Affective Style Questionnaire Research Articles

Emotion regulation in older nursing home residents with and without depression and younger comparison samples

ObjectivesWe aimed to increase the understanding of emotion regulation (ER) and depression in older residents. MethodsA sample of depressed and non-depressed nursing home residents (N = 164, Mage = 82.63) were compared to younger patients with depression (N = 163, Mage = 37.4) and a non-clinical student sample (N = 635, Mage = 23.82). The Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and in the older adults, cognitive capacity, access to people, and a facet of mindfulness were assessed. With two MANCOVAs ER was compared between the depressed and non-depressed participants. ResultsDepressed and non-depressed individuals differed significantly regrading Adjusting and Tolerating after controlling for age, with an interaction significant for Tolerating (p = .034). Access to people and monitoring of experience were significant predictors of ER in residents. ConclusionsInterventions that include ER for older patients in nursing homes as a possibility to reduce age related stereotypes are discussed.

The Validation of Affective Style Questionnaire in Turkish Culture and Mediating Role of Affective Styles on the relationship between Attachment Styles and Depression

The Validation of Affective Style Questionnaire in Turkish Culture and Mediating Role of Affective Styles on the relationship between Attachment Styles and Depression

The Groundswell Community Surf Therapy Intervention for At-Risk Women and Changes in Body Acceptance, Resilience, and Emotional Regulation.

Surf therapy combines physical activity with social support to provide a healing environment. This exploratory pre-to post-intervention study examined the effects of a novel surf therapy program for women who experienced abuse, trauma, and/or mental illness on emotional regulation, resilience, body acceptance, and gratitude. Twenty-seven women (ages 25 to 54; mean 36.32 + SD 7.79) participated in an 8-week Groundswell Surf Therapy Program held in four different coastal cities in California. Standardized self-report questionnaires were administered prior to and following the therapy program, including the Body Acceptance Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Affective Style Questionnaire, and the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form (GQ-6) in a pre-post study design. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Body acceptance [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.472] and resilience were increased [P = 0.005; partial Eta squared = 0.319] following the surf therapy intervention. Emotional regulation was examined according to three subscales, with the adjust [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.397] and tolerate [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.299] subscales increasing following the intervention, and the conceal subscale [P = 0.459; partial Eta squared = 0.031] remaining unchanged. Gratitude scores were unchanged [P = 0.425; partial Eta squared = 0.026]. A surf therapy program rooted in somatic and trauma-informed models was associated with improved resilience, emotional regulation, and body acceptance in at-risk women.

The Relationship of Mobile-Based Social Network Addiction and Family Communication Patterns, with Behavioral Problems in Secondary School Students: The Mediating Role of Emotional Self-Regulation.

New technologies offer endless possibilities for students and schools, but as the use of smartphones increases, psychological and behavioral problems may also increase. To investigate the relationship of mobile-based social network addiction and family communication patterns on the one hand, and behavioral problems in students on the other, with a focus on the mediating role of emotional self-regulation. This study used a quantitative approach and a cross-sectional design. The participants were 384 students (female/male: 226/168; mean age: 16 ± 1.98) in secondary high schools in Tehran in the academic year 2022-2023. The students were selected using convenience sampling. The data were collected online using the Revised Family Communication Pattern Scale (1994), Mobile-Based Social Network Addiction Questionnaire (2016), Child Behavior Checklist - Adolescent Version (2001), and the Affective Style Questionnaire (2010). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS-25 and AMOS-24 statistical software. The study showed that emotional self-regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between mobile-based social network addiction and internalized and externalized behavioral problems (P ≤ .05). The indirect effect of conversation orientation on internalized and externalized behavioral problems mediated by emotional self-regulation was not significant, but the indirect effect of conformity orientation on internalized and externalized behavioral problems with the mediation of emotional self-regulation was significant (P ≤ .05). Based on the findings, it is suggested that school officials and parents should develop emotional self-regulation and communication skills in students and parenting skills in their parents to prevent and reduce potential harm such as internet addiction and behavioral problems in students.

Concealing, Tolerating, and Adjusting to Emotions in Obsessive-Compulsive and Anxiety Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Although research has shown that mood and anxiety disorders manifest disturbed emotion regulation, it is unclear whether anxiety disorders differ between each other in terms of their emotion regulation strategies. In the present study, we investigated whether patients with anxiety disorders present different affective styles. We assessed affective styles of 32 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, 29 social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients, 29 panic disorder (PD) patients, and 20 healthy controls through the Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ). A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed to compare the affective styles across groups (OCD, SAD, PD and control), while controlling for depression, anxiety symptoms and age. The MANCOVA revealed a significant, small-medium, main effect of diagnostic group on affective styles. The planned contrasts revealed that OCD and SAD patients reported significantly lower scores for "tolerance" (ASQ-T) compared to healthy controls group. There were no differences between PD group and healthy controls. Our findings provide evidence that OCD and SAD have difficulty tolerating strong emotions existing in the present moment in an open and non-defensive way.

SOCIAL COMPETENCE AND AFFECTIVE STYLES OF EMOTION REGULATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Being social animals human being always strive to interact with others, which needs social competence. However they need to manage their emotions also. This particular research was carried out to find the relationship between social competence and different affective styles of emotion regulation of university students. Moreover the gender difference on social competence and affective styles of emotion regulation was also checked. Correlation research design was used and data were collected through survey technique from male and female students of Foundation University, COMSATS University, Quaid-i-Azam University, Capital University and International Islamic University. Social Competence Scale and Affective Style Questionnaire were administered on university students for data collection which were analysed using mean, Standard Deviation, t-Test and pearson correlation. A significant correlation between social competence and affective styles of emotional regulation (adjusting, tolerating and concealing styles) was found. It was also observed that gender difference between university students on social competence was significant. However gender difference on emotional regulation was non-significant. Using positive affective styles of emotional regulation can help to reduce stress, tension, anxiety and depression among university students.

Affective styles and their association with anxiety and depression in a Japanese clinical sample.

Affective styles are assumed to play an important role in maintaining negative affect, including anxiety and depression. However, little is known about the longitudinal relationship between affective styles and symptoms. Therefore, we conducted a longitudinal study to examine the influence of affective styles, assessed using the Affective Style Questionnaire, on anxiety and depression among clinical populations in Japan. Using an online survey, 1521 participants (406 with major depressive disorder; 479 with one or more anxiety disorders; and 636 with both) answered the Affective Style Questionnaire and measures of emotion regulation, anxiety and depression symptoms. Data were collected twice over 2 months. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the same four-factor structure found in a previous sample of Japanese university students. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the affective styles had a slightly greater effect on anxiety symptoms but not on depression compared to other common emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression and reappraisal measured by the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Limitations of this study were that it used online surveys, in which, participants' diagnostic statuses were based on unverifiable self-reports. In conclusion, the association of affective styles with anxiety and depression among the clinical populations was prospectively confirmed. Further study is needed to examine the association considering the combination or profiles of affective styles among different emotional disorders.

Roditeljske i neroditeljske figure privrženosti kao prediktori afektivnih stilova

Emotional regulation is one of the components of emotional intelligence that is very important for the development of the person and the quality of life in adulthood. Growing up, in a relationship with family, then with peers and finally with partners, we learn to regulate our emotional experiences and build characteristic affective styles. The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is an interdependence of figures of attachment in the prediction of affective styles in a sample of young adult girls who are currently in a partnership and those who are not (264 respondents). The instruments used were: Questionnaire for assessing partner, friend and family attachment - three versions (Kamenov, Jelić 2003). This questionnaire is a revised Croatian version of the ECR (Experience in Close Relationship Questionnaire) questionnaire (Brennan, Clark, Shaver 1998) and the ASQ Affective Style Questionnaire (Hofmann, Kashdan 2010). The connection between affective styles and attachment for all three examined figures was confirmed, as well as the predictive power of some dimensions of attachment in the explanation of affective styles. The initial hypotheses of this paper are only partially confirmed, but the results indicate important theoretical and practical implications that could be supplemented in future work. Attachment is obviously an important part in the space of emotion regulation, but it seems that the correlation is not direct and that there is an influence of many personal and situational variables that need to be researched in future

Personality Traits and Emotion Regulation Styles of Elite Beach Volleyball Dyads: Examination of Intra-Team Differences, Performance and Satisfaction Levels.

The current study was designed to assess the personality traits and emotion regulation styles of elite beach volleyball players. Intra-team differences were examined with three primary objectives: (i) to create a personality profile of elite beach volleyball players, (ii) to examine the relationship of this profile in relation to performance and satisfaction levels, and (iii) to highlight the similarities in personalities of members of successful teams. A total of 82 elite beach volleyball players were asked to fill out the Big Five Inventory, the Personality Adjective Scale, and the Affective Style Questionnaire. In addition to these, the overall satisfaction and performance level of these athletes were measured. Results indicated a higher manifestation of warmth, liveliness, emotional stability and reasoning, along with lower levels of neuroticism in successful athletes. The players used a variety of emotional regulation styles and reported being moderately to highly satisfied with their team. A repeated-measures MANCOVA revealed no significant differences in personality traits between the team members. This study generates valuable insights into the personality of elite beach volleyball players and can be useful for coaches, sport psychologists, and academics for practical application and further scientific research.

Comparing of the Effectiveness of Child-Centered Play Therapy and Child-Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT) on the Affective Style in Children with Separation Anxiety Disorder

Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of child-centered play therapy and (CPRT) on the affective styles in children suffering from separation anxiety disorder. Method: The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and control groups. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female students with separation anxiety in the fifth and sixth grades of primary schools in city of Babol, of whom 45 of these students were selected via random sampling, and were randomly divided into three groups: experimental group-1, experimental group-2 and control group. The first experimental group received child-centered play therapy with Axline approach in sixteen 45-minute sessions, and the second experimental group were taught (CPRT) ten 2-hour sessions. The research instruments were questionnaire (form d) of the children Symptoms Inventory (Sprafkin, Lani &amp; Gadow, 1994) and the Affective Style Questionnaire (Hofmann &amp; Kashdan, 2010) . Covariance was used to analyze the data. Findings: The results showed that both interventions play an effective role in improving the affective styles in children with separation anxiety disorder. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of (CPRT) and child-centered play therapy and the (CPRT) was more effective in improving the affective styles there (p&lt; 0/05). Conclusions: CPRT training can be considered as a more suitable alternative in improving the affective styles as well as in improving the psycho-cognitive symptoms of children with separation anxiety disorder.

Duygu Stilleri Anketi’nin Beliren Yetişkinlik Dönemindeki Bireylerde Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

The Affective Style Questionnaire was developed by Hofmann ve Kashdan (2010) to determine the affective styles of individuals. The purpose of this study is to adapt “The Affective Style Questionnaire” in Turkish culture and to perform a validity and reliability study on a sample consisting of university students who are in appearing adulthood period in Turkey. The study group consisted of 343 (192 female and 151 male) students attending to various departments of the Faculty of Education at Dokuz Eylül University. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by construct validity, concurrent validity and language validity studies. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test construct validity. The original three-factor structure of the questionnaire has been verified. As a result of concurrent validity it was found a positive and significant correlation between the scores of The Affective Style Questionnaire and The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Similary, in the language validity study, a positive and significant correlation was obtained between two applications. In addition, the internal consistency and test-retest reliability coefficients supported the reliability of the questionnaire. The results show that “The Affective Style Questionnaire” will be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Predicting Academic Satisfaction through Character Virtues Mediated by Emotional Self-Regulation in Female Students of Secondary School

The main purpose of this study was to predict academic satisfaction through character virtues mediated by emotional self-regulation in Female Students of secondary school students in Mahabad. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and is based on descriptive-survey information collection. The statistical population includes all female students in the second secondary school of Mahabad city in the academic year of 1998-99 (N = 3681). The samples were determined using Cochran's formula 348 people and a questionnaire was distributed electronically among the samples. Also, statistical sampling method was available in the present study. Satisfaction questionnaires Shaykh al-Islami and Ahmadi (2011), Patterson and Seligman (2004) Active Values Questionnaire and Hoffman and Kashdan Affective Style Questionnaire (2010) were used to collect data through simultaneous multiple regression analysis at the significance level of 0.05 and Sobel test. Data analysis was performed. The results of regression analysis showed that character virtues (wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence) and dimensions of emotional self-regulation (re-adjusting affect, conceal or suppress affect and tolerate and accept) have a positive and significant relationship with academic satisfaction (05/0≥ P), as well as emotional self-regulation Academic satisfaction showed a positive and significant relationship(05/0≥ P )On the other hand, it was found that academic satisfaction is predicted positively and significantly through character virtues by mediating emotional self-regulation dimensions (re-adjusting affect, conceal or suppress affect and tolerate and accept)

Why do patients go off track? Examining potential influencing factors for being at risk of psychotherapy treatment failure

BackgroundRoutine outcome monitoring can support clinicians to detect patients who deteriorate [not-on-track (NOT)] early in psychotherapy. Implemented Clinical Support Tools can direct clinicians’ attention towards potential obstacles to a positive treatment outcome and provide suggestions for suitable interventions. However, few studies have compared NOT patients to patients showing expected progress [on-track (OT)] regarding such obstacles. This study aimed to identify domains that have predictive value for NOT trajectories and to compare OT and NOT patients regarding these domains and the items of the underlying scales.MethodsDuring treatment, 413 outpatients filled in the Hopkins-Symptom-Checklist-11 (depressive and anxious symptom distress) before every therapy session as a routine outcome measure. Further, the Assessment for Signal Clients, Affective Style Questionnaire, and Outcome Questionnaire-30 were applied every fifth session. These questionnaires measure the following domains, which were investigated as potential obstacles to treatment success: risk/suicidality, therapeutic alliance, motivation, social support and life events, as well as emotion regulation. Two groups (OT and NOT patients) were formed by defining a cut-off (failure boundary) as the 90% confidence interval (upper bound) of the respective patients’ expected recovery curves. In order to differentiate group membership based on the respective problem areas, multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed. Further, OT and NOT patients were compared with regard to the domains’ and items’ cut-offs by performing Pearson chi-square tests and independent samples t-tests.ResultsThe life events and motivation scale as well as the risk/suicidality scale proved to be significant predictors of being not-on-track. NOT patients also crossed the cut-off significantly more often on the domains risk/suicidality, social support, and life events. For both OT and NOT patients, the emotion regulation domain’s cut-off was most commonly exceeded.ConclusionLife events, motivation, and risk/suicidality seem to be directly linked to treatment failure and should be further investigated for the use in clinical support tools.

The association between Emotional Regulation and Internet Gaming Disorder

PurposeLack of control over Internet gaming habits may result in negative consequences. This study aimed to evaluate the emotional regulation of adults with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and the association of emotion regulation, depression, and hostility. MethodsAdvertisements were used to recruit 69 young adults with IGD, 69 sex- and age-matched controls, and 69 sex- and age-matched regular gamers. The diagnosis of IGD was according to diagnostic interviews based on DSM-5 IGD research criteria. Participants completed the Affective Style Questionnaire, the center of epidemiological studies depression scale and the short-form Chinese version of Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. ResultsIn the IGD group, the emotion adjustment score was significantly lower, whereas the scores for depression, and hostility were significantly higher than in the other two groups. In addition, emotion adjustment is the most associated emotion regulation behavior of IGD, followed by emotion concealment. In IGD group, emotion adjustment had a negative correlation with depression and hostility. ConclusionsOur study demonstrate that emotion adjustment is significantly associated with IGD. The depression and hostility mediated the association. Knowing that emotion adjustment plays a critical role in IGD, future interventions should focus on this subscale of emotion regulation.

Adaptation and Validation of a Short French Version of the Affective Style Questionnaire

Emotion regulation (ER) plays an important role in psychological well-being. Therefore, its valid assessment is a crucial step in the investigation of the interindividual differences linked to effective ER. Adapting and validating a French version of the Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and test its predictive power in detecting mood disorders. We administered to a large sample (1226 participants) a brief (12 items) French version of the ASQ. We tested convergent validity by investigating its links with mindfulness trait and life satisfaction. Moreover, using a machine learning approach, we tested whether ER features could predict the presence of self-reported mood disorders. We demonstrated a good convergent validity by reproducing the original factor structure. We also showed that the adjusting dimension, referring to the ability to flexibly modulate our emotional experience according to contextual demands, was associated with concurrent markers of psychological well-being such as dispositional mindfulness and life satisfaction. Moreover, this strategy was also related to a low probability of subjectively reporting suffering from a mood disorder. Our results highlighted adjusting as an adaptive ER strategy. Practical implications for psychotherapeutic approaches of mood disorders are discussed.

Affective Styles in Panic Disorder and Specific Phobia: Changes Through Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Prediction of Remission

Affective styles appear to be relevant to the development of psychopathology, especially anxiety disorders. The aim of the current study was to investigate changes in affective styles in patients with panic disorder and specific phobia, as a result of undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy, and to identify a possible link between certain affective styles and remission. The sample consisted of outpatients (N = 101) suffering from panic disorder, specific phobia, or agoraphobia who completed the Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ) before and after therapy, as well as at a 6-month follow-up assessment. Multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to test for changes due to therapy. Logistic regression analyses were calculated to test for the impact of affective styles on remission from anxiety disorders, and hierarchical regression analyses were calculated to examine the association between changes in affective styles and symptom reduction. Results indicated significant increases on the ASQ subscales adjusting and tolerating after therapy. Concealing did not decrease significantly after therapy. In addition, higher scores on adjusting significantly predicted remission from anxiety disorders. Finally, we found a significant association between increases on the adjusting scale and the reduction of anxiety symptoms.

Deficits in emotion regulation strategies among problematic and pathological gamblers in a sample of vocational school students.

Background and aimsDeficits in emotion regulation (ER) are associated with mental disorders. To date, there are hardly any studies focusing on the role of ER strategies in the context of gambling behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between specific ER strategies and pathological as well as problematic gambling in a proactively recruited sample.MethodsA large and unselected sample (n = 4,928) has been screened proactively and systematically in vocational schools. We assessed the Affective Style Questionnaire to measure ER strategies and the Stinchfield questionnaire for assessing problematic and pathological gambling. Associations were investigated with linear and multinomial logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe analyses showed a significant negative correlation between the subscales “Adjusting” and “Tolerating” and the Stinchfield sum score. Lower scores on these subscales were associated with a higher number of endorsed Stinchfield items. A lower score on the ER strategies “Adjusting” [conditional odds ratio (COR) = 0.95, confidence interval (CI) = 0.91–0.99] and “Tolerating” [COR = 0.95, CI = 0.92–99] led to a higher chance of being classified as a pathological gambler. In problematic gambling, on a subthreshold level, only “Tolerating” turned out to be significant [COR = 0.96, CI = 0.93–0.99].Discussion and conclusionsFor the first time, deficits in specific ER strategies were identified as independent risk factors for problematic and pathological gambling in a large and proactively recruited sample. ER skills, especially acceptance-focused strategies, should be considered in prevention and psychotherapy.

Affective styles in mood and anxiety disorders – Clinical validation of the “Affective Style Questionnaire” (ASQ)

BackgroundEmotion regulation plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of psychological disorders. Less is known about the association of affective styles and psychopathology. The 20-item “Affective Style Questionnaire” (ASQ) has been validated in nonclinical samples. The American and German validation studies resulted in a three-factor structure (concealing, adjusting, and tolerating). The present study aimed to investigate three aspects: (1) the validation of the ASQ within a clinical sample, (2) the examination of possible differences in affective styles between patients suffering from affective versus anxiety disorders, and (3) the association of affective styles and anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms. MethodsOverall 917 patients receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy at an outpatient clinic participated in this study, 550 participants were female. All data were collected before the beginning of treatment. ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses revealed the same three-factor structure found in the previous Western samples (CFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.06): Concealing (α = 0.81), adjusting (α = 0.71), and tolerating (α = 0.70). Significantly lower scores in the ASQ subscale adjusting were found in patients suffering from affective disorders than patients suffering from anxiety disorders. The results of the regression analyses showed that the ASQ adjusting and concealing behavior seem to play a more important role than the ERQ reappraisal and suppression for depression, anxiety, and stress among clinical populations. LimitationsA number of limitations must be taken into consideration while evaluating the present study. First and foremost, the clinical data were based on primary diagnoses. We did not ascertain comorbid diagnoses. This distinction may be important, since affective and anxiety disorders are often linked to each other. In addition, we only used data collected before the beginning of psychotherapeutic treatment and were therefore not able to analyze changes in affective styles during and after intervention. Furthermore, all data were based on self-reported information of patients. We did not implement either a therapeutic rating of affective styles or physiological measures, for instance arousal, which could have shown whether the used strategies successfully reduce negative emotions. Future research should address this question. Another limitation is the fact that we concentrated on the main categories of mental disorders and, therefore, did not subdivide patients with affective and anxiety disorders in terms of their concrete diagnoses. This is of special importance, because there might also be differences in affective styles within the main categories.

Factor structure and validity of the Affective Style Questionnaire.

Previous studies in different countries have shown variability in the factor structures of the Affective Style Questionnaire, possibly due to differences in cultures, translation, or statistical approaches. We ran exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation using data from 2806 university students in Southern California. A four-factor structure was found instead of the three-factor structure found in the original Affective Style Questionnaire studies in the Northeastern United States. Support for concurrent and convergent validity was found for the Concealing and Adjusting factors. The Tolerating and Holding factors comprised two items each, making it difficult to recommend them in future studies.

The desire to emulate parental emotional strategies and its relation to emotion dysregulation among emerging adults

ABSTRACTEmotion regulation (ER) is an integral aspect of emerging adults’ mental health, yet little is known about interpersonal factors that influence ER in during this period. This investigation examines emerging adults’ desire to emulate parental ER skills in the relation between perceived parental ER and emerging adults’ emotion dysregulation.A sample of 79 emerging adults (Mage = 18.55 years, SD = .32; 88.6% female, 69.6% White) completed measures of perceived parental ER (Affective Style Questionnaire [ASQ]Hofmann and Kashdan 2010), emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale [DERS]Gratz and Roemer 2004), and desire to emulate parental ER (Perception of Emotion Regulation Scale [PERS]).A desire to emulate parental ER skills moderated the relationship between perceived parental ER and emerging adults’ emotion dysregulation in general (B = -.10, SE = .048, t = −2.07, p = .043), and low emotional awareness in particular (B = -.04 SE = .02, t = −2.47, p = .02).Findings suggest that emerging adults with an increased desire to emulate parents with lower ER skills report greater emotion dysregulation. Implications for clinical practice, along with future directions for the field of ER, are discussed.