Adverbial Form Research Articles

THE EVALUATIVE POTENTIAL OF ADVERBS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

This article is devoted to a new direction in contemporary Ukrainian linguistics, known as the grammar of evaluation. The focus is on the morphology of evaluation. This article aims to present the evaluative potential of adverbial forms in the Ukrainian language. The research subject is adverbs with evaluative semantics, characterized by systemic and functional approaches. The research material consists of literary and journalistic texts and modern Internet discourse. The study integrates two main approaches: systemic (structural) and functional (discursive). Among the methods used in this article, the descriptive method is primary, allowing for the presentation of material and formulation of conclusions; the conceptual-analytical method is applied to qualify and methodologically evaluate the theoretical foundations of the morphology of evaluation. Additionally, the interpretive-contextual and discursive methods, as well as the axiological analysis method, are utilized to identify grammatical adverbial forms that carry evaluative meaning. The article discusses the potential of adverbs in modelling the meaning of quality, evaluation itself, and intensification of features. It is particularly evident in the process of adverbial compatibility with nouns. Among adjectives, national forms of evaluative presentation, especially those with intimating semantics, which represent the mentality of Ukrainians, are highlighted. These include adverbs of manner such as тудою — туди (thither — there), сюдою — сюди (hither — here), as well as diminutive forms derived from adverbs of place like тутечки (here), осьдечки (hereabouts). A system of comparative and superlative adjective forms that verbalize the intensification of evaluative meaning is also identified, including occasional form creation that is common in the Ukrainian linguistic culture. It is demonstrated that adverbs are expressive representatives of the category of evaluation. The prospect of this scientific study lies in conducting a comparative analysis of adverbial forms in the Ukrainian language with analogous adjective forms in English to more distinctly identify the uniqueness of evaluative meaning verbalization presented by these forms.

El sufijo <i>-nte</i> del verbo ser en español

In the conjugation tables of verbs in Spanish, the non-personal forms that are shown, taking amar as an example, are the infinitive (to sing, basic form of the verb), the gerund (singing, adverbial form) and the participle (sung, adjective). Related to this, we have in Spanish a derived element ending in -nte that can function either as a noun or as an adjective--cantante. In this paper, the existence and survival of the form in -nte of the Spanish verb ser (‘to be’) as a cultured word will be demonstrated, and it will be pointed out what the deverbal adjective with suffix -nte that corresponds to said verb is. Bibliographic research has been carried out and databases of the Royal Spanish Academy were consulted; and due to the nature of the object of study, a grammatical analysis of the element studied was conducted. In terms of results, a total of 39 occurrences of the word with the suffix -nte were found, of which 24 are shown in the article. In the conclusions, it is established that the derivative of being ending in -nte —which is present in the cultured speech— occurs from the 13th century to the present day.

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF ADVERBIAL SUFFIXES -YP, -IP (based on the monuments of Mamluk Kipchak)

There has been no in-depth, comprehensive and systematic study of the history of one of the complex grammatical categories of verbs-the category of adverbs, although it is found only slightly in some monuments and textbooks concerning the history of a particular language. One of the urgent problems of Kazakh Turkological science is a comprehensive study of the Turkic languages of any linguistic unity in historical periods, a comprehensive study of them from a synchronous and diachronic point of view and determining the level of historical continuity in comparison with our modern language.The article examines the grammatical function of the adverbial suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p in the Mamluk-Kipchak language, their influence and phonetic variants on the meaning of the word to which it is attached, the history of development and formation. The research is based on the materials of 5 monuments written in the Mamluk-Kipchak language and extant to the present day. The research work is based on the main method of studying the historical development of language - the comparative historical method.Phonetic variants of adverbial forms with suffixes -yp, -ip, -up, -üp, -p the order of attachment to the root, various semantic gradients in the main and indirect meanings, all of them do not differ much from modern Turkic languages, including Kazakh. Some features have been preserved in the modern Oguz language, and some in Kipchak. Even small differences between them can be considered as a natural phenomenon that arises during the historical development of the language.

Модально-компаративные конструкции с семантикой кажимости в тувинском языке

The paper examines analytical, synthetic, and lexical means of expressing modal-comparative semantics in the Tuvan language. Complex analytical constructions encompass constructions containing the first participial component, modal operators deg ‘as if,’ yshkash ‘as if,’ and the verb bol ‘to be’ in the adverbial form on -(Y)p: boop. Simple synthetic forms include the verb predicate with the affix -ZYg. Lexical means include verbs denoting pretended behavior, also characterized by the meaning of a hypothetical comparison, forming the foundation for the semantics of pretense. Constructions with modal operators deg ‘as if’, yshkash ‘as if,’ and the predicate with the affix -ZYg are used to express a comparison with an imaginary standard (an unreliable comparison). The construction with the word boop and special verbs of pretended behavior are also distinguished by a comparative meaning in their semantics. Analytical and synthetic structures containing modal operators of appearance indicate the inclusion of the perceiving subject’s worldview and personal experiences in linguistic reflection. The meaning of an unreliable comparison is the basis for the formation of the meaning of seemingness. The construction Tv=GAn + yshkash/deg conveys the semantics of seemingness without any additional nuances. Verb forms with the affix -ZYg express the semantics of seemingness based on the speaker’s emotions and imagination. The construction Tv=GAn + boop identifies the object of comparison with the standard and expresses an apparent feigned simulative action.

Semantic and syntactic relations expressed by adverbial forms in the Tatar language

Semantic and syntactic relations expressed by adverbial forms in the Tatar language

Nuevos usos para viejas formas: el caso de cualmente en judeoespañol

Abstract Sephardic texts show a wide variety of adverbial forms ending in -mente, where the etymological scheme of adjective (fem.-sing.) + -mente has been broadened with formations such as verdadmente (‘truly’) or cercamente (‘closely’), in which the suffix -mente is attached (respectively) to a nominal and an adverbial base to form new adverbs of mode/manner. Now, the form cualmente deserves a whole new chapter. Thus, as it has been shown so far (García Moreno 2004, 264‒265, and Hernández González 2012, 196‒197, and 2018), this form of original adverbial character – with a similar meaning to that of its parallel talmente – shows in Judeo-Spanish a process of grammaticalization that has led it to function as a conjunction to introduce completive subordinate clauses.Having said that, such conjunctive uses – mainly documented in Sephardic texts of the so-called «rabbinical prose» of the 18th and 19th centuries – are practically absent in more modern texts. However, as we have demonstrated in this contribution, the form cualmente appears again reanalyzed in journalistic texts from the 1930 s as a type of a relative adverb with a value equivalent to that of ʻaccording to whichʼ and agglutinating the values +relative and +manner of their respective formants cual and -mente.

Редуплицированные конструкции с глаголом «буол-» ʻбыть, становиться’ в якутском языке: структура и семантика

The aim of the work is to provide a comprehensive description of the structural and semantic features of the constructions formed by doubling the Yakut being verb буол- ‘to be, to become’. The work is novel in that it is the first to identify the types of reduplicated constructions from the verb буол- and their connotations. As a result of the study, it has been found that the intransitive telic verb буол- is actively used in the Yakut language reduplicated and forms a variety of set expressions. The structural organisation of these constructions includes the complete reduplication of the adverbial form ending in -а/-ыы (буола-буола) and the future tense form as a functional modal combination (буолуо-буолуо), as well as combinations of its various forms (adverbial, participial, temporal, etc.). Unlike the doubled forms of other verbs, which serve mainly to express aspectual meanings, the constructions under consideration most often have modal semantics with the connotation of assumption, hypothetical character, special superiority, determination of the speaker or his/her negative attitude (disdain, hopelessness, uncertainty in the implementation of an action).

Транслингвизм как повседневная практика (на материале русско-татарско-удмуртского многоязычия)

The paper is devoted to the study of spontaneous speech of polylinguals in situations of everyday communication in the setting of Russian-Tatar-Udmurt multilingualism based on the speech material of the native speakers of the Udmurt language in the village of Staraya Ucha in the Kukmorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The aim of the research is to identify the features peculiar to the manifestation of translanguaging as a daily practice in the setting of interaction between Russian, Tatar and Udmurt. The scientific novelty lies in describing the strategies of the matrix (Udmurt) language and guest (Russian and Tatar) languages functioning in everyday communication practice; identifying the features of translanguaging as an everyday language practice. The research findings showed that the phenomenon of translanguaging in the speech of the native speakers of the Udmurt language on the territory of the Kukmorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan is conditioned by extra- and intralinguistic factors. From the perspective of semantics, the foreign-language inclusions found in the speech of the native speakers of the Udmurt language tend to be names of specific objects, realities reflecting the peculiarities of Tatar material culture or intangible culture. The Russian inclusions in most cases are represented by adverbial forms, numerals, set expressions. The matrix Udmurt language is used usually in the predicative part of the sentence.

METAPHORICAL COMPARISONS WITH THE COMPONENT ~듯(이) IN KOREAN

Currently, interest in learning foreign languages has increased. As you know, a person who knows a language knows the world. Based on this, today young people striving to master the achievements of modern science and technology pay special attention to the study of foreign languages. Our republic has all the opportunities to implement its goals. Only aspiration and perseverance are required from young people.Today, all over the world, learning foreign languages is an important task in achieving previously defined goalsEach language has its own characteristics due to the cultural heritage of the people. A person uses various lexical units, grammatical and phonetic laws of the language. However, often a communicative situation puts its participants at a dead end, since in communication there is an inability of speakers to interact with each other. Such a situation is possible when communicants cannot use the language, or rather, correctly choose those language means that could provide a speech effect on each other.The minimum unit of speech is a word. A word is a complex of sounds or a single sound that has a certain meaning fixed by the linguistic practice of society and functions as an independent whole.There are many tools that are used to build images, to form new lexical meanings.Lexico-semantic variants of a polysemous word depend on each other in different ways and are variously related to each other. In the educational literature, a different number of traditional types of figurative meanings of words are called.The most typical case of a figurative meaning is a metaphor. The metaphor is based on similarity. In metaphor, the image and the object are combined in one word in such a way that the word has two meanings at once: direct and figurative. A direct meaning is an image, a figurative meaning is an object.Comparison is one of the common means in artistic depictions in Korean sayings. For comparison, images of birds, animals and plants are most often used.But there are much more comparisons in the form of brief poetic formulas. Grammatically, they are formed by the adverbial form in ~듯(이).

ENETS CARITIVE MARKERS AND THEIR PROTO-SAMOYEDIC SOURCES

The article examines three caritive markers in the Enets language: a verbal one -se (‘not to have something’), an attributive one -seδa/-seδe (‘(a person) not having something’) and an adverbial one -śuδiɁ (‘being without something’). It analyzes their Samoyedic cognates, both quite transparent and less obvious ones. The etymology of the attributive caritive marker is quite transparent even at the synchronic level: the forms of the attributive caritive (-se-δe) are imperfective participles from verbal caritive forms (-se). However, the formation of the imperfective participle in Enets in this case is accompanied by a complicated morphonological phenomenon: the form of the participial morpheme (-δe) with a fricative rather than a stop points to a glide that precedes that participial marker. Based on its Nganasan (adverbial caritive marker -kaj) and Mator (attributive caritive marker -gǝsta/-kǝsta) cognates, a protoform with the glide *j is reconstructed: for the verbal caritive, *-kaj, for the attributive caritive, *-kaj-ntå-jǝ̑. The etymology of the adverbial caritive marker -śuδiɁ is somewhat less obvious. The final -Ɂ is a reflex of the Proto-Northern Samoyedic adverbializer, which is used to form adverbs from adjectives (and causes the change of the quality of the preceding vowel). Accordingly, the adverbial form -śuδiɁ is formed from the hypothetical attributive form **-śuδe, which also resembles a participial form (-śu-δe). The allomorph of the participial marker (-δe) also points to a preceding etymological glide. In Mator, there is another caritive marker -gǝda/-kǝda, which can only go back to *-kaw-ntå(-jǝ̑): the protoform without the glide would have resulted in Mator **-gǝnda/-kǝnda, the protoform with the glide *j results in another Mator caritive marker -gǝsta /-kǝsta, mentioned above. The glide *w can also explain the appearance of the close back rounded vowel in Enets -śuδiɁ.

Uma análise para a distinção entre evidencialidade e modalidade epistémica o caso dos adjetivos alegado e suposto e respetivas formas adverbiais

The modal and evidential domains are not always easily distinguishable. Even though some languages do have specific modal and evidential markers, European Portuguese does not behave the same way, having, therefore, several ways and mechanisms to mark both evidentiality and modality. The present study, based on examples retrieved from the European Portuguese corpus CETEMpúblico, thus, intends to evaluate if the traditionally considered modal adjectives, suposto (supposed) and alegado (alledged), and their corresponding adverbial forms, can convey evidential values and contribute to signal a distinction between the two domains. The examples show that these adjectives and adverbs behave distinctively from each other: suposto (and supostamente) conveys suppositional evidentiality, while alegado (and alegadamente) conveys reportative evidentiality. Even though the preferred interpretation is an evidential one, they both allow for an epistemic modal reading. This means, put differently, that, although these adjectives and adverbs have the capacity to represent both domains, modality seems to always come second: the transmission of evidential values is therefore stronger than the expression of epistemic modal values (of uncertainty). However, the epistemic reading of alegado, in particular, seems to be related to the fact that the author does not mean to compromise him/herself with the veracity of the proposition, rather than convey a certain degree of uncertainty.

The systems of demonstrative pronouns and derivative adverbs in the Dargin languages

This article is examines the demonstrative pronouns and derivative adverbs in a number of the Dargin languages and dialects. The Dargin languages have a rich deictic system that helps the native speakers to navigate in the severe conditions of mountain terrain, and found its reflection in pronouns and spatial adverbs. Recent changes observed in the traditional way of life of highlanders, along with the migration processes, lead to extinction of this layer of lexicon. The problem of early documentation and research of locative adverbs retains its relevance. The goal of this article lies in comparative analysis of the systems of demonstrative pronouns and spatial adverbs in different Dargin idioms. For achieving the set goal, the article employs descriptive methods and methods of field linguistics. This article is first to conduct the comparative analysis of locative adverbial form, which defines its scientific novelty. As a result, description is given to the deictic systems of pronouns and adverbs in the Akushin, Urakhin, Kajtak, Sanzhin and Itsari idioms. It is established that most Dargin idioms feature two forms of demonstrative pronouns, which differ depending on the visibility or vastness of the object. Various affixes allow forming spatial adverbs that can function in one of the local cases – lative, directive, essive, or elative. The obtained results can be valuable in preparing comparative-historical grammar of the Dargin languages.

Unpublished Fragments from the Period of Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Summer 1882–Winter 1883/84) by Friedrich Nietzsche

Reviewed by: Unpublished Fragments from the Period of Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Summer 1882–Winter 1883/84) by Friedrich Nietzsche Paul Bishop Friedrich Nietzsche. Unpublished Fragments from the Period ofThus Spoke Zarathustra (Summer 1882–Winter 1883/84). Translated, with an afterword, by Paul S. Loeb and David F. Tinsley. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche 14. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019. Pp. x + 880. Paper, $28.00. Begun by Ernst Behler and Bernd Magnus, and now under the editorial direction of Alan D. Schrift and Duncan Large, Stanford University Press’s ambitious project to offer in nineteen volumes a complete translation of the fifteen-volume Kritische Studienausgabe of Nietzsche’s works is proceeding apace. Volume 14 corresponds to volume 10 of the KSA and, while its first fragment demonstrates the need for its helpful editorial apparatus to make sense of these texts, its second raises more general questions about translation (and, in this case, how to translate the pronoun man). These questions are discussed at some length in the “Translators’ Afterword” provided by Paul S. Loeb and David F. Tinsley. In a section entitled “Our Philosophy of Language,” Loeb and Tinsley note that their own approach has much in common with that of R. Kevin Hill and Michael A. Scarpitti in their “Note on the Text and Translation” included in their recent translation of the material known as The Will to Power (London: Penguin Books, 2017), and they quote approvingly Clancy Martin’s summary of the challenges facing the translation of Nietzsche’s Zarathustra in particular. As Loeb and Tinsley observe, the very term ‘translate’ and its German equivalents, übersetzen and übertragen, connote a sense of “carrying something over or across a barrier or divider”—in this context, across “the vast ocean” separating Nietzsche’s nineteenth-century German and twenty-first-century American English (724). In part, navigating this ocean involves attention to the historical context of Nietzsche’s language and the concomitant need to reimagine the science, technology, and fashion of the nineteenth century; in part, it involves tackling problems faced by any translator of German, including that tricky third-person singular universal pronoun man. Rather than following Walter Kaufmann’s preference for the singular universal third-person English pronoun ‘one,’ Loeb and Tinsley substitute the pronominal plural universal ‘we’ (along with its possessive determiner ‘our’ for sein) (726). And their solutions to such problems as inflection, modal particles, and singular universals are equally pragmatic. In fact, Loeb and Tinsley provide a short glossary that summarizes their choices of some important terms in Zarathustra, including Empfindung (best captured in the sense Nietzsche most often uses it as “feeling,” but in a cognitive sense rendered as “perception” or “sensation”); Gemüth (a term undergoing a transition in Nietzsche’s time from designating the home of all mental faculties to its more narrow sense of the faculty of feeling and perception); and höhere Menschen / kleine Menschen (translated respectively as “superior” and “puny” human beings). Which brings us to the biggest and, of course, the most difficult challenge—how to translate not just Mensch but Übermensch? Loeb and Tinsley confess that, up until twenty years ago, their preferred translation of Mensch would have been the equivalent designation “man” with the possessive determiner “his,” yet they realize that English usage nowadays requires it be rendered in its nongendered form as “human” or “human being” (749). Within the etymology of Übermensch and its variants, its adjectival and adverbial form übermenschlich predominates, beginning in the sixteenth century with the theologian Wendelin Steinbach, while by Nietzsche’s time it had become the standard term to describe powers or abilities exceeding human capability (750). In fact, Loeb and Tinsley distinguish three different ways in which Nietzsche uses the philosophical concept of superhumans, which they call the supernatural, superior-individual, and superior-species uses (757). Critical of the suggestion that the term has Goethean connotations, either as an echo of the famous “Study” scene of Faust (771), or in Carlyle’s sense in recognizing Goethe in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841) as one of the “Great Men” (767–69), Loeb and Tinsley claim that Nietzsche intended his new Zarathustrian concept as “a...

La apropiación de un cambio por las élites sociales: la evolución de a(h)ora en el español de los Siglos de Oro

This study explains the appropriation of a timid change from below, initiated in the first decades of the sixteenth century, by the social elites in the next century. Within the framework of comparative historical sociolinguistics, and through the use of a corpus composed entirely of texts close to the pole of communicative immediacy, this article analyses the extension of the Spanish adverbial forms a(h)ora instead of the traditional agora between 1500 and 1700. In this process, two clearly differentiated moments can be foreseen: a first period (most of the sixteenth century) in which change advances slowly, and a later stage in which it accelerates considerably in the course of a few years. Therefore, by the end of the seventeenth century, almost categorical uses of the innovative forms are noticed, as well as the definitive cornering of agora as an archaism. In this process, social elites are revealed responsible not only for the abrupt diffusion of the novel variant throughout the entire society, but also for some important qualitative changes in the grammar of variation. In this way, either the linguistic predictors that are revealed significant in the first phases of change are neutralized or their explanatory direction has changed in the most expansive stage.

Temporal Concepts and Formulations of Time in Tibeto-Burman Languages

As a vast and diverse linguistic grouping, Tibeto-Burman languages vary in their usage of time constructs, both morphologically and semantically. Even between genetically related languages within the Tibeto-Burman language family, approaches to elements such as suffixation vary widely, while vocabulary from Indo-Aryan and distantly related Sinitic languages is differently incorporated and borrowed. In this article, we identify trends that only become apparent through the process of data collation and the careful comparison of numerous grammatical sketches and dictionaries. We further expand this rich, if understudied, area through the incorporation of original fieldwork data from the Thangmi/Thami-speaking communities of Nepal undertaken by one of the co-authors, and supplemented by the researcher’s residence in the Himalayan region from 1996 to 2009. The literature review and linguistic scope of this survey includes multiple grammars of languages spoken across the Greater Himalayan region, with specific emphasis on the Rāī-Kiranti sub-branch of languages autochthonous to eastern Nepal. In our comparative analysis, we focus on apparent cognates and shared paradigms with an emphasis on systems of segmental time measurement (e.g. ‘two days hence,’ ‘this year’) rather than on relative ones (e.g. ‘now,’ ‘then’). Through this compilation, the relationship between Tibeto-Burman languages and their often-dominant regional Indo-Aryan counterparts becomes more visible, mediated by a better understanding of the shared yet conflicting epistemological, astrological, and organizational views of time held by the communities who speak Tibeto-Burman languages. Features of note include the assimilation of Chinese and Indian religious and spiritual systems, as well as imported vocabulary that does not always replace—but is in fact sometimes incorporated into—the lexicon of a given language by the speech community. It is our observation that in Tibeto-Burman languages, Indigenous concepts, categories and classifications of time are usually grammatically encoded in adverbial forms, while the influential Indo-Aryan languages of the region mostly make use of nominal morphology in order to express temporal concepts. In addition, reflexes of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (hereafter PTB) nouns are still evident across the language family. To conclude, we position this survey as a comparative and analytical contribution which focuses attention on the region’s rich linguistic variation and the importance of rigorous documentation, conservation and revitalisation programs for Indigenous languages of the Tibeto-Burman family, as the communities who speak these languages continue to grapple with severe socio-political challenges and face the hegemonic pressures of linguistic assimilation.

Melvilleans!!!! (with a nod to the recent punctuation panel at the Twelfth International Melville Conference, "Melville's Origins")

Melvilleans!!!!(with a nod to the recent punctuation panel at the Twelfth International Melville Conference, "Melville's Origins") Ralph James Savarese Click for larger view View full resolution Ralph Savarese. Photo courtesy of Ralph Savarese. My first International Melville Conference took place in Szczecin, Poland. My next, in Rome. The ones after that in Washington, DC, London, and, most recently, New York City. Gathering to talk about Melville in an international context began and ended, you might say, on a ship: [End Page 169] the Dar Mlodziezy (or Gift of Youth) in Szczecin and the Wavertree in Manhattan. There will be other conferences, to be sure, and perhaps other ships, but I like the symmetry of these nautical bookends. I became acquainted with the Melville Society in 2003 when I won the Hennig Cohen Prize and received a beautiful letter about my essay, "Nervous Wrecks and Ginger-Nuts: Bartleby at a Standstill," from the late Jill Barnum. At the MLA gathering that year, I not only met some first-rate scholars but I also discovered an academic home, which I sorely needed. From that day forward, I found the luminaries of Melville criticism—John Bryant, Wyn Kelley, Samuel Otter, Christopher Sten, Mary K Bercaw Edwards, Timothy Marr, Robert K. Wallace, Elizabeth Schultz, to name a few—approachable, kind, and supportive. To me, the Society and its conferences have always been about the people I've met or reconnected with. For example, in Szczecin, I encountered a grown-up Paweł Jędrzejko, a former student of mine at Adam Mickiewicz University in the early 1990s who had become a professor and was running the conference. In Rome, I met Pilar Martínez Benedí, a graduate student at the University of Sapienza who would later be my collaborator in the field of cognitive approaches to literature. We presented a paper together on Ahab and mirror-touch synesthesia at the "Melville's Origins" conference. She also presented a paper, a wonderful one, on "Polynesian Soundscapes." In New York City, I met the French contingent of Melville scholars: Edouard Marsoin, Ronan Ludot-Vlasak, Cécile Roudeau, and Anne-Claire Le Reste. The first three presented a terrific panel on "Melville's Textual Veerings"; the fourth delivered a paper on "mildness" in Melville's works. I was astonished to learn just how many times—and just how oddly—Melville uses the adjectival or adverbial form of that word. Our French colleagues will be hosting the next International Melville Conference in Paris in 2021. Based on the dancing skills of Eduoard and Ronan—one night a bunch of us ended up at a Soho bar—I would say that we are most certainly in good hands (or at least feet)! In New York City, I also met Peter Balaam who, like me, teaches at a small liberal arts college in the Midwest. He was on a panel called "Ecocritical Approaches" with Richard J. King, Steven Fragano, and David Haven Blake (with whom I taught high school English thirty years ago and who subsequently served as an usher at my wedding). The panel was superb, with each paper demonstrating Melville's awareness of the threat that humans pose to the environment. Like everything else in the author's work, however, such awareness comes wrapped in ambiguity and imaginative invention. Peter's paper really struck me. It adopted a presentist approach, like a number of papers at the conference. (I'm thinking of Rodrigo Lazo's keynote [End Page 170] "Israel Potter Deported" and the excellent panel on "National Origins and Immigration" with Kohei Furuya, Robert Levine, and Kathryn Mudgett). Titled "Melville: Rumors of the Anthropocene," the paper began by ingeniously yoking "the famous image of Earth called the Blue Marble," which was taken by astronauts in 1972, to the image of the lawyer's chambers in "Bartleby, the Scrivener." "One is celebrated for having presented to public consciousness the idea of Earth as an integrated whole, a system," Peter said. "But the other is a world as well." Then the paper asked a series of probing questions: "Is there a way of thinking about Melville, about literature, about meaning-making in this new era named for human...

Escritura, oralidad y variación: nuevos datos sobre la alternancia allí/allá a la luz de un corpus epistolar del siglo XVI

Abstract This corpus-based research uses a set of 895 private letters written by almost seven hundred different individuals to analyse the variation between the Spanish adverbs allí and allá in the sixteenth century. The figures found in this study are quite different from those of previous research. Whereas some researchers have highlighted the common prevalence of allí, our data reveal a greater prominence of the form allá in this period, which was found to be more frequent in every single context taken into account in the analysis. This study considers the differences in the textual framework as a probable cause of these important quantitative divergences. At the same time, the paper uses tools from historical sociolinguistics to examine the incidence of the variable context in the selection of the adverbial forms. Our results confirm the influence of some constraints previously highlighted in the literature, but contradict others. Moreover, even the former need to be reinterpreted in variationist terms, and never as an expression of differences in the linguistic system.

Frequency and Stylistic Variability of Discourse Markers in Nigerian English

This paper examines the choice, frequency and stylistic variability of discourse markers in Nigerian English, using the International Corpus of English-Nigeria. Three types of discourse markers: elaborative, contrastive and inferential discourse markers were examined in the Nigerian corpus and these were compared with the International Corpus of English-Great Britain, from a variational pragmatic approach. The results were subjected to loglikelihood test and paired sample t test. The results indicate that there was both a significant difference in the overall frequency of discourse markers in Nigerian English and British English, and in the stylistic variability of these markers in the two corpora. Nigerian English speakers use elaborative and contrastive discourse markers less frequently than British English speakers, but utilise inferential discourse markers more frequently than British English speakers. Moreover, speakers of Nigerian English use a reduced inventory of discourse markers compared to British English speakers and exhibit distinct preference patterns for a few individual discourse markers. The paper also identifies the rise of a new discourse marker moreso/more so in Nigerian English which is used differently from its adverbial form. There were also differences and similarities in the stylistic variability of the discourse markers across the two varieties, which may be dependent on the status of Nigerian English as a second language and the influence of British English on Nigerian English.

ГРАМАТИЧНИЙ СТАТУС ДІЄПРИСЛІВНИКА В СИСТЕМІ ЧАСТИН МОВИ

The article examines the grammatical status of diiepryslivnyk (the specific adverbial form of the Ukrainian verb). It has been determined that the diiepryslivnyk as a grammatical class of words occupies a separate grammatical niche and is an unchangeable part of speech of deverbal nature, which functions with the meaning of the processual adverbial modifier or acts either as the grammatical center of an adverbial phrase or expletive structure. Ascribing the diiepryslivnyk to the verbal-adverbial or adverbial-verbal category abridges the specificity in determining its grammatical status. Diiepryslivnyk is a deverbal formation that inherits from the verb its stem with prefixes, affixes, postfix -sia, by which the meaning of the aspect is transmitted to the adverbial participle, and which has not lost its ability to have dependent words. Yet the existence of these grammatical indicators is not considered to be the basis for including the diiepryslivnyk to the deverbal forms. The difference between the diiepryslivnyk as an unchangeable form and the adverb itself is that the diiepryslivnyk expresses the meaning of a procedural adverbial modifier. The adverb is deprived of this, because it includes non-processual words. They also differ by the fact that among diiepryslivnyks there are no such words that in the isolated way, without reference to other words, would be perceived with the certain meaning of an adverbial modifier. The semantics of the adverb is clearly determined even in the isolated position.

Challenge of the Ineffable: Concerning Mechner’s “a Behavioral and Biological Analysis of Aesthetics”

Meticulously organized and comprehensive as it is, Mechner’s account doesn’t quite capture the quicksilverish nature of aesthetic events and reactions. He is not alone in this, for the grammatical constraints of language are often mismatched with behavioral/psychological phenomena. A possible solution here would be to invoke adverbial forms when aesthetic reactions do not reach the threshold of overt expression: thus, one might listen serenely, watch excitedly, run fluently. Consistent with other traditions, Mechner invokes “expectation” in addressing the aesthetic interplay between pattern and variation. However, expectation suggests a role of awareness that in many cases is inapplicable. Thus, the term, “complex invariance,” may provide a better way to address this issue. Like Mechner’s article, complex invariance applies in a broad range of domains, including behavioral arrangements and the products of workmanship as well as explicitly artistic endeavors.