Aeroponic System Research Articles

Sistem Monitoring pH Untuk Tanaman Strawberry Dengan Sistem Aeroponik

Strawberry is a kind of plant that can grow well in the highlands. The cultivation of strawberry plants requires a large area of ​​land, whereas in urban areas the land is increasingly narrow. The best solution to overcome this is by cultivating an aeroponic system. Aeroponic systems utilize the element of water or solution which is sprayed in the form of mist and will hit the roots of plants. The pH monitoring system in strawberry plants is carried out to observe changes in the PH of the water sprayed to the roots of the plants according to the PH requirements of the strawberry plants. The monitoring system using Android with a user interface that is easy to use and PH information of strawberry plants can be easily monitored. At pH, it has an error of 0.33%, while for other tests it has an error of 0.16%. For sending data with the HC05 module testing with a distance of 10 meters and 20 meters the device can be connected properly and data reception is also good. For a distance of 25 meters and 30 meters, there is a delay in the process of receiving data, for testing distances of 35 meters and 40 meters the receipt of data is incomplete and the data displayed is also irregular. Then for testing with a distance of 55 meters an error occurred and a distance of 57 meters could not be connected

Growth and bioactive phytochemicals of Panax ginseng sprouts grown in an aeroponic system using plasma-treated water as the nitrogen source

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) sprouts are grown to whole plants in 20 to 25 days in a soil-less cultivation system and then used as a medicinal vegetable. As a nitrogen (N) source, plasma-treated water (PTW) has been used to enhance the seed germination and seedling growth of many crops but has not been investigated for its effects on ginseng sprouts. This study established an in-situ system for N-containing water production using plasma technology and evaluated the effects of the PTW on ginseng growth and its bioactive phytochemicals compared with those of an untreated control. The PTW became weakly acidic 30 min after the air discharge at the electrodes because of the formation of nitrate (NO3‒) and nitrite (NO2‒) in the water. The NO3‒ and NO2‒ in the PTW, together with potassium ions (K+), enhanced the shoot biomass of the ginseng sprout by 26.5% compared to the untreated control. The ginseng sprout grown in the PTW had accumulated more free amino acids and ginsenosides in the sprout at 25 days after planting. Therefore, PTW can be used as a liquid N fertilizer for P. ginseng growth and phytochemical accumulation during sprouting under aeroponic conditions.

Influence of Atomization Nozzles and Spraying Intervals on Growth, Biomass Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Butter-Head Lettuce under Aeroponics System

The atomized nutrient solution droplet sizes and spraying intervals can impact the chemical properties of the nutrient solution, biomass yield, root-to-shoot ratio and nutrient uptake of aeroponically cultivated plants. In this study, four different nozzles having droplet sizes N1 = 11.24, N2 = 26.35, N3 = 17.38 and N4 = 4.89 µm were selected and misted at three nutrient solution spraying intervals of 30, 45 and 60 min, with a 5 min spraying time. The measured parameters were power of hydrogen (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) values of the nutrient solution, shoot and root growth, ratio of roots to shoots (fresh and dry), biomass yield and nutrient uptake. The results indicated that the N1 presented significantly lower changes in chemical properties than those of N2, N3 and N4, resulting in stable lateral root growth and increased biomass yield. Also, the root-to-shoot ratio significantly increased with increasing spraying interval using N1 and N4 nozzles. The N1 nozzle also revealed a significant effect on the phosphorous, potassium and magnesium uptake by the plants misted at proposed nutrient solution spraying intervals. However, the ultrasonic nozzle showed a nonsignificant effect on all measured parameters with respect to spraying intervals. In the last, this research experiment validates the applicability of air-assisted nozzle (N1) misting at a 30-min spraying interval and 5 min of spraying time for the cultivation of butter-head lettuce in aeroponic systems.

Practicing Urban Agriculture Is the Most Appreciate Means to Fight Against Famine, Depression, Anxiety and Spread of Coronavirus

Urban agriculture is the cultivation of selective plants and animals rearing in the urban and pre urban areas for various purposes. Besides self-food sufficiency, urban agriculture is a means of social goodness, economic profitability, and precious environmental health. However, to date, most peoples in the town haven't practiced, and most spare parts of the town, roadsides, and gardens are not used for urban agriculture in almost all cities in Ethiopia. Consequently, this review paper aimed to call attention regarding urban agriculture and its plentiful significant. Since urban agriculture decisive to improve the livelihood, generates incomes and creates job opportunities. Besides, it is one of the most appreciated means to fight against famine, depression, anxiety, and the spread of coronavirus. In this paper, the types, principles, and prospects of urban agriculture are discussed based on the updated information. To this end, people can practice urban agriculture using a small plot, a container with soil or hydroponic and aeroponic systems, even if a location is a matter through the vertical farm and ensure self-food sufficiency, to stay safe and healthy.

Development and Performance of a Fuzzy Logic Control System for Temperature and Carbon Dioxide for Red Chili Cultivation in an Aeroponic Greenhouse System

The use of fuzzy logic-based automatic control systems in aeroponic systems is expected to facilitate farming. This paper proposes a novel integrated fuzzy control system for an aeroponic greenhouse. The real-time method considers temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) effects on red chili cultivation, and the controller is based on control performance or an evaluation of the correlation of parameters. The design a fuzzy control system to control red chili plant temperature and CO2 in an aeroponic system cultivation in a greenhouse based on control performance. The fuzzy control system was developed by using a fuzzy zet, a member function, fuzzification, a set of rules, and defuzzification on a personal computer. Sensors include a DHT11 temperature sensor, a CDM4160 CO2 sensor and 4 actuators: a 12 V pump fan, a gas valve and a lamp that is connected to the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller by a relay, and an L298N motor driver for control, as well as an additional Arduino 16x2 LCD screen that displays the temperature and CO2 values read by the sensors. The performance results reported for the temperature and CO2 fuzzy logic control parameters for red chilis cutivation in the aeroponic on greenhouse include the time delay (Td), time rise (Tr), time peak (Tp) and Error steady state (Ess) values. The red chili plants grow well using the proposed method

Pengendalian Suhu dan Kelembapan Sistem Aeroponik Tanaman Stroberi Berbasis IOT Menggunakan Fuzzy Logic

Penanaman tanaman stroberi secara konvensional cukup sulit dilakukan karena membutuhkan ruang, tenaga kerja, air, serta lahan yang subur. Karenanya, penanaman tanaman tanpa tanah dapat diterapkan. Sistem aeroponik adalah penanaman menggunakan media udara. Akar tanaman dibiarkan menggantung dan disemprot nutrisi. Keistimewaannya adalah dapat mengurangi konsumsi air, pupuk, dan pemaksimalan lahan. Pada penelitian ini mist nozzle dikendalikan oleh mikrokomputer menggunakan logika Fuzzy untuk menyemprot bagian akar dan tajuk dengan masukan sensor suhu dan kelembapan. Kebutuhan nutrisi akar dikendalikan dengan metode on-off. LED dikendalikan menurut waktu. Kadar pH pada tandon nutrisi dapat diawasi menggunakan sensor pH. Sistem dapat diawasi dan dikendalikan dengan antarmuka pada Android. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketercapaian nilai rata-rata kebutuhan suhu akar yakni 23,3℃ dari rentang 18-30℃, dan suhu tajuk 21,5℃ dari rentang 14-25℃. Selain itu, kelembapan akar dan tajuk juga masuk dalam rentang kebutuhan 85-95% yakni 89% dan 93%. Sistem pengawasan dan pengendalian dapat dilakukan dari jarak jauh dengan menggunakan aplikasi Blynk.

Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater from Constructed Wetlands for Cut Flowers Irrigation in Aeroponic Cultivation

The aim of this work is to evaluate the reuse of municipal wastewaters treated through subsurface constructed wetlands (SS-CWs) as irrigation water in cut flower aeroponic cultivation under arid conditions. For this purpose, two experimental aeroponic cultivation systems were installed with the cut flower Lilium ‘Tresor’ planted and irrigated with SS-CWs treated water. The results showed that the quality of the SS-CWs wastewater has to be improved to be used in irrigation. Despite that, Lilium ‘Tresor’ grew under arid conditions with normal stem diameters and number of flowers but with heights under 0.65 m, which would restrict their commercialization to local markets. Water electrical conductivity (> 2300 µs/cm) and luminosity (> 120 klux) were factors that affected plant height. When compared to other cultivation systems, the aeroponic cultivation system used between 10 % and 20 % of the amount of water needed to produce Lilium ‘Tresor.’ Thus, this work showed the feasibility to produce cut flowers using an aeroponic cultivation system under arid conditions and irrigated with SS-CWs effluents. Likewise, it was detected that improvements to water quality and luminosity must be made for industrial scaling.

Piriformospora indica Culture Filtrate and Biofertilizer (Nitrokara) Promote Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Growth and Morpho-physiological Traits in an Aeroponic System and Soil Culture

In two independent experiments, acclimatized chicory plants were transferred into an aeroponic system and to the soil. Then, the effects of biofertilizer (Nitrokara) and culture filtrate of Piriformospora indica were investigated on some plant characteristics in both aeroponic and soil cultivation system under greenhouse conditions. The plants were foliar sprayed with three different biofertilizer concentrations (1, 2, and 3 g/L) and P. indica culture filtrate (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mL in 100 mL water) following 20, 40 and 60 days after transplanting to the aeroponic and soil culture media. Results showed that the highest vegetative growth (e.g. plant height, root length, number of leaves per plant, root and shoot dry weights) and physiological traits (e.g. relative water content, proline, anthocyanin content, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b) were observed with 7.5 mL of P. indica culture filtrate in both aeroponic and soil culture media. Besides, the best results for all studied traits were obtained from 3 g/L of biofertilizer application in the both culture media. In both experiments, better results were obtained from the aeroponic system than the soil culture for P. indica production.

Simultaneous Optimization of Water Usage Efficiency and Yield of Cucumber Planted in a Columnar Aeroponic System

The development of aeroponic cultivation technology has led to more efficient use of water and plant nutrients for producing high quality agricultural commodities. In this research, cucumbers were grown in columnar aeroponic systems for nine weeks and the effect of spraying rate and spraying duration on the cucumber average yield and water usage efficiency were investigated. The experiments were performed using factorial experiment based on completely randomized designs. The spraying rate had three levels of 125, 250 and 375 mL/min, and the spraying durations were 10, 15 and 20 min. During the experiment, the spraying pumps were turned off for 15 min between each spraying time. Then, the two factors were simultaneously optimized using response surface methodology to maximize fruit yield and water usage efficiency. The ANOVA results showed that both responses were significantly affected by the main effects of the factors (α = 0.01) and by their interaction effects (α = 0.05). The comparison of first and second-order models to show the average yield and water usage efficiency as functions of sparing rate and sparing time indicated that the second-order models fitted with higher accuracies (R2> 80%) to the experimental data than the first-order model. Simultaneous optimization showed that the most suitable spraying rate was 233.37 mL/min and for the spraying duration, it was 16.06 min. At the optimum conditions, the average yield per plant yield was 2.96 kg and the water usage efficiency was 110.37 kg/m3.

PRE-BASIC SEED POTATO PRODUCTION IN AEROPONIC CULTURES

The current study was carried out to investigate Pre-Basic Seed Potato Production in soilless cultures under Egyptian conditions. Furthermore, the study investigated the possibility of plantlets direct acclimatization of three potato varieties in Aeroponic culture system comparing with substrate culture system (peat moss and vermiculite 3:1 v/v). Also, the growth and the yield of three cultivars (Diamant, Lady Rosetta and Spunta) were compared. Aeroponics showed better survival rate and promising method for acclimatization of potato plantlets ex vitro. Moreover, Varietal differences were noticed between the three tested varieties. The best response as survival rate, stem length and leaf area were observed by Spunta followed by Lady Rosette while Diamant came in the last place. However, Diamant produced the highest plant dry matter. Aeroponic system gave higher minituber number per plant while substrates gave higher average minituber weight. The obtained results recommend the use of Aeroponic culture system in acclimatization of in vitro potato plantlets and minitubers to be introduced in pre-basic seed programs in Egypt.

Getting to the roots of aeroponic indoor farming.

Vertical farming is a type of indoor agriculture where plants are cultivated in stacked systems. It forms a rapidly growing sector with new emerging technologies. Indoor farms often use soil-free techniques such as hydroponics and aeroponics. Aeroponics involves the application to roots of a nutrient aerosol, which can lead to greater plant productivity than hydroponic cultivation. Aeroponics is thought to resolve a variety of plant physiological constraints that occur within hydroponic systems. We synthesize existing studies of the physiology and development of crops cultivated under aeroponic conditions and identify key knowledge gaps. We identify future research areas to accelerate the sustainable intensification of vertical farming using aeroponic systems.

Comparison of Aeroponics and Conventional Potato Mini Tuber Production Systems at Different Plant Densities

Mini tubers are the starting materials of a disease-free seed potato production scheme. Low multiplication rates as well as non-homogenous tuber size distribution are considered the main constraints of a conventional mini tuber production system. In recent years, an aeroponics production system has been developed to overcome the aforementioned problems. It has previously been observed that this system allows multiple harvests with an average yield of 20–50 mini tubers per plant. Several factors, such as cultivar, planting density, nutrient composition of the mist solution, spraying interval and duration and lighting also affect both tuber number and tuber size. However, less attention has been paid to the association of these factors with the aeroponics system. This paper highlights the importance of planting density effect on conventional and aeroponics system. The mini tuber production performances of three potato cultivars (Hermes, Marabel and Sante) were compared at four different planting densities (25, 50, 100 and 200 plants/m2) under both conventional and aeroponics systems in two production cycles. The number of tubers per plant increased with decreasing planting density, being highest at 25 plants/m2 and lowest at 200 plants/m2 for both cycles. Mean tuber number in the aeroponic system was 19.85 tubers per plant at 25 plants/m2 and 13.20 tubers per plant at 200 plants/m2. As the number of tubers per plant decreased, so did their size. As planting density increased, tuber yield per plant both in aeroponics and conventional system decreased, but in general, tuber yield per plant was higher in aeroponics than in the conventional system. In the 1st cycle, the number of tubers per m2 for Hermes, Sante and Marabel was 290, 364 and 334, respectively, in the conventional system and 787, 1021 and 1168, respectively, in the aeroponics system. Similar numbers were recorded in the 2nd cycle. The average tuber weight was higher in the conventional than in the aeroponics system. Tuber yield/m2 in this study varied from 5.9 to 9.3 kg/m2 in the aeroponics system, about twice as high as in the conventional system.

Ultrasonic atomizer application for Low Cost Aeroponic Chambers (LCAC): a review

Technology of ultrasonic atomization has been proven effective at creating droplets with specific physical and functional properties. Applications of this technology include drying liquids, medical nebulizers for inhalation therapy, surface coating, and encapsulation of materials in particles for therapeutic medicine, nutritional food, energy production and imaging. Parameters studies in this literature reviews are related with correlation of frequency values, droplet size, and flow rate of liquid, as well as the temperature resulting from the breakdown of molecules through the transducer droplet particle size and evaporation rate also need to be considered because it is related to the effectiveness of uptake nutrients in the roots. This article provides an overview of the primary mechanisms arising from ultrasonic responsible for the formation of these materials, highlighting examples that show promise particularly in the development of aeroponic system and bioproducts.

Economic analysis of seed yam production in aeroponics system. Implications on employment and food security in Ghana

The supply of seed yams for intensive yam production is hindered by many constraints, including diseases and pest infestations as well as the unavailability of quality planting material. The combination of tissue culture and aeroponics system is perceived to be the way towards clean and adequate supply of seed yam for enhanced yam production. However, the system is considered as expensive for any individual to implement. In order to encourage private sector to participate in this venture, the economic analysis determining the feasibility and viability of using aeroponics in seed yam production was performed. Using data from established tissue culture and aeroponics system in Ghana, the fixed cost and variable cost parameters as well as production costs were obtained. Results revealed that total cost of building aeroponics structure amounted to GH₵ 94,178.00 (USD 17,938.70). Annual cost of aeroponics structure was GH₵ 9,417.82 (USD 1,793.87). Annual total cost of production totalled GH₵ 204,391.75 (USD 38,931.61). Annual net revenue was GH₵ 75,888.00 (USD 14,454.86). Payback period was 15 months and benefit cost ratio was 1.4. Aeroponics system for seed yam production is therefore profitable since short period would be needed to recoup investment. For food security and creation of workplaces, government could partner with the private sector in the establishment of aeroponics systems to increase yam production and export.

Improved Production of High-Quality Potato Seeds in Aeroponics with Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

We investigated the effect of inoculation with the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 under aeroponic conditions on the quality and performance of minitubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cvs. Nevsky and Kondor). In vitro-grown microplants were planted in an aeroponic system, and after 3 weeks of growth, the bacteria were added to the potato nutrient solution. We evaluated the effect of inoculation on the potato growth variables, minituber yield and minituber starch content. Root-associated bacteria were detected by confocal microscopy, and their numbers in the plant growth medium were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cells of A. brasilense Sp245 remained on roots during plant growth and were eliminated from the nutrient solution in the aeroponic system within a week after inoculation. Inoculation brought about statistically significant increases in shoot height (16%) and in leaf blade number (14%). The number of minitubers increased by 40% in Kondor plants and by 60% in Nevsky plants, and their yield per square metre increased by an average of 17% in both cultivars. Inoculation also increased the size of starch grains in the amyloplastids (by 12%) and the starch content of minitubers (by 1.5 times). The plant-bacterial association developed in this study was active under aeroponic conditions. This report is the first to show that A. brasilense Sp245 promotes the growth, development and performance of potato and helps to increase the quality of minitubers, thereby contributing to the efficacy of potato seed tuber production.

Phytohormone Profiles of Lettuce and Pepper Grown Aeroponically with Elevated Root-Zone Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Enhancing root-zone (RZ) dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) levels of plants grown aeroponically can increase biomass accumulation but may also alter phytohormone profiles in planta. These experiments investigated how CO2 gas (1500 ppm) added to an aeroponic system affected phytohormone concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. Phytohormonal profiling of root and leaf tissues revealed a solitary treatment difference in lettuce plants, an increased shoot jasmonic acid (JA) concentration under elevated RZ CO2. Since JA is considered a growth inhibitor, growth promotion of lettuce under elevated RZ CO2 does not seem related to its phytohormone profile. On the other hand, pepper plants showed changes in foliar phytohormone (aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC, trans-zeatin, tZ and salicylic acid, SA) concentrations, which were correlated with decreased leaf growth in some experiments. Foliar accumulation of ACC alongside decreased leaf tZ concentrations may mask a positive effect of elevated RZ CO2 on pepper growth. Diverse phytohormone responses to elevated RZ CO2 between different species may be involved in their different growth responses.

A novel sustainable aeroponic system for healthy seed potato production in India – An update

High yielding varieties and sound planting materials are prerequisites for sound seed potato production. Low multiplication rate, high seed (tuber) rate, dynamic amassing of degenerative infections, perishability and massiveness are the inherent issues in seed potato production. This may result in non-accessibility/non-availability of sufficient amounts of value seeds at reasonable cost and seed cost alone reflects 40% which is half of the aggregate expenses of development in potato. To go around a portion of these issues, a few alterations, for example, tuber ordering for infection opportunity, seed increase stages and seed accreditation guidelines have been created and incorporated with regular potato seed generation programs. The advent of tissue culture, in which virus-free plants can be produced through meristem culture, maintained indefinitely under controlled conditions and multiplied in artificial media under sterile conditions in the laboratory throughout the year irrespective of growing season, has revolutionized seed production in potato world over. Recent developments in automation of minitubers production have further enhanced adaptability of these techniques in potato seed production. In addition to quality assurance through meristem culture, aeroponic technique of minitubers production ensures high multiplication rate at initial stages of quality seed potato production.

Elevated Root-Zone Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Alters Plant Nutrition of Lettuce and Pepper Grown Hydroponically and Aeroponically

Enhancing root-zone (RZ) dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) levels of plants grown hydroponically and aeroponically can increase biomass accumulation but may also alter plant nutrient uptake. These experiments investigated how bicarbonate (HCO3−) added to a hydroponic nutrient solution and CO2 gas added to an aeroponic system affected biomass and nutrient concentrations of lettuce and pepper plants. Applying high RZ HCO3− concentrations (20 mM) to lettuce plants grown hydroponically decreased foliar N, P, Cu, K, Mn and Zn concentrations, concurrent with decreased biomass accumulation (50% less than control plants). On the contrary, 1 mM RZ HCO3− promoted biomass accumulation (10% more than control plants), but this could not be attributed to higher tissue nutrient concentrations. While elevated RZ CO2 did not alter biomass accumulation and nutrient concentrations in pepper grown aeroponically, it decreased foliar Mg and S concentrations in lettuce grown aeroponically even though nutrient contents (concentration x biomass) did not differ between treatments, due to 22% more biomass than control plants. In addition, elevated RZ CO2 enhanced N, P, Cu and Zn contents relative to control plants, indicating greater uptake of those elements. Nevertheless, there was no consistent relationship between plant growth promotion and altered plant nutrition, suggesting alternative mechanisms of growth regulation.

Overview of the aeroponic agriculture – An emerging technology for global food security

Traditionally, crops are cultivated in soil-based open field systems. Seasonality, environmental degradation, urbanization, and food security issues have replaced open-field systems with modern plant production systems. Soilless culture is one of the modern plant production systems, which involves much higher use of available resources. The presented study provides information about currently accessible soilless systems and discussed the aeroponic system. Compared to other soilless systems, aeroponic reduce water usage through continuous water circulation. However, the aeroponic is not entirely implemented among local farmers, and very few farmers have adopted the system due to the lack of research and technical information available in the literature. Therefore, this study was planned to provide information about the development and maintenance tasks required for practicing the aeroponic system. This study could provide knowledge to the researchers, farmers, and those people interested in practicing the aeroponic system. Keywords: aeroponic, food security, hydroponic, soilless culture, substrate culture DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201301.5156 Citation: Lakhiar I A, Gao J M, Syed T N, Chandio F A, Tunio M H, Ahmad F, et al. Overview of the aeroponic agriculture – An emerging technology for global food security. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(1): 1–10.

Root-zone CO2 enrichment increases biomass accumulation in lettuce and pepper grown hydroponically and aeroponically

Enhancing CO2 levels in commercial glasshouses is a widely used technique to increase productivity, but has high-energy costs and detrimental environmental impacts due to frequent ventilation of the glasshouse (to prevent plant diseases) releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. Previous studies suggest that root-zone (RZ) CO2 enrichment may be a more economic and sustainable alternative to aerial CO2 enrichment. These experiments aimed to compare the effects of RZ CO2 enrichment by adding either bicarbonate or gaseous CO2 into hydroponic and aeroponic systems respectively, and to determine the physiological mechanisms by which plants respond to RZ CO2. Root-zone CO2 enrichment (1500 ppm) of aeroponically-grown lettuce increased shoot dry weight by around 20% compared to those grown with 400 ppm RZ CO2. Supplying hydroponically grown plants with different HCO3- concentrations, that increased the levels of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased biomass accumulation of lettuce (10% increase at 1 and 5 mM HCO3-) and pepper (10% increase at 1 mM HCO3-). Plants exposed to 1 mM NaH13CO3 showed a significant increase of foliar δ13C values over time, therefore confirming the uptake of DIC by the roots. The d13C values of roots increased significantly over time, however, higher values at the beginning of H13CO3- exposure suggested root-to-shoot transport of DIC. Nutrient solution pH did not affect root carbon uptake, but shoot d13C values were lower in those plants exposed to lower pH levels (5.8) compared to those exposed to fluctuating pH (between 6.3 and 6.7), suggesting differences in root-to-shoot transport of DIC. Thus, root carbon uptake was independent of the form in which CO2 was provided (gaseous CO2 at pH 5.8; HCO3- at higher pHs). How this additional carbon promotes plant growth is still unclear. Potential mechanisms of action such as increased rates of photosynthesis, altered amino acid concentrations and changes in phytohormone concentrations will be investigated in future studies. © 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.