of MDD and BD.

IntroductionResearch suggests that affective temperaments influence adherence to pharmacotherapy; however, this has not been investigated in infertility treatment. Our prospective longitudinal study assessed the impact of affective temperaments on medication adherence during infertility treatments.Methods179 women presenting at an Assisted Reproduction Centre completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego (TEMPS-A) questionnaire before treatment, and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) six months later. Univariate linear regression assessed whether affective temperaments predict medication adherence; multivariate and interaction models examined the influence of sociodemographic and medical variables on this relationship, and potential moderating effects of age and education.ResultsHigher cyclothymic, depressive, irritable, and anxious affective temperament scores predicted significantly poorer adherence to pharmacotherapeutic recommendations (β = −0.122, p < 0.001, β = −0.178, p < 0.001, β = −0.114, p = 0.002, β = −0.071, p = 0.08; respectively). These results remained significant in multivariate models including sociodemographic and medical factors, which did not influence adherence. Increasing age intensified the negative impact of anxious temperament on medication adherence (β = −0.015, p = 0.024).ConclusionsAffective temperaments impact adherence to pharmacotherapeutic recommendations among women experiencing infertility, possibly influencing treatment outcomes. Screening for affective temperaments can identify patients at risk of medication non-adherence. Applying patient-tailored psychological interventions to aid adherence could increase the chances of successful pregnancies.

IntroductionAdolescence and young adulthood are critical periods for the development of emotion regulation, a process increasingly influenced by the pervasive use of digital technologies. This study investigated whether the severity of Internet Addiction (IA) moderates the relationship between affective temperaments and emotion regulation strategies in adolescents and young adults with problematic Internet use.MethodData were collected from a convenience sample of 262 Italian participants (62.6% female; aged 13–21) via an online survey between March and December 2024. Participants completed validated measures of Internet addiction (IAT), affective temperaments (TEMPS-A), and emotion regulation strategies (ERQ), and analyzed with different moderation models for each affective temperament.ResultsModeration analyses revealed that IA severity significantly weakened the negative association between depressive and anxious temperaments and cognitive reappraisal, and also reduced the positive link between anxious temperament and suppression, indicating that higher problematic Internet use may buffer some temperament-related emotion regulation difficulties.DiscussionFindings suggest that IA severity moderates the link between affective temperaments and emotion regulation. Specifically, higher IA levels weakened the negative association between depressive/anxious temperaments and cognitive reappraisal, and also reduced the positive link between anxious temperament and suppression, indicating that problematic Internet use may buffer some temperament-related emotion regulation difficulties. Future longitudinal research is needed to clarify the long-term impact of this digital scaffolding on emotional development.

IntroductionPatients suffering from severe mental disorders have a reduced life expectancy of approximately 10-25 years compared to the general population. This mortality gap is mainly due to physical comorbidities among which metabolic disorders play a significant role.ObjectivesIn our study we used the Body Mass Index (BMI), an indicator of general health that can be easily calculated in daily clinical practice, to investigate how weight and the different psychopathological and psychosocial dimensions mutually influence each other in patients with mental disorders.MethodsThis naturalistic observational multicenter study was carried-out in 7 Italian university centers (Universities of Campania “L. Vanvitelli,” Catania, Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Rome, Padova, Sapienza University of Rome, and Tor Vergata of Rome). Patients were recruited if they: 1) had diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) or major depressive disorder (MDD) according to DSM-5 criteria; 2) had an age between 18 and 65 years; 4) were in a stable phase of the disease (total score < 9 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and a score of ≤11 on the Young Mania Rating Scale). Affective temperaments were assessed with the Munster Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego, impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and suicidal ideation with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale.ResultsA total of 598 patients were recruited, of which 60.9% affected by DB and 39.1% by MDD. Univariate analyzes revealed an association between higher BMI and male gender (p<0.001), BD diagnosis (p<0.001), high levels of impulsivity (p<0.05), presence of psychotic symptoms during the acute phases of illness (p<0.05), greater number of hospitalizations (p<0.01), cigarette smoking (p<0.05) and depressive temperament (p<0.001). Furthermore, patients treated with lithium (p<0.05), antiepileptics (p<0.05) and first-generation antipsychotics (p<0.001) had a significantly higher BMI compared to those not taking the aforementioned pharmacological treatments.ConclusionsThe results of our study highlight a strong link between BMI and some clinical outcomes in patients with affective disorders. The routinary assessment of these outcomes would be useful for the early identification of potential metabolic comorbidities as well as to identify patients at higher risk to develop a worse outcome.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Stress plays a crucial role in the development and course of substance use disorders, including methamphetamine use disorder (MAUD). Psychological resilience refers to one's ability to cope with stress and adversity. In many psychiatric disorders, resilience is related to many factors such as impulsivity, aggression, childhood trauma, and affective temperament. However, these associations have been poorly studied in MAUD. This study aimed to explore key factors associated with resilience in individuals with MAUD. In total, 114 patients with MAUD were recruited. All participants completed the resilience scale for adults (RSA), Beck depression inventory (BDI), Barratt impulsiveness scale, 11th version (BIS-11), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-Questionnaire version (TEMPS-A). Linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with resilience. There was no significant correlation between resilience and daily amount or duration of methamphetamine use. The total scores for depression, aggression, impulsivity, childhood emotional neglect, emotional abuse, and childhood physical abuse were negatively correlated with resilience scores. Childhood emotional abuse and emotional neglect, anger, and depressive and hyperthymic temperaments significantly predicted resilience (Adjusted R2 = 0.354). Interventions to enhance resilience that consider temperament traits, aggression, and a history of childhood trauma may make important contributions to the treatment of individuals with MAUD.

Affective temperament modulates the relationship between physical and psychiatric symptoms during long-COVID: results from the Gemelli against COVID-19 post-acute care service.

Background/Objectives: Despite medical advances, stigma remains a major challenge for people living with HIV (PLWH). This study examined clinical, sociodemographic, and psychological predictors of HIV-related stigma, and explored whether affective temperament moderates the impact of depression on stigma. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 97 PLWH attending a tertiary infectious disease unit in Rome, Italy. Participants completed a battery of validated psychometric instruments assessing depressive symptoms, anxiety, manic symptoms, mixed affective states, general psychopathology, impulsivity, and affective temperament. HIV-related stigma was evaluated using the Berger HIV Stigma Scale, which measures personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and concerns with public attitudes. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. Univariate linear regressions were conducted to explore associations between clinical, psychometric, and sociodemographic variables and each stigma subdimension, as well as the total stigma score. Variables significant at p < 0.05 were included in five multivariate linear regression models. Moderation analyses were subsequently performed to assess whether affective temperaments moderated the relationship between significant psychopathological predictors and stigma. Bonferroni correction was applied where appropriate. Results: Higher depressive symptom scores are significantly associated with greater internalized stigma (B = 0.902, p = 0.006) and total stigma (B = 2.603, p = 0.008). Furthermore, moderation analyses showed that anxious temperament significantly intensified the relationship between depressive symptoms and both negative self-image (interaction term B = 0.125, p = 0.001) and total stigma (B = 0.336, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and anxious temperament are associated with HIV-related stigma. Integrating psychological screening and targeted interventions for mood and temperament vulnerabilities may help reduce stigma burden in PLWH and improve psychosocial outcomes.

Teachers are the occupational group most at risk for dysphonia. Therefore, it is important to introduce effective methods to support the rehabilitation process of occupational voice disorders. Knowledge about temperamental conditioning responsible for susceptibility or resistance to workplace stress and the occupational burnout syndrome in teachers is very important for the rehabilitation process due to further voice work. The dependence of subjective voice assessment of professionally active teachers on affective temperament and occupational burnout was analyzed. The study included 174 female teachers who participated in a 24-day inpatient voice rehabilitation program at the Health Resort Hospital in Ciechocinek, Poland, 2019-2021. Subjective voice impairment was assessed using the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) self-assessment questionnaire. Affective temperament types were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire was used to measure burnout. The VHI, TEMPS-A and MBI questionnaires were administered to the teachers at the beginning of the rehabilitation stay. Total self-report of voice dysfunction, as assessed by the VHI questionnaire, was shown to be significantly associated with occupational burnout in all its dimensions (p = 0.00). The association of the subjective assessment of voice dysfunction in the teachers surveyed with affective temperament types was not confirmed. The study could be expanded to include a control group. The research on the relationship between occupational burnout and voice disorders could also be repeated with another group of voice professionals, such as singers. Demonstrating a correlation based on results obtained regardless of occupation would increase the reliability and confirm the universal value of the present study. Prophylaxis that takes into account temperamental conditioning and occupational burnout, as well as practical preparation of teachers for voice work, may be helpful in preventing voice dysfunction in this professional group. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2025;76(5):361-371.