Advances In Nanotechnology Research Articles

Nanobiosensors: Concepts and Emerging Clinical Applications.

Biosensors have been one of the most fascinating topics for scientists for a long time. This is because biological moieties are multifaceted and are unswervingly related to the presence of a healthy atmosphere. The biosensor approach has also endured profound changes in recent years. Biosensors have been emphasized for various applications, including food quality estimation, surveillance systems, and health and metabolic abnormality diagnostics. The advances in nanotechnology have led to a considerable potential to enhance biosensors' sensitivity, robustness, and anti-interference capabilities. Several new nanomaterials (such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires) have been fabricated due to the evolution of nanotechnology, and their unique features are gradually being identified, allowing for much faster detection and reproducibility. Biosensor performance has also been enhanced substantially as a result of their use. Because of their capacity to detect a wide range of compounds at deficient concentrations, nanobiosensors have sparked much interest. This article discusses biosensors based on various nanomaterials, their evolution, accompanying features, and their applications in multiple fields.

Applications of Nanotechnology-mediated Herbal Nanosystems for Ophthalmic Drug.

In recent years, herbal nanomedicines have gained tremendous popularity for novel drug discovery. Nanotechnology has provided several advances in the healthcare sector, emerging several novel nanocarriers that potentiate the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the herbal drug. The recent advances in nanotechnology with accelerated strategies of ophthalmic nanosystems have paved a new path for overcoming the limitations associated with ocular drug delivery systems, such as low bioavailability, poor absorption, stability, and precorneal drug loss. Ophthalmic drug delivery is challenging due to anatomical and physiological barriers. Due to the presence of these barriers, the herbal drug entry into the eyes can be affected when administered by following multiple routes, i.e., topical, injectables, or systemic. However, the advancement of nanotechnology with intelligent systems enables the herbal active constituent to successfully entrap within the system, which is usually difficult to reach employing conventional herbal formulations. Herbal-loaded nanocarrier drug delivery systems demonstrated enhanced herbal drug permeation and prolonged herbal drug delivery. In this current manuscript, an extensive search is conducted for original research papers using databases Viz., PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, etc. Further painstaking efforts are made to compile and update the novel herbal nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructure lipid carriers, micelles, niosomes, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, etc., which are mostly used for ophthalmic drug delivery system. This article presents a comprehensive survey of diverse applications used for the preventative measures and treatment therapy of varied eye disorders. Further, this article highlights the recent findings that the innovators are exclusively working on ophthalmic nanosystems for herbal drug delivery systems. The nanocarriers are promising drug delivery systems that enable an effective and supreme therapeutic potential circumventing the limitations associated with conventional ocular drug delivery systems. The nanotechnology-based approach is useful to encapsulate the herbal bioactive and prevent them from degradation and therefore providing them for controlled and sustained release with enhanced herbal drug permeation. Extensive research is still being carried out in the field of herbal nanotechnology to design an ophthalmic nanosystem with improved biopharmaceutical properties.

Advances of Nanotechnology in Eradication Bacterial Infectious Diseases: A Recent Review

Advances of Nanotechnology in Eradication Bacterial Infectious Diseases: A Recent Review

The prospective trajectory of exosomes‐based cancer nanomedicine

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic bodies, play crucial roles in cellular communication and disease processes. Among these, exosomes are particularly significant for diagnosing, and cancer (which remains a leading cause of death worldwide). Exosomes offer cutting‐edge approaches in cancer nanomedicine, cancer biomarkers investigation (diagnosis and prognosis), and therapeutic. Exosomes are found in several body fluids (Blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, sweat, CSF, tear). It transforms the liquid biopsy method with more specificity. Exosome‐based sensor (electrochemical and aptamer‐based) developers were more effective and sensitive for cancer scanning. Therapeutic prospect stem cell‐derived exosomes, and plant‐derived exosomes become more promising. Due to its non‐toxicity (depending on the source), non‐immunogenic, biocompatibility and ability to cross biological membranes. Exosomes are an exciting nano‐drug transporter with specificity. Current time‐modified exosomes support to development of effective, efficient, and cost‐effective nanomedicine against cancer. Advanced nanotechnology and exosome combining (single exosome profiling, exosome barcoding)transform cancer theranostics approaches. Exosomes introduce a new horizon of cancer nanomedicine.

A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Paradigms in Microbial Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance: Beyond Traditional Cultural Methods.

Microbial detection and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance are critical components of public health efforts to combat infectious diseases and preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. While foundational in microbial identification, traditional cultural methods are often laborious, time-consuming, and limited in their ability to detect AMR markers. In response to these challenges, innovative paradigms have emerged, leveraging advances in molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, nanotechnology, and bioinformatics. This comprehensive review provides an overview of innovative approaches beyond traditional cultural methods for microbial detection and AMR surveillance. Molecular-based techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity, enabling the rapid identification of microbial pathogens and AMR determinants. Mass spectrometry-based methods provide rapid and accurate detection of microbial biomarkers, including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and biosensor technologies. Nanotechnology approaches, such as nanoparticle-based assays and nanopore sequencing, offer novel platforms for sensitive and label-free detection of pathogens and AMR markers. Embracing these innovative paradigms holds immense promise for improving disease diagnosis, antibiotic stewardship, and AMR containment efforts. However, challenges such as cost, standardization, and integration with existing healthcare systems must be addressed to realize the full potential of these technologies. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation, we can strengthen our ability to detect, monitor, and combat AMR, safeguarding public health for generations.

Recent developments and diverse applications of high melting point materials

High melting point materials are essential to many different industries because of their unique qualities, rendering them invaluable for various uses. This paper investigates the unique features of high melting point materials, summarizes current advancements in the field, and outlines the vast range of applications that these materials have in domains like materials science, aerospace, energy, and electronics. The discourse covers various materials, such as carbon-based, ceramics, intermetallic, and refractory metals, emphasizing their potential uses and new roles in contemporary technology. Thanks to developments in material science, new high melting point materials with enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and resistance to harsh environments have been found and synthesized. These materials are used in manufacturing, electronics, aircraft, and energy. They are frequently distinguished by their resistance to temperatures significantly higher than those of ordinary materials. High melting point materials are used in the aerospace sector to manufacture heat-resistant parts that improve spacecraft and jet engines' overall performance and longevity. These materials are also essential to the energy sector's creation of sophisticated thermal management systems for nuclear reactors and high-temperature environments, improving energy generation efficiency and security. The electronic industry benefits from high melting point materials when producing semiconductors and other electronic components since their stability guarantees dependable operation even in harsh circumstances.Furthermore, high melting point materials are becoming increasingly popular in additive manufacturing procedures, allowing complex structures with exceptional heat resistance to be produced for various uses. Moreover, high melting point alloys and composites have been developed due to advances in metallurgy and nanotechnology, broadening their potential uses in industries including automobile engineering, medical technology, and military technology. The interdisciplinary aspect of high melting point material research and development is shown in this abstract, which also highlights the adaptability of materials and their revolutionary effects on various industries. The continuous investigation of these materials shows promise for future discoveries that will open up new avenues and applications in fields vital to the development of contemporary society.

Super-Resolution Imaging of Sub-diffraction-Limited Pattern with Superlens Based on Deep Learning

The development of super-resolution imaging techniques has revolutionized our ability to study the nano-scale world, where objects are often smaller than the diffraction limit of traditional optical microscopes. Super-resolution superlenses have been proposed to solve this problem by manipulating the light wave in the near field. A superlens is a kind of metamaterial-based lens that can enhance the evanescent waves generated by nano-scale objects, utilizing the surface plasmon phenomenon. The superlens allows for the imaging of nano-scale objects that would otherwise be impossible to resolve using traditional lenses. Previous research has shown that nanostructures can be imaged using superlenses, but the exact shape of the superlens must be known in advance, and an analytical calculation is needed to reconstruct the image. Localized plasmon structured illumination microscopy is an approach to achieve super-resolution by imaging the superlens-enhanced evanescent wave with illumination shifts. This study proposes a new approach utilizing a conditional generative adversarial network to obtain super-resolution images of arbitrary nano-scale patterns. To test the efficacy of this approach, finite-difference time-domain simulation was utilized to obtain superlens imaging results. The data from the simulation were then used for deep learning to develop the model. With the help of deep learning, the inverse calculation of complex sub-diffraction-limited patterns can be achieved. The super-resolution feature of the superlens based on deep learning is investigated. The findings of this study have significant implications for the field of nano-scale imaging, where the ability to resolve arbitrary nano-scale patterns will be crucial for advances in nanotechnology and materials science.

Critical size and internal force analysis of tendril-inspired spontaneous Helicalization mechanism

Tendrils initially exhibit straight morphologies before gradually transforming into helical conformations during longitudinal growth. Tendril-inspired helical structures possess advantageous physical properties and functions including versatile morphologies, adaptability, enhanced strength, and scalability. With advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology, helical architectures across various length scales have been discovered or artificially synthesized. However, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the formation and evolution of helical structures remain elusive. This lack of mechanistic insight has impeded the controlled design and fabrication of helical structures, especially three-dimensional functional devices with integrated helical motifs. Here a mechanical model is systematically proposed for the spontaneous formation of the helical structures, based on the hypothesis of decoupled curling and warping phases. Applying nonlinear elasticity theory, a detailed analysis of the energetics and thermodynamics is presented, accounting for the large deformation that may emerge during planar curling. Additionally, differential relations between internal forces and associated displacements induced by bending and twisting of a slender curved beam under out-of-plane loading are derived, obtaining solutions via Laplace and inverse transforms. The theoretical solutions closely match ex- perimental evidence from shape memory polymers. Furthermore, the theoretical model is utilized to guide the fabrication of the smart helical antenna proposed in our previous work, and discuss the influence of configuration changes on the electromagnetic properties. Elucidating these fundamental mechanisms will facilitate the development of next-generation technologies exploiting helical architectures for diverse applications including flexible electronics, optics, and soft robotics.

Assessment of skin sensitization potential of zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, manganese oxide, and copper oxide nanoparticles through the local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-deoxyuridine flow cytometry method

ABSTRACT The advent of nanotechnology has significantly spurred the utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) across diverse sectors encompassing industry, agriculture, engineering, cosmetics, and medicine. Metallic oxides including zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), manganese oxide (Mn2O3), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), in their NP forms, have become prevalent in cosmetics and various dermal products. Despite the expanding consideration of these compounds for dermal applications, their potential for initiating skin sensitization (SS) has not been comprehensively examined. An in vivo assay, local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) recognized as an alternative testing method for screening SS potential was used to address these issues. Following the OECD TG 442B guidelines, NPs suspensions smaller than 50 nm size were prepared for ZnO and Al2O3 at concentrations of 10, 25, and 50%, and Mn2O3 and CuO at concentrations of 5, 10, and 25%, and applied to the dorsum of each ear of female BALB/c mice on a daily basis for 3 consecutive days. Regarding the prediction of test substance to skin sensitizer if sensitization index (SI)≥2.7, all 4 NPs were classified as non-sensitizing. The SI values were below 2.06, 1.33, 1.42, and 0.99 for ZnO, Al2O3, Mn2O3, and CuO, respectively, at all test concentrations. Although data presented were negative with respect to adverse SS potential for these 4 NPs, further confirmatory tests addressing other key events associated with SS adverse outcome pathway need to be carried out to arrive at an acceptable conclusion on the skin safety for both cosmetic and dermal applications.

Synergetic Improvement of Flexoelectric Coefficient in Liquid Crystal Embedded Flexible PVDF Polymer Composite for Energy Harvesting Applications.

Flexoelectricity is the universal electric polarization of dielectrics upon exertion of a non-uniform strain gradient. With the advancement of nano-technology and miniaturization of electronic devices, flexoelectricity holds the promise to address the power requirements for such device operation. The direct flexoelectric effect in liquid crystal (LC) embedded poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer films is examined for the first time by the application of external strain on the films. Physical characterizations such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), dielectric spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) are carried out to study the composite films' intrinsic and extrinsic properties like dielectric, crystallinity, and morphologies. The value of the flexoelectric coefficient (μ12) increases with the concentration of LC incorporation. At 3wt%, μ12 attains a maximum value of 68nCm-1, which is more than a threefold increase compared to that of the pure PVDF film. The role of Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) polarization in determining flexoelectric polarization in polymer composites is also discussed. Moreover, the influence of the microstructure and domain size formation in determining the flexoelectric response are discussed in detail to infer the behavior of the flexoelectric coefficients of the films. Potential device applications based on this phenomenon have been proposed for future research in sensing and actuation.

Spontaneous nanotube formation of an asymmetric glycolipid

Over the past decades, advances in lipid nanotechnology have shown that self-assembled lipid structures providing ease of preparation, chemical stability, and biocompatibility represent a landmark on the development of multidisciplinary technologies. Lipid nanotubes (LNTs) are a unique class of lipid self-assembled structures, bearing unique properties such as high-aspect ratio, tunable diameter size, and precise molecular recognition. They can be obtained either by the action of external factors to already formed vesicles or spontaneously, the latter depending strongly on subtle molecular features. Here, we report on the spontaneous formation of supported lipid nanotubes of a particular type of glycolipid, ohmline, whose hydrophobic core displays remarkable asymmetry. The combination of bulk and surface-sensitive techniques indicates that below its main transition, ohmline displays an interdigitated gel phase, likely driven by the unique asymmetry in its hydrophobic core. Enhanced order packing by interdigitation favors the formation of ohmline nanotubes in agreement with chiral-based models of nanotube formation. The findings presented in this work call for additional studies to link lipid molecular structure-assembly relationships, whose understanding is relevant for the controlled design of lipid nanotubes networks in particular and controlled design of soft-matter nanomaterials in general.

Charge govern ion-selective mechanism of YX2 desalination pore using high-throughput computations and machine learning

Energy-efficient and low-cost desalination of water continues to be a problem that society is facing. With the advances in nanotechnology, a variety of nanopore membranes have emerged for desalination. In particular, YX2 nanopores (YW, Mo, etc. and X = S, Se, Te, etc.) have been considered as promising membranes for water purification. In this work, we used a combination of high-throughput molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning to reveal the nanopore mass transfer mechanism and rationally design the YX2 nanopore. The pore size and the charge of the pore mouth were found to be the main factors affecting water permeation and salt rejection, as discovered through the machine learning study. The physical-chemical analysis provides us with a deep understanding of the charge-governed mechanism on the desalination performance of YX2 nanopores. It revealed that YX2 nanopores with a conical shape and minimized pore charges could be ideal candidates for excellent desalination performance. Based on this, we designed the YX2 pore with a specific charge distribution, which could achieve high water permeation with high salt rejection. Therefore, the combination of machine learning and high-throughput computation methods could aid in designing materials with excellent performance for desalination.

Recent Advancements in Metallic Au- and Ag-Based Chitosan Nanocomposite Derivatives for Enhanced Anticancer Drug Delivery

The rapid advancements in nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine have the potential to significantly enhance therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. There is considerable promise for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy through the manufacture of innovative nanocomposite materials. Metallic nanoparticles have been found to enhance the release of anticancer medications that are loaded onto them, resulting in a sustained release, hence reducing the dosage required for drug administration and preventing their buildup in healthy cells. The combination of nanotechnology with biocompatible materials offers new prospects for the development of advanced therapies that exhibit enhanced selectivity, reduced adverse effects, and improved patient outcomes. Chitosan (CS), a polysaccharide possessing distinct physicochemical properties, exhibits favorable attributes for controlled drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitosan nanocomposites exhibit heightened stability, improved biocompatibility, and prolonged release characteristics for anticancer medicines. The incorporation of gold (Au) nanoparticles into the chitosan nanocomposite results in the manifestation of photothermal characteristics, whereas the inclusion of silver (Ag) nanoparticles boosts the antibacterial capabilities of the synthesized nanocomposite. The objective of this review is to investigate the recent progress in the utilization of Ag and Au nanoparticles, or a combination thereof, within a chitosan matrix or its modified derivatives for the purpose of anticancer drug delivery. The research findings for the potential of a chitosan nanocomposite to deliver various anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin, 5-Fluroacil, curcumin, paclitaxel, and 6-mercaptopurine, were investigated. Moreover, various modifications carried out on the chitosan matrix phase and the nanocomposite surfaces to enhance targeting selectivity, loading efficiency, and pH sensitivity were highlighted. In addition, challenges and perspectives that could motivate further research related to the applications of chitosan nanocomposites in cancer therapy were summarized.

Nanosponges: A Targeted Drug Delivery System

The latest advances in nanotechnology have resulted in the development of a targeted drug delivery system. However, in order to efficiently target a molecule to a specific place with a drug delivery system, a specialized drug delivery system is required. The discovery of nanosponge has been a big step toward overcoming challenges such as drug toxicity, low bioavailability, and predictable drug release because they can accept both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Nanosponges, a newly developed colloidal system, have the potential to address concerns such as medicine toxicity, lower bioavailability, and drug release over a large region because they can be adjusted to operate with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. Nanosponges are small structures with a three-dimensional network and porous hollow. Nanosponges are small structures with a three-dimensional network and porous hollow. They can be easily created by crosslinking cyclodextrins with various chemicals. Because of Cyclodextrin's excellent biocompatibility, stability, and safety, a number of Cyclodextrin-based drug delivery systems have been rapidly developed. The nanosponge drug delivery system has a wide range of applications, including cancer, autoimmune illnesses, theranostic uses, increased bioavailability, and stability. This review delves into the benefits and downsides, preparation procedures, factors influencing their preparation, characterisation techniques, applications, and the most recent advancements in nanosponges. Nanosponges can also act as an efficient carrier of enzymes, proteins, vaccines, and antibodies. The current review focuses on the method of preparation, characterisation, and possible application in drug delivery systems.

Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube‐Based Optical Nano/Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Role in Bioimaging, Disease Diagnosis, and Biomarkers Detection

AbstractThe convergence of advanced nanotechnology with disease diagnosis has ushered in a transformative era in healthcare, empowering early and accurate detection of diseases and paving the way for timely interventions, improved treatment outcomes, and enhanced patient well‐being. The development of novel materials is frequently the impetus behind significant advancements in sensor technology. Among them, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTSs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for developing biosensors. Their unique optical, electrical, and biocompatibility properties make them promising candidates for enhancing the sensitivity and real‐time monitoring capabilities of biosensors, as well as for enabling various bioimaging techniques. Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of SWCNTS‐based biosensors in the real‐time monitoring of biological analytes, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), with potential implications for disease understanding and therapeutic response assessment. Moreover, SWCNTSs have shown promise in bioimaging applications, including fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence imaging of biological samples. This article delves into the core principles, design strategies, and operational mechanisms that underpin SWCNTS‐bioimaging techniques‐based biosensors. It emphasizes on their unique properties and versatile functionalization of carbon nanotubes, laying the foundation for their integration into biosensor platforms and applications aimed at diagnosing a wide spectrum of diseases including infectious diseases, cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic conditions.

Sensors constructed from carbon nanomaterials and their applications

Diabetes is a growing disease, with patient morbidity and mortality increasing every year. Since diabetes is associated with short- and long-term health problems, it has become extremely important to detect and effectively treat diabetes. Many research institutes and healthcare organizations are leaning towards the use of cost-effective biosensors to monitor the body's blood glucose standards and provide accurate health diagnosis. Biosensors help in accurate diabetes diagnosis and monitoring for effective treatment and management. Based on the recent advances in nanotechnology, a variety of glucose biosensors made of carbon nanomaterials have been developed, and such sensors are a key factor for diabetes diagnosis and treatment, with better performance and sensitivity for better detection of the disease and tracking of the response to treatment. Thus, this research illustrates the significant advances in nanotechnology-based biosensors for medical applications and the potential of carbon nanomaterials for good applications in medical testing.

Empirical Study of the Effect of Nanocoolant Particles on Corrosion Rate of 316 Stainless Steel

The advancement of nanotechnology has had an impact on the use of heat exchangers. Nanocoolants, which offer higher thermal efficiency than traditional coolants, have paid significant attention. These innovative fluids, which contain nanomaterials, not only have better heat efficiency but also improve energy efficiency compared to regular coolants. However, the presence of solid nanoparticles in the coolant may cause corrosion and erosion of tubes, leading to massive degradation of those parts. To evaluate the effectiveness of nanocoolant particles, this research was conducted by studying the impact of using nanocoolant on erosion-corrosion occurring on metal surfaces. The study focused on the erosion-corrosion of stainless steel (AISI 316) in coolant solutions containing nanoparticles. The experiments utilized a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) with rotational speeds ranging from 0 to 1800 rpm and a temperature range of 30°C-70°C. The corrosion rate was determined using the linear polarization resistance (LPR) method, while the erosion was measured by calculating the average surface roughness of the samples. The design of the experiment (DOE) was utilized to find the mathematical expressions of the effects of the nanocoolant on erosion and corrosion. The findings revealed that the corrosion rate and surface roughness of the samples increased with an increase in temperature and rotation speed. Furthermore, the erosion-corrosion effects of the nanocoolant were less significant in stagnant conditions than in flow conditions, and significant differences were observed when compared with conventional coolant. Additionally, synergistic erosion and corrosion processes were detected at higher temperatures and higher rotation speeds for both types of coolants.

Nanoantibiotics: A Tool Against Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), is one of the biggest emerging threats to human health and healthcare systems. Experts are suggesting that the post-antibiotic era, in which microbial infections and minor injuries will again become fatal, is near. A report published by the Antibiotics Resistance Collaborators, in the Lancet,reported that 1.27 million people died due to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections in 2019.1 Deaths could reach 10 million by 2050 if the problem is not addressed. Antimicrobial resistance arises as a natural adaptation of microorganisms to environmental challenges. One typical self-defense mechanism is by producing enzymes that inactivate antimicrobial agents. Bacteria can also become resistant to β-lactams by producing β-lactamase, and by altering binding sites for antimicrobials agents (resistance to glycopeptide antibiotic agents), expressing multidrug efflux pumps such as tigecycline resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii, and limiting cell permeability for antibiotics such as Acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa.2,3th In the early 20 century, infectious diseases were the major cause of death. The advent of antibiotics led to a significant decrease in mortality.4 However, antibiotics resistance has now reached a threshold that is invalidating commonly used antibiotic agents. Currently the attempts to manage microbial resistance to antibiotics include the development of novel antimicrobial agents. However, there is no guarantee that the introduced new antimicrobial agents would be able to cope with the microbial resistance effectively andefficiently.5 Apart from developing new antibiotics, the chemical modification of existing antimicrobial agents is emerging as an upcoming strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.4-6 Research on the effect of antibiotic associated nanoparticles on bacterial function is being conducted with the hope that advances in nanotechnology will lead to strategies for reconfiguration of presently available antibiotic molecules.Several nanomaterials have been identified as alternates for combating antimicrobial resistant strains. Each metallic and ceramic nanomaterials and more specifically their nanoparticles have their own peculiar antimicrobial properties. Studies have reported that these nanoparticles can be surface-functionalized withantimicrobial agents or molecules to further enhance their antimicrobial efficacy.6 Engineering antibiotics into nanoscale or functionalizing nanoparticles with antibiotic agents allows them to penetrate microbial cells and reach their target sites with precision and accuracy. Studies have shown that in contrast to free antibiotics, tailored functionalized nanoparticles and small antibiotic molecules have improved binding affinities andtarget specificity.6 Currently, these nanotechnology-based solutions have reported some problems like cytotoxicity, targeted selectivity, and bulk production. However, with concrete planning and a cohesive approach from academia, industry, and government, the development of nanoantibiotics drugs of unique shapes and sizes, high surface areas, ability to carry antibiotic drugs to target sites, and protein disruption will help overcome antimicrobial resistance. Editor-in-Chief How to cite this: Alamgir W, Adnan H. Nanoantibiotics: A Tool Against Antimicrobial Resistance. Life and Science. 2024; 5(2): 130-131. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.657

A Nanorobotics-Based Approach of Breast Cancer in the Nanotechnology Era.

We are living in an era of advanced nanoscience and nanotechnology. Numerous nanomaterials, culminating in nanorobots, have demonstrated ingenious applications in biomedicine, including breast cancer (BC) nano-theranostics. To solve the complicated problem of BC heterogeneity, non-targeted drug distribution, invasive diagnostics or surgery, resistance to classic onco-therapies and real-time monitoring of tumors, nanorobots are designed to perform multiple tasks at a small scale, even at the organelles or molecular level. Over the last few years, most nanorobots have been bioengineered as biomimetic and biocompatible nano(bio)structures, resembling different organisms and cells, such as urchin, spider, octopus, fish, spermatozoon, flagellar bacterium or helicoidal cyanobacterium. In this review, readers will be able to deepen their knowledge of the structure, behavior and role of several types of nanorobots, among other nanomaterials, in BC theranostics. We summarized here the characteristics of many functionalized nanodevices designed to counteract the main neoplastic hallmark features of BC, from sustaining proliferation and evading anti-growth signaling and resisting programmed cell death to inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, preventing genomic instability, avoiding immune destruction and deregulating autophagy. Most of these nanorobots function as targeted and self-propelled smart nano-carriers or nano-drug delivery systems (nano-DDSs), enhancing the efficiency and safety of chemo-, radio- or photodynamic therapy, or the current imagistic techniques used in BC diagnosis. Most of these nanorobots have been tested in vitro, using various BC cell lines, as well as in vivo, mainly based on mice models. We are still waiting for nanorobots that are low-cost, as well as for a wider transition of these favorable effects from laboratory to clinical practice.

Advancements in nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Advancements in nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery in postmenopausal osteoporosis