Advanced Military Technology Research Articles

Innovations and Evolution of Metallurgy in Islamic Civilization of the Nusantara Region

The study explores the transformation of metallurgy in Islamic civilization and its influence on the development of metalworking in Nusantara. Beginning with pioneers such as Khabab bin Al-Arat and Salman Al-Farisi, who introduced alloy technologies such as the creation of Zulfikar's sword, Islamic metallurgy advanced significantly with contributions from Jabir Ibn Hayyan and Reyhan Al-Biruni. This knowledge developed innovative methods, such as sublimation and nanostructure technologies, which found applications in weapons like the Damascus sword. The knowledge was later disseminated to Java by Sheikh Sadzali, who merged Islamic spiritual teachings with local traditions, particularly in keris-making, through figures like Mpu Supo Driyo and his son, Mpu Supo Mandraki. Collaborating with Sheikh Abdul Jalil, they integrated Islamic values into the symbolic designs of keris, blending functionality and spirituality. This research highlights the continuity of Islamic knowledge in advancing global technology while enriching local cultural heritage in Nusantara. Keywords: metallurgy, islamic civilization, keris, archipelago, damascus sword REFERENCES Pramono, A. (2018). The Existence of Metallurgical Science in Islamic Perspective. Journal of Character Education "JAWARA" (JPKJ), 4(1), 75-78. https://103.142.195.99/index.php/JAWARA/article/view/9529/0. Pramono, A. (2022). Reyhan Al-Biruni's Fi Ma'rifat Al Jawahir: A Reference Book for the World's Metal Manufacturing Technology. Journal of Islamic History, 2(1), 12-23, UIN Salatiga, 7(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.53088/jih.v2i1.354. Pramono, A. (2021). The book of the development of science & technology in an Islamic perspective (First print). Deepublish Publisher. https://www.deepublishstore.com/buku development-of-science/knowledge/. Pramono, A. (2022). The classical book of the Abbasid period as a reference for advanced military technology: A thought genealogy study. Millatī: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, 7(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v7i1.7048. Sunyoto, A. (2012). Atlas of Walisongo: The first book to reveal the Wali Songo as historical facts (First Printing). Cooperation of IIMaN Library, Trans Pustaka, and LTN PBNU. Pages 123-130. Republika Khazanah. (August 4, 2011). The Story of the Prophet's Companions: Khabbab bin Arats, a Teacher in Knowledge and Sacrifice. Retrieved from https://khazanah.republika.co.id/berita/lpe4hn/kisah-sahabatnabi-khabbab-bin-arats-guru-dalam-ilmu-dan-pengorbanan. Ibn Hisham. (1955). Sirah Nabawiyah. Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub AlIlmiyyah. Tsuji, N., Saito, Y., Lee, S. H., & Minamino, Y. (1999). ARB (Accumulative Roll-Bonding) and other new techniques to produce bulk ultrafine-grained materials. Advanced Engineering Materials, 1(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/ DOI: 10.1016/S13596462(99)00015-9. Rahman, A. (2015). The Sword of Damascus: Medieval Islamic art and technology. Oxford: Islamic Publishing Press. Hoyland, R. G., & Gilmour, B. (2012). Medieval Islamic swords and sword-making. GetTextbooks.com. Paufler, P., Reibold, M., Levin, A. A., Kochmann, W., & Paufler, P. (2006). Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre. Nature, 444(7117), 286. https://doi.org/10.1038/444286a. Sunyoto, A. (2018). Atlas of Walisongo: Reconstructing the History of Walisongo. Jakarta: IIMaN Library. Reid, A. (1988). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Volume One: The Lands Below the Winds. New Haven: Yale University Press. Poda Obunawa Manuscript Records: A Reference Source: Atlas of Walisongo,. 2012] Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1200 (4thed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Conductance Reinforced Relaxation Attenuation with Strong Metal-N Coordination in Multivariate π-Conjugated MOFs for Integrated Radar-Infrared Camouflage.

π-conjugated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption, owning to their high conductivity and versatile structural tunability. Nevertheless, the effective control over their dielectric properties is a challenge. Herein, the charge carrier migration in π-conjugated MOFs is harnessed to significantly amplify the electromagnetic response, where the strengthened atom coordination can activate a distinctive conductance-reinforced attenuation mechanism. This results in finely calibrated EMW absorption characteristics, including a wide effective absorption bandwidth of 6.0 GHz at mere 2 mm, a minimum reflection loss of -46.7 dB at 3.5 mm, and a substantial reduction in radar cross-section (RCS) up to -23.3 dBm2. Furthermore, the seamless integration of the π-conjugated MOF hybrids within ultraviolet (UV)-curable 3D printing technology has enabled the fabrication of a stealth-enabled drone propeller prototype, which exhibits a remarkably low infrared emissivity of 0.205. Additionally, when the propeller device is subjected to a 100 °C heating platform for 30 min, its surface temperature remains below 50 °C, demonstrating exceptional thermal management and stability under elevated temperature conditions. This work underscores the immense potential of these cutting-edge absorbers to shape the future of advanced military stealth technologies.

High-frequency nonlinear electromagnetic waves propagating in an unmagnetized plasma

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in plasma is a crucial topic, as it pertains to both natural plasma environments and the advancement of practical technologies, such as communications, radar systems, and plasma diagnostics. This study derives a novel two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) to describe the nonlinear electromagnetic waves propagating in an unmagnetized plasma. The results demonstrate the existence of a dark nonlinear envelope electromagnetic wave in such plasma conditions. This derivation of the NLSE provides a useful framework for researchers to extend NLSE formulations to various plasma systems. Furthermore, this study reveals for the first time that a general dark nonlinear envelope electromagnetic wave can exist in an unmagnetized plasma, where the angle between the propagation direction of the background wave and that of the envelope wave packet can be arbitrary. The validation through particle-in-cell simulations ensures the reliability of the theoretical results. This novel understanding opens up new avenues for the application of such waves in areas ranging from astrophysical phenomena to advanced military and civilian technologies. The outcomes of this research also have potential applications in fusion research, space plasma studies, radar communication, and laser–plasma interactions.

Geneva conventions and modern warfare technologies: issues of effective legal application

The article addresses the challenges of effectively applying the Geneva Conventions in the context of modern military technologies and contemporary armed conflicts. The aim of the study is to analyze the shortcomings of existing norms of international humanitarian law in the context of the Russia- Ukraine war and propose updates to the Geneva Conventions to regulate war crimes, protect civilians and prisoners of war, criminalize ecocide, and establish accountability for the use of advanced military technologies and hybrid warfare methods. The research employs general scientific methods of cognition, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization, and generalization of legal norms and international practices. The findings indicate that while the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols form the foundation of international humanitarian law, contemporary armed conflicts have exposed their limitations. One of the key issues identified is the lack of an effective enforcement mechanism, leading to impunity for war crimes. Additionally, existing provisions fail to ensure adequate protection for prisoners of war, women, and children, who frequently become victims of violence and repression. Gaps have been identified in the regulation of private military companies and the use of emerging technologies, such as cyber weapons and artificial intelligence, which pose new threats to civilian security. The study also examines the issue of environmental crimes, which lack clear legal classification within international humanitarian law, complicating the prosecution of ecocide. The research substantiates the necessity of establishing mandatory international tribunals for investigating war crimes, independent of state political will. The study concludes that enhancing the effectiveness of international humanitarian law requires updating the Geneva Conventions to address modern challenges, automating legal enforcement processes, expanding the jurisdiction of international judicial bodies, strengthening accountability for violations of humanitarian law, and implementing effective oversight over the use of advanced military technologies. The practical significance of the study lies in developing recommendations for improving the Geneva Conventions to effectively address contemporary threats in the field of international humanitarian law.

Securing defense critical minerals: Challenges and U.S. strategic responses in an evolving geopolitical landscape

The growing dependence on critical minerals (CMs) for advanced military technologies presents significant and escalating challenges for the United States (U.S.) and its allies. As global competition intensifies and supply chains remain vulnerable to geopolitical disruptions, securing a stable supply of defense CMs has become a top strategic priority. This article identifies key defense CMs, emphasizing their dual-use nature and the risks posed by reliance on adversarial nations such as China and Russia. It analyzes U.S. strategic responses and offers recommendations for balancing national security, economic feasibility, and sustainability in managing defense CM supply chains using a comprehensive approach.

Structural challenges in adapting to modern warfare: lessons from the Ukrainian War and the Czech defence industry

ABSTRACT This paper examines the structural challenges faced by the Czech defence industry in adapting to modern warfare, using lessons from the Ukrainian War (2022–2024). It explores how legacy structures from the Soviet era continue to influence defence procurement, strategy, and military modernisation efforts in post-socialist Central European states. The research underscores the limited adaptability of the Czech defence sector, constrained by entrenched industrial practices and a preference for traditional land systems, despite the demonstrated need for technological innovation in other areas. Using a comprehensive analysis of defence policies, procurement contracts, and interviews with key stakeholders, the paper highlights the barriers to rapid modernisation and integration of advanced military technologies. It concludes that whilst the Czech defense industry remains heavily path-dependent, a strategic realignment focused on technological innovation and greater integration with NATO initiatives is essential for enhancing the country's military capabilities in response to contemporary security threats.

Kebijakan Pertahanan Strategis: Mendefinisikan Ulang Pengadaan Alat Peralatan Pertahanan dan Keamanan sebagai Investasi, Bukan Pemborosan

This research explores the strategic defense policy of redefining equipment procurement as an investment rather than a waste, focusing on its contributions to economic growth and technological innovation. The study aims to demonstrate how defense equipment procurement can stimulate economic development and drive technological advancements, while also optimizing procurement processes. Utilizing qualitative research methods and secondary data, including policy reports, industry analyses, and academic literature, the study provides a comprehensive examination of the economic and technological impacts of defense procurement. Key findings reveal that defense procurement significantly contributes to economic growth by creating jobs, stimulating GDP, and fostering technological innovation through advancements in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and unmanned systems. The research also highlights the strategic value of investing in advanced military technologies for national security and identifies best practices and policy measures to enhance procurement efficiency. By analyzing successful case studies and policy frameworks, the study offers actionable recommendations for optimizing defense procurement processes. The conclusion underscores the importance of viewing defense procurement as a strategic investment that delivers substantial economic and technological benefits. Keyword: defense equipment procurement; economic growth; strategic defense policy; technological innovation.

Late modern war and the geos: The ecological 'beforemaths' of advanced military technologies.

This article develops the idea that late modern war's relationship with the geos (the ground and the life it sustains) is doubly destructive. While part of this is recognized in a recent focus on slow violence and ecological aftermaths, there is little consideration of the 'beforemath', or the sites of extraction that make advanced military technologies possible. Drawing attention to mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the article connects military technologies to arms manufacturers and their use of extracted minerals (e.g. cobalt, tantalum, copper, uranium). Shared patterns of environmental and public health effects across parts of Iraq, Gaza and the DRC indicate the doubly destructive nature of late modern war's relationship with the geos: toxic materials threaten life after war as the deposits of bombardment and before war as mineral commodities at the beginning of arms supply chains. The article explicates how a perspective from the beforemath radically refigures the ways we think about war and spatiality, temporality, and the range of bodies affected in ways that promise a fuller understanding of the violence distributed by practices of late modern war.

Facile and scalable preparation of gradient multilayer nanocomposite structure with preeminent microwave absorption and radar cross section reduction capability

Facile and scalable preparation of gradient multilayer nanocomposite structure with preeminent microwave absorption and radar cross section reduction capability

Innovative Activity During the War: Implementation Priorities and Ways of Financing

The article is aimed at studying the priority areas of innovation activity that should be carried out by the state during wartime. Based on the study of statistical material, the author identifies a list of the main threats to innovation processes in connection with military aggression against Ukraine in terms of human, financial, infrastructure and production resources at the macro- and micro-level. Today, the emphasis is shifting from civilian innovation programs to technological projects that will allow us to counter the enemy's superior military and technical potential. However, the capabilities of the national budget, given the significant losses of entire sectors of the economy and the loss of tax revenues, are significantly limited. This requires finding financial solutions that will allow the implementation of military innovation programs. The undisputed leader in innovation today is the defence industry, which has become the main driver of economic support, job creation and defence capability of the state. The following areas of work on the implementation of military innovations have been identified: military-tech, defence tech and military software. The article analyses the main ways of financing domestic innovation processes in the direction of creating and implementing advanced military, defence and information technologies. These include government support for innovative projects, state innovation support funds, domestic and foreign business, intergovernmental and international funds and organizations, territorial communities, volunteer funds and individuals. Specific examples are used to describe the algorithm for implementing each area of funding. Taking into account the resource potential of the scientific base and operating industrial clusters, the author determines that cooperation with NATO is the most promising in the development of military innovation processes. The course of military operations has proved that innovative products and solutions that the enemy has not had time to find a counteraction to have an advantage on the battlefield. In this regard, the most promising foreign project-based innovative technologies based on artificial intelligence that do not require significant capital investments and can be implemented in Ukraine were studied, namely: terrain reconnaissance and threat detection, analysis of large amounts of data, combat management systems, logistics and operations planning, and countering hacker attacks.

THE STATE OF PRODUCTION, APPLICATION AND SPECIFIC ISSUES OF REGULATORY AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT TESTS

The experience of armed conflicts that do not cease on our planet confirms the increasing role of unmanned aerial vehicles in today's wars. The article analyzes the state and prospects of the unmanned aircraft vehicles production in the world, and highlights some problematic aspects regarding the provision of own unmanned aircraft vehicle (UAV) development and samples testing of Ukrainian and foreign UAV production in modern conditions. It is shown that the largest producers of military UAVs in the world during the last decade were the USA, Israel, the Republic of Turkey, China, and Iran. A significant part of the European NATO member states, having their own development of unmanned aircraft vehicles and sufficient capacity for their production, prefer the purchase and acceptance into service samples of UAV, mainly of American or Israeli production, which have proven themselves well during armed conflicts in the Middle East. Considering the urgent need of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for UAVs in 2014, Ukraine also followed the path of NATO countries and initially concluded contracts for the supply of foreign-made unmanned aerial vehicles. The beginning of the war with the russian federation also gave a significant impetus to the development of private defense companies in Ukraine. In 2014-2015, an entire industry of unmanned aircraft production was born, and Ukraine became the world's largest testing ground for advanced military technologies. Information about the UAVs used by the Ukrainian military is different, since the Armed Forces receive both officially accepted and adopted UAVs samples, as well as UAVs samples that are transferred by volunteer organizations and often do not have official records (especially those UAVs that are not originally intended for military use). The changes to the regulatory documents that govern the procedures for acceptance into service and acceptance of samples of weapons and military equipment are aimed at ensuring the urgent needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine for these samples, but they create a number of problems. In the context of providing the Armed Forces with unmanned aircraft vehicles, this is an aggravation of the problems of regulatory and methodological support for the development and testing of UAV samples and the low level of readiness of UAV samples provided by their developers (manufacturers) for testing or proposed for operation under a simplified approval procedure. According to the authors, one of the ways to increase the defense capability of Ukraine is to increase the development and testing efficiency of weapons and military equipment that will be put into operation and armed in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, it is necessary to stimulate the developers (manufacturers) of UAVs to strictly comply with the current regulatory documentation on the development of UAVs and to improve the quality of preparation of UAVs samples for testing; to study the experience of NATO countries, as well as in terms of requirements for the specialists training in the combat use of UAV; to promote the implementation of NATO standards in Ukraine in order to expand the opportunities for the participation of UAV in joint operations in NATO member countries and in Ukraine.

가치기반 접근을 통한 세계유산 수원화성의 유산가치 보존 연구

Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1997 for its value as an 18th-century military fortification reflecting advanced military technology from the East and the West. However, Suwon citizens recognize Suwon Hwaseong Fortress as a fortress and a new city created by King Jeongjo. World Heritage OUV does not match the local value recognized by the region. The current World Heritage Program emphasizes multifaceted interpretations of values, as emphasizing only one Outstanding Universal Value would establish a false hierarchy in terms of conservation. Reflecting the changes in the World Heritage discourse, this study tried to review the heritage values, including the OUV and local values of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, and find ways to protect both OUV and local values together in the protection and management system. To this end, a survey was conducted among stakeholders, and the value of heritage was categorized based on the results of the survey. To conserve the heritage value derived after the survey, this study suggests the use of the World Heritage OUV statement, the ‘statement of significance’ of the value-based approach, and ‘individual statements describing the importance of each component expressing value.

The Classical Book of the Abbasid Period as a Reference for Advanced Military Technology: A Thought Genealogy Study

The Classical Book of the Abbasid Period as a Reference for Advanced Military Technology: A Thought Genealogy Study

Climbing the Ladder: Explaining the Vertical Proliferation of Cruise Missiles

Why do some states possess more advanced military technologies than others? Our study explores the vertical proliferation of land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs), seeking to understand which demand- and supply-side factors best explain why some countries acquire more sophisticated LACMs. We theorize that states’ security environments, regime types, possession of related strategic technologies, and membership in the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) influence the possession of more sophisticated cruise missiles. Our analysis employs a unique new global dataset with granular data on every LACM national militaries have deployed. We use this dataset to evaluate the proliferation of LACMs across the international system from 1991–2015. Using a selection model that first controls for the horizontal proliferation of LACMs, we find that insecurity, scientific and technical expertise from related technologies, the possession of highly authoritarian and highly democratic regimes, and MTCR membership all have positive effects on the sophistication of LACM-possessors’ arsenals.

Middle East Pre‐Existing Conditions: Regional Security after Covid‐19

This article analyzes the underlying human insecurities and changing geopolitical alliances in the Middle East during the past decade to assess the most likely short‐ and medium‐term impacts of Covid‐19 on the global security environment. In particular, it focuses on the “pre‐existing conditions” for instability in the Middle East, and the opportunity that the pandemic might have to exacerbate them. The region will likely face a growing regional‐security dilemma compounded by challenges that are now too familiar: the further entrenchment of political authoritarianism, violent sectarian conflicts, regional rivalries, and the radicalization and recruitment efforts by terrorist and extremist groups. While the pandemic has not led to a significant rise in terrorism and extremist violence, it has worsened fragility and accelerated economic decline. This has increased political instability, which, in turn, makes violence more likely. The civil wars in Syria and Yemen, continued threats from Salafi‐Jihadi extremism, massive displacement, sectarianism, and rising inequalities between the rich and the extremely poor are to blame for such fragility. Given the lack of economic resilience and the significant fragility of many Arab states, as well as the availability of advanced military technology in the region, the resulting political, socioeconomic, humanitarian, and security challenges could be devastating.

Drone-Cinema, Data Practices, and the Narrative of IHL

This article explores how advanced military technologies and data practices reshape and reassert a particular, Western-centric, narrative of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Analysing the dissemination of this narrative through popular culture, with a focus on he 2015 British thriller Eye in the Sky, I explore how the representation of IHL data practices reaffirms a humanitarian narrative of IHL. As a popular culture product – and one that is embraced by senior IHL experts and professionals – Eye in the Sky reflects and participates in the ethical, legal, and political debates about advanced military technologies, and presents mundane data practices as a system of knowledge production through which IHL exercises its jurisdiction over facts, people, time, and space. In particular, the article analyses how Eye in the Sky’s representations of IHL’s data practices strengthen and reinforce a particular IHL narrative, which is consistent with Western countries’ narrative about their existing bureaucracies of killing. Based on Interdisciplinary analysis of socio-legal studies (SLS), Science and Technology Studies (STS), and culture and media literature, this article answers the following three questions: (i) who is given the power to speak IHL (and who is not)? (ii) to whom is IHL speaking? and (iii) how do data practices shape IHL’s jurisdiction? The article concludes that Eye in the Sky speaks international law through the voices of drone-owning nations, and is directed to their mass publics, legitimising data-centred violence. At the same time, it disguises normative choices as inevitable, and erases African decision-makers, communities, and perspectives.

Soviet Espionage in France between the Wars

After the Bolsheviks consolidated their newly won power, they looked toward the Western democracies to achieve additional victories. Under cover of diplomatic recognition, trade agreements, and local communist parties, Soviets sent numerous clandestine agents abroad to pursue national security objectives, including theft of military and industrial secrets on a large scale. France, Britain, and the United States were the main targets in which, organizationally, Soviet intelligence used a consistent pattern. As an existential threat, France was the first priority until displaced by the fear of German rearmament. France represented a rich resource for advanced military and industrial technology that the Soviets needed to transform Russia’s infrastructure. In 1935, France and Russia signed a mutual defense pact that effectively ended Soviet espionage in France.

한국의 방위산업 발전을 위한 부품국산화 필요에 관한 연구

In 2020, Korea's defense budget exceeded 50 trillion won. The cost of improving defense capability in 2020 also exceeded 16 trillion won. The proportion of defense capability improvement expenses in 2020 was 33.3%, the highest after 25.8% when the Defense Acquisition Program Administration opened in 2006. Outwardly, the defense industry in Korea is growing significantly but it is in a situation that it has not been able to escape from importing parts from abroad, and its internal quality is weak. Currently domestically produced chemicals, guided weapons, and communication electronic equipment have a relatively good domestic technology base. However, in the fields of ships, aviation, and optics which require advanced military technology most of the core parts rely on foreign imports. In the case of weapons that are assembled and manufactured by purchasing parts overseas problems arise when the price of parts increases or is discontinued while operating the weapon system. In addition a total of 13 projects including 425 projects were unable to introduce overseas parts and their promotion was suspended or delayed. In the case of the K55A1 Self-Propelled Artillery, the delivery of parts became difficult and the situation was forced to be delayed. How much is the domestic defense industry's dependence on overseas parts? What needs to be improved in order for the Korean defense industry to change substantially? This study was started to answer this question.

Korea’s and Vietnam’s Encounter and Reaction towards Western Ideas in the Flux of Western Intervention: Focusing on Selective Factors from the Seventeenth to mid- Nineteenth Century

This paper is a comparative research on how Vietnam and Korea struggled to accommodate and interact with Western ideas in the advent of Western intervention in the East Asian region, based on the closely related cultural and historical background between the two East Asian countries. The author specifically focuses on the rise of Western ideas, i.e. Catholicism in the two countries within the dominant impacts of Confucian Sino-centric perception adopted by Confucian scholars and rulers for centuries. The research indicated significant resemblance in the pattern of Korea and Vietnam's reception and reaction toward the influences and challenges inflicted by the West, which was predominantly driven by the Sino-centric world view. In this light, both countries struggled through consistent social and political unrest and finally commenced to close the gates to the outside world in an attempt to protect the ruling powers. Vietnamese rulers, however, were by far less conservative and aggressive against the presence of the West in their domains due to their dependence upon Western advanced military technology, particularly during the internal conflicts between the Trinh and Nguyen factions. However, after the unification under the reign of Nguyen family, despite previous contacts with the West, Vietnam gradually become a fervent Confucian state. Meanwhile, in the same period of the Western provocation in East Asia, Korea was a full-fledged and unified kingdom under the rule of Yi family, Choson was more alerted about the rise of new ideas brought in by the West; thus, their reaction toward Western ideas were more brutal and merciless in order to protect the kingdom's correct ideology. Conclusively, no matter how Vietnamese and Korean scholars and rulers were fascinated by Western advancement in technology, owing to their commitment to the Sino-centric worldview they were reluctant to regard Western ideas in positive ways; thus, gradually failed to adapt themselves to the road to modernization which historically contributed to the decline of the nations in the following periods.

Sharing Vulcan’s Secrets: State Transfer of Advanced Military Technology

Why do states choose to share advanced military technology with other states? Scholars agree military technology is a key component of a state’s power. Understanding what leads states to share technology has implications for key foreign policy issues. The United States seeks to maintain its dominant military position through continued technological innovation but also supports its friends though arms sales. Some future weapons (particularly computer-based weapons) may be more difficult to “black box” to protect advanced components. As a result, selling advanced weapons is becoming more likely to require sharing technology. Additionally, some have advocated sharing U.S. technology with rising powers, like India, to enable them to better balance China. First-rank technological powers’ decisions to share advanced military technology (i.e. transfer the knowledge required to produce systems or components) is a function of the sharing state’s perceptions of (1) the present benefit it gains from the recipient possessing the technology, (2) the recipient’s potential to be future threat, and (3) the discount rate of the technology. The paper evaluates the theory using in-depth process of British technology sharing with Japan after the First World War.