Adolescence is a critical period of vulnerability to depression, yet most evidence for the antidepressant effects of exercise derives from adult models. This study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise and identify its associated molecular changes in the adolescent depression mouse model. A chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model was established in adolescent male C57BL/6J mice to induce depression-like behaviors. Thirty-six mice were randomly assigned to three groups: control (CG), model (MG), and model plus exercise (ME). MG and ME mice were subjected to CSDS for two weeks (days 7-20), while ME mice additionally received three weeks of aerobic treadmill training covering the whole CSDS period (days 0-20). Behavioral tests were conducted on days 21-26, followed by the collection of serum and hippocampal tissues for molecular, histological, and transcriptomic analyses. CSDS induced significant depression-like behaviors in adolescent male mice, including social avoidance, anhedonia, and behavioral despair, all of which were effectively alleviated by aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise appeared to mitigate CSDS-induced neural damage and maintain hippocampal tissue integrity. Moreover, aerobic exercise increased serum levels of serotonin. Transcriptomic analysis identified 587 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among these genes, 59 overlapping DEGs were regulated by both CSDS and exercise, and were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism and cholinergic signaling pathways. Aerobic exercise alleviates depression-like behaviors in adolescent male mice, possibly by modulating hippocampal gene expression - especially in cholinergic and carbohydrate metabolism pathways - which provides potential clues to how exercise could influence peripheral monoamine levels and hippocampal structural integrity. These putative mechanisms require further investigation.

Exercise therapy is important for exercise tolerance, for the prevention of frailty or sarcopenia, and to improve quality of life (QOL). Previous studies, including systematic reviews, have shown the efficacy of exercise therapy for kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), but the optimal types of exercise remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize the published evidence and compare the efficacy of types of exercise. We systematically searched for randomized controlled trials of the efficacy of exercise therapy in KTRs on PubMed and Ichushi, then performed a meta-analysis. Exercise was categorized as aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), or AT + RT. The risk of bias was assessed using ROB2 and the certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Twenty-five studies were included in the study and 18 in the meta-analysis. Exercise was associated with significant improvements in QOL (SF-36 physical functioning score), cardiorespiratory function (VO2peak), physical function (performance in the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and sit/stand test (STS)), and a metabolic index (triglyceride concentration). Kidney function tended to be superior in the exercise group, but the difference was not significant. Other indices of glucose and lipid metabolism and the incidence of hospitalization did not differ between the Exercise and Control groups. AT + RT significantly improved VO2peak, 6MWT performance, and the triglyceride concentration, whereas AT alone did not improve VO2peak and RT alone did not improve 6MWT performance or the triglyceride concentration. The certainty of the evidence was generally "low" or "very low". Exercise therapy improved the QOL, cardiorespiratory function, physical function, and triglyceride concentration of KTRs. The AT + RT combination may be the most effective exercise therapy for such patients.

Effects of aerobic exercise on core executive function in adults with major depressive disorder: A Systematic review and three-level meta‑analysis.

Aerobic exercise is widely recognized for its acute anxiolytic and mood-regulating effects, typically demonstrated in neutral emotional contexts. However, it remains unclear whether such effects are preserved when exercise is performed concurrently with emotionally aversive stimuli, a situation that more closely mirrors real-world stress conditions. To examine whether a single session of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise, performed simultaneously with exposure to aversive images, could mitigate acute symptoms of state anxiety and anger in young adult women. In a randomized controlled design, 52 healthy women (18-40years) attended two laboratory visits. The first visit included informed consent, health screening, anthropometric assessments, and a graded exercise test. In the second visit, participants were randomized to four groups: Neutral Control, Aversive Control, Neutral Exercise, and Aversive Exercise. During a 30-minute intervention (cycling at 64-76% maximal heart rate or quiet sitting), participants viewed neutral or aversive images from the International Affective Picture System. State anxiety and state anger were measured at baseline, immediately post-session, and at 10- and 20-minute follow-ups. A significant main effect of time was observed for both anxiety and anger (p<0.05). For anxiety, symptoms increased immediately post-session but returned to baseline, with no main effect of group (p>0.05) and no significant time × group interaction (p>0.05). For anger, there was a main effect of time (p<0.05) and a significant time × group interaction (p=0.028), driven by an increase in anger in the Aversive Exercise group immediately post-session (p=0.0001). No significant effects were detected under neutral conditions. Concurrent exposure to emotionally aversive stimuli during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise does not reduce acute anxiety or anger in young women and may amplify anger responses. Emotional context may override the affective benefits typically associated with aerobic exercise.

Effects of different exercise interventions on cognitive function in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Optimizing exercise prescription for blood pressure control after stroke or transient ischemic attack: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acute aerobic exercise improves inhibitory control in individuals with test anxiety: evidence from event-related potentials.

Diagnostic role of Adropin protein molecule in metabolic regulation markers based on electrochemical sensors: simulation of glucose and lipid metabolism during aerobic exercise

Effects of different exercise modalities on four major neurodegenerative diseases and their molecular mechanisms.

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a reversible pre-diabetic condition characterized by early disruptions in insulin resistance and glucose control. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 5a/ secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Wnt5a/Sfrp5) signaling and GLP-1 modulation have been identified as possible treatment approaches. The effects of low-intensity aerobic activity, Huatuo Five-animal Play exercise and bifidobacterium triple viable capsules on glucose-lipid metabolism and GLP-1/Wnt5a/Sfrp5 signaling were assessed in this randomized, parallel-group clinical trial involving ninety persons with IGT. The designated intervention was given to participants for four weeks. Before and during therapy, measurements were taken of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h post-load glucose (2hFBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum lipids and circulating GLP-1, Wnt5a and Sfrp5. All treatments improved lipid indices, characterized by reductions in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and significantly lowered FBG, 2hFBG, HbA1c, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (P<0.05). Compared with aerobic exercise, Five-animal Play generated higher decreases in FBG, 2hFBG and HOMA-IR and a more significant decline in Wnt5a (P<0.05). Outcomes in the Five-animal Play group were comparable to the probiotic group. There were no negative responses or toxicities to the kidneys or liver. Huatuo Five-animal Play may offer a safe, mechanism-based non-pharmacological approach for early metabolic intervention in pre-diabetes.

Modulating glymphatic clearance in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular mechanisms, imaging biomarkers, and emerging interventions.

Effect of different types of exercise interventions on cardiometabolic risk factors: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

A loss of muscle mass and strength with aging may reflect a generalized and progressive disease known as sarcopenia. Mounting evidence shows that sarcopenia is associated with poor health outcomes in older adults. Currently, no specific drugs are approved for the treatment of sarcopenia. In this context, exercise training has emerged as a cornerstone non-pharmacological strategy to disease management. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the effects of exercise training on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in sarcopenic older adults published recently (from 2024 onward). Overall, the literature consistently supports resistance training as the primary exercise modality to combat sarcopenia in older adults with formal diagnosis, with multicomponent programs (i.e., involving aerobic exercises and eventually other exercise types, such as balance) offering additional clinical benefits. Novel approaches, including home-based, technology-assisted, and remotely delivered interventions, combined with traditional exercise modalities further expand the range of feasible strategies. Important challenges remain in translating research findings into clinical practice. Continued advances in the definition and operationalization of sarcopenia, alongside well-designed and adequately powered clinical trials, will be essential to refine evidence-based exercise recommendations and to support their effective implementation in real-world settings.

Regular exercise is a first-line nonpharmacological strategy for managing metabolic syndrome (MetS), but varied exercise modalities and outcomes across studies have led to inconsistent findings that limit clinical guidance. To synthesize up-to-date evidence on the efficacy of exercise-based interventions in improving MetS components and cardiometabolic health in individuals with MetS. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews guideline, we searched seven databases from inception to May 2025 for systematic reviews with meta-analyses evaluating various types of exercise-based interventions (aerobic, resistance, high-intensity interval training [HIIT], mind-body, and combined aerobic and resistance training). Outcomes included MetS components-waist circumference (WC), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and fasting blood glucose (FBG)-along with other clinically relevant cardiometabolic parameters. Twelve systematic reviews with meta-analyses, representing 122 primary studies (9639 participants), were included. Overall, exercise-based interventions significantly improved all MetS components and secondary cardiometabolic outcomes (all p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed aerobic and mind-body exercises improved all MetS components, whereas resistance, HIIT, and combined training enhanced specific components. Compared to usual care, combined training elicited larger effects on reducing FBG (-0.73 mmol/L, 95% CI: -1.43 to -0.02), TG (-0.26 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.48 to -0.05), SBP (-4.25 mmHg, 95% CI: -7.16 to -1.34), and DBP (-3.69 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.18 to -2.20) than aerobic or resistance exercise alone. This umbrella review represents the largest evaluation specific to patients with MetS to date, indicating that exercise-based interventions, across various modalities, significantly improve MetS components. The findings underscore the versatility of exercise, supporting tailored, patient-centered prescriptions for managing MetS.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment, representing a major global health challenge. With no definitive cure currently available, preventive strategies targeting modifiable risk factors have gained increasing attention. This study presents a systematic review of the role of physical activity in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, focusing on underlying biological mechanisms, epidemiological evidence, and exercise modalities. Methodology: A structured literature search was conducted across major databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering studies published between 2020 and 2024. Eligible studies included observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews examining the relationship between physical activity and cognitive outcomes. Results: Findings indicate that regular physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease and improved cognitive function. Mechanistically, exercise promotes neurogenesis, enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, improves cerebral blood flow, and reduces neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Aerobic exercise, resistance training, and mind-body interventions all demonstrate beneficial effects, with combined exercise approaches showing the greatest impact. Conclusion: In conclusion, physical activity represents a cost-effective, accessible, and non-pharmacological strategy for reducing Alzheimer’s disease risk. Future research should focus on standardising exercise protocols and establishing causal relationships through long-term randomised trials.

Aim: To analyze the effect of various form of exercise Interventions on the Hormonal and Reproductive Parameters of Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Purpose: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is endocrine disorder, heterogeneous in nature which can manifest with reproductive, cardiometabolic, psychological and dermatological symptoms. Lifestyle modifications are early treatment strategies where exercise training and diet are first line of therapy. Various forms of exercises such as aerobic training, resistance training, aquatic therapy, Pilates are being practiced which help in reducing and controlling the symptoms of PCOS. All these exercises are being done at different intensities, volume and are seen to have a varying effect on the reproductive and hormonal parameters. Varied forms of exercise are available that can be practiced by women with PCOS but lack of motivation and adherence to exercise is observed. The purpose of literature review is to understand and identify which form of exercises have a better influence and helps in controlling the hormones and other reproductive parameters. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted by utilising PubMed, Google scholar, MEDLINE, and EBSCOHOST. The search strategy included recent RCT, s (randomized control trail) from 2020 to 2025 to capture the most current scientific understanding and advancements in the field. Total 11 Randomized controlled trails are reviewed. Conclusion: Recent evidence demonstrates that diverse variety of exercise modalities including resistance, aerobic, high-intensity interval training offer distinct advantages. Combined training protocols and vigorous intensity appear to yield the most comprehensive benefits across both metabolic and reproductive parameters, suggesting a synergistic effect of varied exercise stimuli. Significant reductions in androgens, a decrease in Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), crucial increase in Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is seen with HIIT and combined protocols. Yoga when performed for 3months regularly has also shown improvement in the overall hormonal profile with marked improvement in Antimullerian hormone (AMH).

Giant inguinal hernia is a rare disease in developed countries that results from a patient's refusal to undergo surgery for a long time. Treatment of giant inguinal hernias, especially incurable ones, is a difficult task due to high risk of complications. The most formidable one is abdominal compartment syndrome. Appropriate preoperative management is essential to prevent abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with giant inguinal hernias. We present the effectiveness of preoperative preparation and stage-by-stage surgical treatment of a patient with bilateral giant inguinal-scrotal hernia and 26.3% loss of "domain". The patient underwent preoperative preparation aimed at adapting to hypoxia. Hernia repair with preperitoneal anterior abdominal wall replacement was performed according to original technique (RF patent for invention No. 2307601 dated 10.10.2007) in two stages. Two-stage preperitoneal anterior abdominal wall replacement combined with preoperative aerobic exercise for a giant bilateral inguinal hernia demonstrated effectiveness in adapting the patient to artificially induced hypoxia, preventing abdominal compartment syndrome and reducing the incidence of postoperative complications.

This study investigated the association between aerobic exercise preconditioning and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression, as well as myelination in sciatic nerve in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) rats. Female Lewis rats underwent 4-week swimming protocols including High-intensity daily (HI-Daily), Moderate-intensity daily (MOD-Daily), and Moderate-intensity alternate-day (MOD-AltDay) regimens prior to EAN induction, with control groups of EAN without exercise and Sham operation. Assessment of disease severity, nerve conduction velocity, and sciatic nerve pathology revealed that the moderate-intensity alternate-day exercise regimen significantly delayed disease onset, lowered peak clinical scores, and improved neurological function. Molecular analyses demonstrated that this protective effect was mediated through divergent regulation of MIF: systemic MIF was substantially suppressed (27205.94 ± 4291.76 pg/mL vs EAN 71075.61 ± 10166.41 pg/mL; p<0.001) with concomitant reduction in macrophage infiltration, while local MIF expression within the sciatic nerve was significantly elevated (p<0.01), correlating with enhanced remyelination as evidenced by increased myelin sheath area (LFB: 67.42 ± 3.26% vs EAN 40.64 ± 9.63%, p<0.01) and elevated myelin basic protein expression (0.92 ± 0.14 AU vs EAN 0.59 ± 0.02 AU, p<0.05). Crucially, both high-intensity daily and moderate-intensity daily exercise protocols failed to confer comparable benefits. These findings indicate that the protective effect of MOD-AltDay exercise preconditioning on EAN is associated with tissue-specific regulation of MIF, and this change correlates with reduced systemic inflammation and enhanced local remyelination. Pharmacological/genetic studies are needed to confirm mechanisms and evaluate this exercise regimen as a non-pharmacological intervention for autoimmune neuropathy.

Background/Objectives: The development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Aerobic exercise has been shown to improve NAFLD, although its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study utilized ApoE-/- mice to investigate the role of Sestrin2 in aerobic exercise-induced amelioration of NAFLD. Methods: Random assignment of C57BL/6J and ApoE-/- mice yielded four groups: C (control), CE (aerobic exercise), AS (ApoE-/- control), and AE (ApoE-/- aerobic exercise). Aerobic exercise lasting 12 weeks was administered to the CE and AE groups. Serum biomarkers were analyzed by ELISA, liver tissue morphology was assessed via HE and ORO staining, and macrophage polarization was evaluated through immunofluorescence. Additionally, mRNA and protein expression levels were measured by qPCR and Western blot. Results: Aerobic exercise reduced liver wet weight, lipid accumulation, and steatosis in ApoE-/- mice. Aerobic exercise attenuates hepatic oxidative stress, and upregulated the expression of regulation oxidative stress related gene and proteins of Nrf2, HO-1, CAT, and SOD1 in ApoE-/- mice. Aerobic exercise promoted a shift in macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in the liver, and significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels, accompanied by upregulation of Sestrin2 expression, enhanced AMPK phosphorylation, inhibited mTORC1 in the liver. Conclusions: These findings suggest that aerobic exercise alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation in NAFLD, with Sestrin2 activation playing a central role.

Despite strong evidence supporting exercise in oncology, real-world data on its feasibility and effectiveness across cancer types remain limited. The CHOiCE (Choose Health: Oncological patients Centered Exercise) study aimed to evaluate a flexible, patient-centered exercise program in routine clinical practice. This prospective cohort study enrolled 180 adult patients undergoing treatments. Participants completed a 12-week program combining aerobic and resistance training, delivered in person, at home, or hybrid. Primary outcomes were recruitment rate, adherence, dropout, and safety. Secondary outcomes included physical fitness, quality of life, and physical activity. Subgroup analyses explored responses by cancer type, stage, treatment, and delivery mode. Recruitment rate was 82%, with a median attendance of 88%. The dropout rate was 32%, mainly due to personal reasons or disease progression. No serious adverse events were reported. Significant improvements were observed in the six-minute walk test (+39 m, p < 0.001), leg press strength (+7.1 kg, p < 0.001), handgrip strength (+1.0 kg, p = 0.003), and flexibility tests (p < 0.05). Quality of life improved in physical, role, emotional, and social functioning. Fatigue, nausea, dyspnea, insomnia, and appetite loss were significantly reduced. Patients with gastrointestinal cancer, stage III-IV disease, or undergoing chemotherapy showed the largest gains. A patient-centered exercise program for patients with cancer is feasible and effective in a real-world setting. These findings support integrating tailored exercise into routine oncology care. NCT04226508.