Adverbial Form Research Articles

A ATRIBUIÇÃO DO ACENTO NOS ADVÉRBIOS EM –MENTE NO PORTUGUÊS: DISCUSSÃO DE ASPECTOS PROSÓDICOS E RÍTMICOS

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva apresentar uma discussão a respeito do comportamento prosódico dos advérbios em – mente no Português Arcaico (PA) e no Português Brasileiro (PB) sob o viés das Fonologias Prosódica e Métrica. Para a descrição do estatuto prosódico desses advérbios, sobretudo no PA, elegeram-se como corpus as 420 cantigas em louvor à Virgem Maria, conhecidas como Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), e as 1251 cantigas profanas (510 de amigo, 431 de escárnio e maldizer e 310 de amor). Por outro lado, elegeu-se como corpus de estudo do PB um recorte do banco de dados do “Corpus Online do Português”, elaborado em conjunto pelos pesquisadores Michael Ferreira, da Universidade de Georgetown, e Mark Davies, da Brigham Young University . A partir da coleta e da análise dos advérbios em - mente nos corpora , concluiu -se que tais advérbios são, do ponto de vista prosódico, compostos (um acento lexical e um secundário), tanto em PA como em PB, visto que podem ser considerados estruturas que são formadas por partes independentes entre si, em que a Regra de Atribuição do Acento atua em domínios distintos: nas bases já flexionadas e no “sufixo” –mente .

A conceptual perspective of the evolution of Spanishfrentefrom body part to locative/spatial concept and beyond

AbstractThe Spanish wordfrente(O.Sp.fruente<Lat.frōns), meaning ‘forehead’, has changed gradually over time to be incorporated into a wide variety of modern forms that convey locative meanings and spatial relations as well as personal qualities. The purpose of the current study is to determine approximately when these new forms incorporatingfrentedeveloped, the mechanisms for these various changes, and the cognitive ramifications of such developments. A total of 725 tokens offrentefrom works of fiction spanning three time periods (1200–1450; 1451–1750; 1751–2000) are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively according to collocation, meaning, and syntactic phrase. Each of these analyses, when viewed holistically, shows that the original source lexeme has largely decategorialized as a noun and has been abstracted of its locative/spatial characteristics to be gradually incorporated into prepositional and adverbial forms. It is shown that, conceptually, prepositions profile spatial relations between a trajector and a landmark whereas adverbs profile the location of a trajector alone. These grammatical uses offrenteas well as other even more abstract uses denoting personal qualities have developed over time due to cognitive processes such as abstraction, synecdoche, metaphor, and inference. Cases such as the evolution offrentefrom concrete noun to uses in locative/spatial forms as well as forms with even more abstract meanings give further justification for the need of a linguistic model that is cognitive-based.

Relative frequency and the holistic processing of morphology

Abstract This study presents apparent-time changes in the morphology of the expression mitai-na ‘similar to’. Based on apparent-time data, we argue that the morphological boundary between mitai and the attributive morpheme -na in the phrase mitai-na has disappeared, and that this complex phrase is now processed as a monomorphemic form. We suggest that relative frequency is the key to understanding the results. We further supplement our argument with data on the standardization of the adverbial adjective form in the Kansai dialect. Young speakers overwhelmingly use the standard form of adverbials for all adjectives except two: yō ‘a lot, well’ and hayō ‘quickly, early’ (instead of Standard Japanese yoku and hayaku). The three linguistic forms that display unusual behavior (mitai-na and the adverbial forms of yō and hayō) all have a high relative frequency. We conclude that when a complex form occurs more frequently than its components (high relative frequency), then it behaves as a monomorphemic unit. The irregular adverbial forms are leftover from an obsolete system, in the same way that many English irregular past forms are leftover from the Germanic strong verb system. In contrast, the irregular form mitai-na emerged from and competes with the regular inflection paradigm for mitai, illustrating a previously undocumented path for the diachronic emergence of irregular morphology.

Deontic readings of the imperative through the prism of force dynamic relations: Permissive and preventive utterances with the discourse marker vaa(n) in Finnish

This paper focuses on the interplay between the imperative form and the discourse marker vaa(n) in Finnish. The imperative semantics produces a temporally non-anchored representation of an event that is related to two subjective points of view, corresponding to intentional forces. Resulting from this deictically and modally open meaning structure, imperative constructions display a particular potential to host discourse markers, which orient the interpretation of the utterance. In the case of vaa(n), the force dynamic relation entailed in the imperative enters into interaction with the semantics of the discourse marker. Vaa(n) is assumed to stem from an adverbial form with the meaning ‘firmly’, implying an agonist force's resistance to an antagonist force. When used with the imperative form, vaan gives prominence to an underlying force dynamic relation that impacts the virtual validator of the process. In so doing and by highlighting the positive or negative value of the non-anchored event at the intersubjective level, vaa(n) contributes to construing the permissive or preventive meaning of the imperative utterance. This analysis of vaa(n) thus allows us to identify the semantic similarities between these two types of imperative constructions, both of which entail a twofold force relationship.

Space in Lisu

Author(s): Bradley, David | Abstract: Space is categorized and expressed in Lisu in all areas of structure, both nominal and verbal. Within the nominal system, there is a complex deictic system which differs between dialects and which has distinct fused locative forms, as well as a large set of spatial frame nominals, some derived from body parts, as well as directional suffixes and a spatial marker suffix; the ways in which these suffixes combine with nouns and noun stems differ slightly between dialects. There are also some general nouns for location in space and a spatial numeral classifier. Some of these nominal spatial forms are metaphorically extended to temporal, comparative and more lexicalized uses. Within the verbal system, directions of motion and types of location are expressed by lexically distinct verbs. As in most Ngwi languages related to Lisu, there is a morphosyntactically distinct set of dimensional extent stative verbs expressing spatial extension as well as temporal extent. There is also a set of posthead directional serial verbs. Finally, there are spatial adverbial forms productively based on the dimensional extent verbs.

'El hotel está muy cercas de la playa', o la falsa pluralización del adverbio 'cerca' en el español de México

El presente trabajo ofrece una nueva visión de la forma adverbial cercas, propia del español de México, así como de las creencias sociales asociadas a su uso, aceptabilidad y distribución geográfica. En primer lugar, se presenta una descripción general de este adverbio, su comportamiento gramatical y sus valores, así como la documentación histórica del fenómeno, que sugiere un auge y empleo modernos en español. Se sostiene que esta forma no se trata de una ‘pluralización’ del adverbio cerca, sino que es el resultado de un proceso de analogía morfológica, tal y como ha ocurrido con otros adverbios con -s (quizá > quizás). Los datos recogidos en la encuesta realizada en línea (respondida por 848 hablantes nativos mexicanos) demuestran que: a) el adverbio cercas es una forma estigmatizada en el español mexicano; b) quienes la rechazan (83 % de los informantes que reconocieron su existencia) aducen razones normativas, educativas o sociolectales; c) la mayoría de los informantes que hacen uso de esta forma son jóvenes (18-30 años), hablantes que tradicionalmente suelen apartarse de la norma estándar; d) el 58 % de los participantes considera que las formas cerca y cercas presentan un significado diferente, aunque se constata la falta de fijación del sentido de cercas; para el 42 % restante se trataría de un mismo adverbio con distintas formas (diferenciadas por la presencia del sufijo adverbial -s); y e) al correlacionar los datos sociodemográficos (edad, sexo) con las respuestas sobre la aceptación, el uso y los valores del adverbio cercas, se aprecian diferencias estadísticamente significativas.

On the emergence of the stance-marking function of English adverbs: A case of intensifiers

Stance-marking is nearly ubiquitous and possibly inevitable in most instances of language use. One of the prominent functions of English adverbs is their stance-marking function, especially in the domain of illocutionary modification, i.e., intensification. This paper addresses the developmental processes of 72 stance-marking adverbs tracing their lexical origin in history, focusing on their source characteristics and mechanisms whereby they acquired this (inter)subjective function. A historical analysis reveals that the lexical sources of these stance-markers largely belong to four major semantic categories, i.e. MARKEDNESS, COMPLETENESS, EMOTION and TABOO. Among the notable observations is the pattern of semantic change involved in the development, i.e., abstraction from the referring function or description of tangible objects to denoting highly subjective meanings. Another notable aspect in the development is their movement toward form-function iconicity, i.e., use of adjectival forms in place of adverbial forms. Also evident in the development are (inter)subjectification, creativity, renewal and frequency effect, among others. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Liczebniki przysłówkowe w Rozmyślaniu przemyskim – kwantyfikacja zdarzeń

Adverbial numerals in Rozmyślanie przemyskie – a quantification of events
 The paper describes adverbial numeral expressions used to quantify events, to indicate their specific number, that can be found in the largest text of Polish Middle Ages, i.e. in Rozmyślanie przemyskie. Based on the traditional division of numerals, the article identifies multiplicative, ordinal, and manifold numerals, and indicates their function in specific contexts. The analyzed text, even though it is a 16th century copy, preserves such shapes of multiplicative numerals as jedną/jednąc or dwojc/dwojcy which were archaic already from the perspective of the Middle Polish period. Likewise, the text conserves adverbial ordinal numerals. The material also proves that, before the popularization of adverbial forms of the dwukrotnie-type, and of compound constructions with the element raz, the stock of numerals used as adverbs was limited primarily to derivatives from numerals of the lower order, related to values between one and four.

Le mokša ancien, une langue sans adverbes ?

The paper first presents a little-known language, Mokša, belonging to the Uralic family, and investigates adverbs as they were listed in the first linguistic description of Mokša published by Ahlquist in 1861. It is shown that originally all adverbial forms in Mokša were motivated and transparent derivatives of deictics, adjectives and nouns. There apparently did not exist primary adverbs, unanalyzable in the synchronic system of Proto-Mokša. The unanalyzable adverbs stem from recent borrowings taken from Russian and Turkic languages. This situation opens the way toward a kind of lexical utopia where there would exist no primary unanalyzable adverbial form in a language.

Ainsi

This article studies the adverb ainsi in its twin functions of manner adverb modifying a given verb, and of sentence adverb — here a connective. This dual functioning is characteristic of a number of adverbs, and as with them, all the characteristic properties of each of these types are verified. In both cases, the basic meaning of ainsi is that of ‘conformity’ — conformity of a manner of doing or being with another manner of doing or being, and conformity of the content of an utterance with a previously evoked state of affairs. For each of these two uses, we study the particular order of words, on occasion in relation to their character, and show that manner adverb ainsi is unique within its category in setting itself apart from other adverbial form types allowing “subject inversion”.

Figement et Pragmaticalisation

Figement et Pragmaticalisation

Su(m)imasen and gomen nasai

This paper investigates Japanese apology expressions, particularly the co-occurrence of su(m)imasen and gomen nasai with various linguistic devices (i.e. adverbs, interjections, conjunctions, etc.) in social interactions. Differing from previous research, the present research focuses on (1) the linguistic devices co-occurring with the apology expression, (2) their relation to the interactional functions the expressions serve in situated contexts, (3) their roles within discourse and the effect they produce, and (4) the way the speaker expresses his or her emotional attitude through these linguistic devices. To this end, data was collected from Japanese television dramas, and the linguistic devices marking su(m)imasen and gomen nasai, adverbial forms and interjections that were most encountered were examined. The analysis revealed that the co-occurrences with the apology expressions do influence or change the entire meaning of the utterance.

Motion events in Bambara (Mande)

The paper analyses motion events in the Mande language Bambara, using the theoretical framework developed by Croft et al. (2010), which is a revision of the theory first proposed by Talmy (1975, 1985). The revision of Talmy's theory on the semantics and syntax of motion events introduces a distinction between symmetrical and asymmetrical constructions and proposes to apply it to individual constructions and not to entire languages. In Bambara we find two different types of constructions both of which are asymmetrical: verb framing and satellite framing constructions. The verb framing construction expresses the path of motion in a finite verb, whereas manner of motion is encoded in an adverbial form or copredicative form, which is derived by means of -t? or -bagat?. The adverbial form precedes the finite form of the verb. The second type is a satellite framing construction where the manner of motion is expressed in a finite verb form and the path of motion by means of an infinitive form of the verb introduced by the morpheme ka. Some of the path verbs in the language have developed into prepositions together with the infinitive morpheme ka. Although this allows characterizing them as satellite framing, there are some features that set them apart from satellite framing constructions in languages like English, German or Polish. The first feature is that even those path verbs that develop into prepositions continue to function as full verbs in the language with no tendency to lose this function. The second distinguishing feature is the possibility of combining several path verbs in one clause. These features make Bambara resemble languages that have serial verb constructions, which belong to symmetrical constructions according to Croft et al. (2010).

One consideration about the noun of the verb adverbial form origin -Mainly on word formation and voiced consonant-

One consideration about the noun of the verb adverbial form origin -Mainly on word formation and voiced consonant-

Demeter, Gê and the Indo-European word(s) for >earth<

1. Too many words for 'earth ' 1.1. Ancient Greek has a rich variety of words for 'earth'. Some of these are etymologically clear and have good cognates in other IndoEuropean languages. Thus, apoupa as a word for 'earth' in the sense of 'arable/cultivated earth/land, farmland' is related to the root ^h^erhr 'to plough', which is attested in Gr. apooo, Lat. arare, Lith. ariu, Oir. -air;1 the noun appears to be a feminine derivative in *-ya (*-ih2) from an old heteroclitic neuter ¥h2erh3-w-i> (> *arowr-ya' cf. Oir. arbor 'grain' < ^h^rQi^w-x, gen. arb(a)e < *h2(e)r(h3)w-en-s).2 Similarly, the feminine noun epa, which is almost entirely confined to the adverbial form epaCe '(down) to earth', has an exact cognate in OHG ero 'earth'; further likely relatives with different suffixes include Welsh erw 'field', Goth, airpa, OHG erda and Engl. earth} As for the common word ysev 'earth', this even belongs to one of the most widely attested lexical families in the Indo-European world; here, as we will see later (§3.4), more or less distant cognates are found in Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, IndoIranian, Anatolian, Tocharian, Phrygian, and Albanian. 1.2. Next to apoDpa, epa and %Q(bv, however, Greek has a few further terms for 'earth' which are more puzzling. At least one of them is not marginal at all: yfj. It is obvious that yfj is related to Homeric yaia 'earth', but 'ni yfj, ni yaia n'ont d'etymologie etablie'.4 The hypothesis that yaia could be a contamination of yfj and Homeric aia, yet another

Evidentiality and Epistemological Stance: Narrative Retelling (review)

Reviewed by: Evidentiality and epistemological stance: Narrative retelling by Ilana Mushin Timothy Jowan Curnow Evidentiality and epistemological stance: Narrative retelling. By Ilana Mushin. (Pragmatics and beyond new series 87.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001. Pp. xvii, 240. ISBN: 1588110338. $90.00. Based on a reworking of Mushin’s 1998 Ph.D. thesis, this book examines the extralinguistic and discourse factors involved in the choice of evidential forms and strategies used by speakers of Macedonian, Japanese, and English in a particular task—the retelling of the personal narratives of others. The first three chapters set up the theoretical framework of the study. The ‘Introduction’ (1–15) looks at those concepts and theories that underlie the analysis, including discussions of subjectivity, deixis, viewpoint, and the concept of changes of deictic center, within the overall framework of cognitive grammar. Ch. 2, ‘Evidentiality’ (17–50), essentially a critical literature review, looks at the contrasting analyses of evidentiality in terms of source of information vs. speaker attitude and how these are linked, and it examines the range of structures that can code evidential notions, from lexical to highly grammaticalized evidential markers. It includes a discussion of grammaticalization as it applies to evidentials and contrasts the grammaticalization features of Quechua, Makah, and Lhasa Tibetan evidentials. In my opinion, this is one of the clearest short descriptions in the available literature of the many complex issues involved in the study of evidentiality. The following chapter, ‘Epistemological stance’ (51–83), explores the concept of epistemological stance, the ‘construal of information with respect to a speaker’s assessment of their epistemological status’ (58), that is, how speakers choose to represent the way they acquired or know information, which may not necessarily be the actual means by which they came to know the information. The adoption of a particular epistemological stance depends on extralinguistic factors: the source of information, the interactional setting, the cultural setting, and the speaker’s assessment of each of these. This epistemological stance is then filtered through the linguistic choices available to the speaker, depending on the language they are speaking. M exemplifies five not necessarily exhaustive types of epistemological stance: personal experience (including private experience and witness), inferential, reportive, factual, and imaginative. The remainder of the book is the corpus-based study where the choice of epistemological stance is relatively fixed by using narrative retellings; it examines the pragmatics of the linguistic choices made by speakers of Macedonian, Japanese, and English, three languages with quite distinct systems of evidentiality. Ch. 4 (85–101) gives details of the corpus, speakers, and the ways in which the data were classified. Ch. 5 (103–33) gives the range of forms which were used by speakers of the three languages to indicate that they were retelling the personal narrative of another, focusing particularly on the contrast between extranarrative devices (such as setting up an explicit reportive frame) vs. narrative-internal devices (such as evidential verb and adverbial forms). Chs. 6 (135–71) and 7 (173–98) form the heart of the book, examining the distribution of the reportive strategies, their frequency, pragmatics, and the speaker’s motivations for the uses of the forms. While Ch. 6 focuses on the global epistemological stance of the retellings in each language, Ch. 7 examines the pragmatics of the variations from the default epistemological stance taken by retellers. The book concludes with notes, references, two appendices (a synopsis of each personal experience narrative together with the various retelling combinations, and a sample retelling for each language), and language, name, and subject indexes. As M notes, there have been various crosslinguistic studies of the formal properties of evidential systems and their semantics, but little work has been done on the pragmatics and use of evidential forms in a range of languages. By restricting the data to an easily comparable set, M has been able to convincingly show the crosslinguistic variation that is found in the use of evidential strategies on a single task. This book is a valuable contribution to pragmatic studies in general and is of great value to those of us who work with evidentials from any point of view, showing on a micro-level how speakers can utilize evidentials and evidential strategies...

LINGUISTIC STYLES IN DECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION: DUBITATIVE AMBIGUITY AND ELLIPTIC ELUDING IN PACKAGED LIES

This paper was aimed at addressing the topic of communicative styles of deception. University students were asked to describe a picture with varying truth/lie conditions. In accordance with their perception or being deliberately against it, the participant could: tell the truth (T); lie to an acquiescent recipient (L1); or lie to a suspicious recipient (L2). The goal was to investigate whether or not different linguistic styles could be correlated to the cognitive complexity of the task as regards the truth bias or lie bias of the recipient. Specifically, two sets of linguistic aspects – micro and macro structural – were analyzed. In the former, indices were considered as words (arguments number, repetitions and interruptions, fluency and fluency disorder indices), predicates (number, nominal/predicative construction, and personal/impersonal structure), pronouns and adverbial forms. In the latter, the structural variations of the standard phrase, utterances' complexity, spatial organization of utterances, and speech organization were analyzed. Results showed that participants used speech to shield from reality and chose different strategies; in the L1 condition, participants resorted to ambiguity and prolixity (“cuttlefish effect”); on the contrary, in the L2 condition they used concise assertiveness and elliptic eluding strategies (“chameleon effect”).

Semantic differences of suffixal alternates in Hungary

Some of the inflectional paradigms of the Hungarian lexicon containsuffixal alternates which do not vary freely with each other, but certaininflected forms are connected to specific senses of the lexical item. Amongverbal suffxes the -ik suffix marking the third personsingular form of the present tense indicative behaves in this way, which oncertain verbs can simultaneously signal intransitivity, while the alternatefor with the zero suffix is transitive. On other verbs, the choice betweenthe bare -t and -Vtt forms of thepast tense suffix (in 3rd person singular) can indicate sense differences.The inflectional paradigm of some verbs can even contain more than oneinstance of semantic distinction among alternates. A peculiar differencebetween the multiple plural forms of nouns derived from adjectives is basedon whether the nominal meaning is an occasional one or the nominal lexemehas become completely independent. The same difference is reflected in theaccusative form of these nouns, too. Different personal possessive suffixalforms of nouns can signal differences between the types of the possessiverelation (real possession or part-whole relation), instead of differentiatingsenses of the basic form. The adverbial forms of adjectives with lAg, -An and -Ul suffixescan also indicate sense distinctions.

Processing of grammatical gender in a three-gender system: experimental evidence from Russian.

Four experiments investigated the effect of grammatical gender on lexical access in Russian. Adjective-noun pairs were presented auditorily, using a cued-shadowing technique in which subjects must repeat the second word (the target noun), following adjectives that are either concordant or discordant with the noun's gender. Experiment 1 demonstrates gender priming with unambiguous adjectives and phonologically transparent masculine or feminine nouns. Experiment 2 examines priming for transparent nouns against a neutral baseline (possible only for feminines and neuters), revealing that priming is due primarily to inhibition from discordant gender. Experiment 3 demonstrates gender priming with phonologically opaque masculine and feminine nouns. Experiment 4 returns to transparent masculine and feminine nouns with a different kind of baseline, using three versions of a single word root (prost--simple, in the feminine adjectival form prostaja, masculine adjectival form prostoj, and the adverbial form prosto), and shows that gender can also facilitate lexical access, at least for feminine nouns. We conclude that Russian listeners can exploit gender agreement cues "on-line," helping them to predict the identity of an upcoming word.

The Circumstantial SDM(.F)/SDM. N(.F) as Verbal Verb-Forms in Middle Egyptian

The current widely-accepted view of the suffix conjugation is that developed by Polotsky, according to which verb-forms are seen as transpositions of the verb, behaving as the substitutional equivalents of the non-verbal parts of speech (noun, adjective, or adverb). However, it is argued that the circumstantial sdm(.f)/sdm. n(.f) after mk and ist do not submit to a substitutional analysis as adverbial forms. In this construction, the circumstantial sdm(.f)/sdm.n(.f) (with the bare sentence with adverbial predicate and the bare pseudo-verbal construction) belong substitutionally with initial main clause formations, which are unconverted/non-transposed patterns, and contrast with genuinely converted/transposed (true subordinate) clause formations, which cannot occur after mk and ist. This suggests that the circumstantial sdm(.f)/ sdm.n(.f) should be analysed as unconverted/non-transposed forms: i.e. as the Middle Egyptian verbal sdm(.f)/sdm.n(.f). This analysis is shown to account for the well known ‘adverbial’ properties of these forms without invoking adverbial substitution.