Advanced Economies Research Articles

Investigation of selection signatures of dairy goats using whole-genome sequencing data

Dairy goats, a livestock species with a long history of milk production, are essential for the economic advancement of nations, particularly in regions experiencing growth. In this study, we gathered whole-genome resequencing data of 58 goats, including 34 dairy goats and 24 wild goats (Bezoar), to explore the selection signatures linked to milk production traits using ROH (Runs of homozygosity), CLR (composite likelihood ratio), Fst (Fixation index), XP-EHH (Ex-tended haplotype homozygosity across populations) and XP-CLR(Cross-population composite likelihood ratio test) methods. Analysis of five tests of selection signatures for dairy goats revealed a total of 210 genes, with 24 genes consistently identified in at least two approaches. These genes are associated with milk fat, milk protein, and fat yield. Gene enrichment analysis highlighted important GO and KEGG pathways related to milk production, such as the “acyl-CoA metabolic process”, “glycerolipid biosynthetic process”, “cellular response to fatty ac-id”, “hormone metabolic process”, “Galactose metabolism”. Additionally, genes linked to repro-duction, immune response, and environmental adaptation were identified in dairy goats. The findings from our study offer profound understanding into the critical economic features of dairy goats and offer practical guidance for the improvement and development of crossbreeding initiatives across different dairy goat breeds.

From Territorial Consolidation to Bureaucratic Dominance: The Long Arc of State Development

Our understanding of state development—a term that encompasses both state formation and state building—has grown significantly in the last two decades. In this review, I outline the foundations of the literature and identify major conceptual and analytical advancements since the early 2000s, including the development of capacity investment models, the notion of intermediate institutions, and the emphasis on political agency. This review builds on research employing diverse methodologies, draws on examples from advanced economies and developing countries, and is intended for both novice and experienced readers. After taking stock of the state of the field, I discuss and reflect upon three avenues for further research—the big unknowns: Do civil wars make or break the state? How do economic openness and international hierarchy shape the incentives and opportunities for state building? And what are the perils that highly capable states pose for liberal rights and democratic governance?

On the Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inflation: The Case of Fiscal Rules

Abstract This paper examines the impact of fiscal rules on inflation across 79 countries from 1985 to 2021, employing entropy balancing as the methodology. Adopting this approach, the study addresses potential endogeneity concerns and considers variations among different country groups, including advanced economies, emerging markets, developing economies, and low-income countries. The primary outcome derived from the analysis indicates a negative relationship between fiscal rules and inflation in emerging and low-income countries. Moreover, this effect is observed for moderate and high inflation rates. These results are robust to different specifications.

Reshoring to survive? The other side of de-globalization

Abstract As the costs of global production fragmentation rise, advanced economies have introduced policies that promote the relocation of previously offshored tasks back to the home country, encouraging investment in automation and green technologies. However, the evidence on reshoring remains limited. Drawing on Antràs (De-globalisation? Global value chains in the post-COVID-19 age. National Bureau of Economic Research: Technical report, 2020), we offer a conceptual framework to understand why firms reshore and why such decisions remains relatively rare. Value chains are “sticky”, particularly for large firms, and investment in automation implies new costs to firms already burdened by rising offshoring costs. As a result, globalization shocks have uneven impacts, varying by firm size and their ability to manage both explicit and “hidden” costs of offshoring. For larger firms, automation-driven reshoring may not be as profitable as alternatives like “nearshoring” or “friendshoring.” In contrast, smaller and less internationally exposed firms may turn to reshoring to contain losses—ultimately, to survive.

Research on the Impact of Green Investment on Low-Carbon Economic Development: Based on the Test of Spatial Spillover Effect

To address the challenge of achieving coordinated development between the economy and the environment in the context of a green economy, this study utilized the SBM-GML model to assess the total factor carbon productivity across 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021. This assessment aimed to quantify the development index of the low-carbon economy and elucidate its spatial characteristics. The findings indicate the following: (1) The transition and development of China’s low-carbon economy exhibit spatial agglomeration characteristics; however, there are notable disparities in the degree of agglomeration across different regions. (2) The influence of green investments on the low-carbon economic advancement of both local and adjacent regions exhibits distinct nonlinear attributes, with the local impact being more pronounced than the neighboring effect. (3) Innovation in low-carbon technologies serves as a partial intermediary in the relationship between green investment and low-carbon economic advancement. (4) Different types of green investment have heterogeneous impacts on low-carbon economic development.

Structural Reforms and Economic Performance: The Experience of Advanced Economies

This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the theoretical and empirical literature on structural reforms in advanced economies. Structural reforms matter because they entail profound and systematic changes that affect economic welfare, productivity, growth, unemployment, macroeconomic stability, and income inequality. Here we focus on structural reforms in product, labor, and financial markets. After putting forward a set of stylized facts, we take stock of the literature on each of these three key structural reforms, and then assess their business cycle and political economy implications. We underscore various gaps in the literature and articulate a future research agenda that highlights four main areas: measurement, interactions among reforms, political economy considerations, and the timing of the implementation of reforms. (JEL D40, E23, E24, E25, E32, E44, P11)

Uncertainty spillovers from advanced, emerging, and low-income economies and firm-level stock returns in Vietnam: Does state ownership matter?

Uncertainty spillovers from advanced, emerging, and low-income economies and firm-level stock returns in Vietnam: Does state ownership matter?

Mapping the interplay of technical, economic, social, and environmental dimensions in food-sector wastewater reclamation: A systematic literature review.

Mapping the interplay of technical, economic, social, and environmental dimensions in food-sector wastewater reclamation: A systematic literature review.

Hydrogen energy trading networks in China: Economic viability, technological advancements, and environmental sustainability

Hydrogen energy trading networks in China: Economic viability, technological advancements, and environmental sustainability

Digital transformation and financing constraints: evidence from Chinese manufacturing multinational enterprises

In light of recent global economic uncertainties and technological advancements, it has become crucial to build new competitive advantages for Chinese manufacturing enterprises in the international arena, with the impact of their digital transformation efforts being particularly significant. This research addresses a pressing need to understand how digital transformation can be strategically utilized to overcome financial barriers for Chinese manufacturing multinational enterprises. Using data from Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies between 2011 and 2023, the study reveals that digital transformation can effectively ease financial constraints faced by these manufacturing multinational enterprises through reducing information asymmetry and enhancing innovation capability. Moreover, the depth of the internationalization strategy enhances the positive effects of digital transformation on financing constraints, whereas a broader international presence tends to substitute these benefits. Additional analysis shows that digital transformation as a whole, irrespective of the specific focus area, effectively alleviates financing constraints, delivering consistent benefits across all continents. Notably, compared to non-multinational Chinese manufacturing firms, multinational manufacturing companies experience a greater alleviation of financing constraints through digital transformation. The study concludes that digital transformation is a vital tool for reducing financial barriers in multinational manufacturing firms. These findings will contribute to the broader discourse on digitalization in emerging markets and offer practical implications for business strategy and financial management in the digital age.

Fin-BERT 모델 기반 감성 점수 활용 주가 예측

Economic and technological advancements have led to a growing interest in stocks for many people. Investors want to make profits, which has led to the creation of many stock price prediction models using machine learning and deep learning models. Most studies have used news data to create stock price prediction models, but news data tends to be too neutral to accurately classify sentiment. In this study, we aim to create a stock price prediction model using NAVER Stock Discussion Room data, a community data where people of all ages can freely write opinions. In order to more accurately classify sentiment in the financial domain, we used KR-FinBERT, which is trained on Korean financial data, to perform sentiment classification. Since stock prices are most affected by recent data, we used a weighted moving average as a weight to create the final sentiment score. To check whether the sentiment scores generated from the NAVER stock discussion board data have an impact on stock price prediction, we compared the models generated from the data with sentiment scores to the models generated from the data without sentiment scores using three different analysis methodologies. Random Forest, XGBoost, and LSTM. The evaluation metrics used to compare the models were RMSE and MAE. The results of the analysis showed that the evaluation metrics of the data with sentiment scores were better in the model comparison using the three analysis methods, confirming that sentiment scores have an impact on stock price prediction.

Faktor Kinerja UMKM: Analisis Efek Mediasi Dukungan Pemerintah

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have a crucial impact on the economic progress of numerous nations, particularly in developing regions. Acting as the cornerstone of the local economy, MSMEs are vital in propelling economic advancement. They make substantial contributions to job creation, revenue generation, and the overall economic progress. Nonetheless, despite their significance, MSMEs frequently encounter a range of obstacles that impact their financial viability and ongoing survival. This study delves into an in-depth examination of how the financial performance of MSMEs can be enhanced through Financial Digitalisation, Financial Inclusion, and Access to Capital, with a particular focus on the pivotal role of government support as a strengthening factor in this relationship. The research methodology employed in this investigation is quantitative, employing a sample of MSMEs located in Pontianak City. Data analysis was conducted using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and tested with the Smart PLS statistical tool. The findings suggest that financial digitalisation and access to capital positively influence the performance of MSMEs, with government support acting as a mediator. However, government support is not able to mediate the impact between Financial Inclusion and MSME performance.

THE JAUNSARI TRIBE OF UTTARAKHAND: INSIGHTS INTO COGNITIVE STYLES AND DOMESTIC SETTINGS

The present study has explored the home environment vis-Ã -vis cognitive styles of Jaunsari tribal students in Uttarakhand State of India. One of the five indigenous groups in this state, Jaunsari tribe inhabits the areas like Birahi, Kempty, Mussoorie, and Chakrata of Dehradun and Jaunsar-Bawar areas of Uttarkashi district where facilities for educational and socio-economic development are mostly inadequate or not available at all due to poor access to the mainstream.This study, therefore, focuses on understanding how the home settings in these marginalized students create a difference in their cognitive development and reveals that a positive home environment enhances cognitive styles significantly. It was noted that students from supportive homes had innovative, systematic, and field-independent cognitive styles driven internally by an internal locus of control. Contrarily, students from less supportive environments demonstrated lower cognitive adaptability. These findings are supported by formerly published research and a part of a larger body of evidence indicating that home environments are especially influential in the shaping of cognitive development in general, and among marginalized communities in particular.The study also suggests that improving livelihood, education, and health opportunities for tribal populations can foster better home environments and support students cognitive growth. Enhancing these conditions would not only benefit the students personally but also contribute to the social and economic advancement of the marginalized community.

Comparative Analysis of Laws in AI

Objectives: This article aims to examine the global efforts in regulating artificial intelligence (AI), highlighting the diverse approaches taken by different countries. It focuses on key regulatory parameters such as ethical concerns, privacy, security, and economic impact. Additionally, the study explores the legislative gap in India, where policy frameworks exist but no specific AI law has been enacted. Methods: The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing comparative analysis to assess AI regulations across various countries. The study evaluates how the European Union, the United States, China, and India implement AI governance, with a particular focus on India's regulatory landscape and the need for a vigilant approach in an emerging economy. Results: The findings reveal that while the EU has implemented comprehensive AI regulations, other nations, including the US, China, and India, rely on sector-specific and strategic frameworks. Most regulations primarily address commercial and human rights concerns. In India, although policy frameworks exist, the absence of a dedicated AI law creates a legislative gap, raising concerns about market disruptions and ethical oversight. Conclusion: Regulating AI remains a global challenge, with different nations adopting varied approaches. For an emerging economy like India, balancing innovation with regulation is crucial to prevent market disruption. The study suggests that a well-structured AI regulatory framework is necessary to ensure ethical AI deployment while fostering economic growth and technological advancement.

Breaking Boundaries: A Review on Rural Women Entrepreneurs Driving Economic Change in India

Rural women entrepreneurs in India are playing a vital role in driving economic and social change, breaking through traditional barriers to create opportunities for themselves and their communities. This paper explores the landscape of rural women entrepreneurship in India, highlighting the factors that motivate women to start businesses, including economic necessity, government support, and technological advancements. It also examines the significant challenges they face, such as limited access to finance, social and cultural constraints, and inadequate market linkages. Through case studies and success stories, the paper showcases how rural women are not only contributing to household incomes but also fostering community development and shifting gender dynamics. The study concludes with policy recommendations aimed at strengthening support systems, improving access to credit, and enhancing skill development to empower more rural women to become successful entrepreneurs and catalysts for economic growth.

Comparative Analysis of Digital Currency Regulations: International and Domestic Legal Frameworks

This study conducts a comparative analysis of digital currency regulations, focusing on international and domestic legal frameworks, with a case study of Oman. The research explores the global regulatory landscape, highlighting approaches in jurisdictions such as the United States, the European Union, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It emphasizes the economic, social, and technological drivers necessitating comprehensive digital currency regulation and identifies challenges, including financial instability, consumer risks, and regulatory ambiguity. By examining diverse regulatory models, the paper underscores the critical need for balance between fostering innovation and mitigating risks associated with digital currencies. The study investigates the legal and technical gaps in Oman's current regulatory environment and compares them with global best practices. It also discusses the potential benefits of adopting Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) to enhance financial inclusion and monetary control. The findings reveal that while many advanced economies embrace digital currencies with robust regulatory measures, GCC countries, including Oman, exhibit cautious and varied stances, reflecting regional and societal complexities. The research employs descriptive and analytical methodologies to assess legislative developments and the implications of digital currency transactions. The paper concludes that comprehensive, flexible, and internationally coordinated regulatory frameworks are essential to address the challenges posed by digital currencies while leveraging their potential for economic development. Recommendations include fostering global cooperation, enhancing public awareness, and developing specialized regulatory bodies to oversee digital currency markets effectively. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, legal experts, and financial institutions striving to navigate the rapidly evolving digital currency ecosystem.

Businesses and inequality in Latin America

Abstract The relationship between businesses and inequality has been a focus of recent attention globally. This chapter summarizes basic facts about this relationship in Latin America (LATAM). Unlike advanced economies where superstar firm growth has prompted concerns over disproportionate income growth at the top, the facts we summarize illustrate that the main concern for LATAM is the extreme prevalence of tiny businesses whose workers and owners tend to populate the bottom income segments. The empirical likelihood that these businesses improve their productivity and grow to hire more workers and pay better wages is also very low. The region displays a deficit of employment generation in small and medium enterprises, by contrast to both micro businesses (including self-employment) and large corporations. While the former tend to remunerate both workers and owners with very low incomes, the latter pay high wages but exhibit low labor shares.

Synergistic Effects of Silicon Carbide and Graphite Reinforcements in AA 2024 Nanocomposites: Unlocking Tribological Efficiency for Eco-Friendly and Economical Industrial Advancements

Synergistic Effects of Silicon Carbide and Graphite Reinforcements in AA 2024 Nanocomposites: Unlocking Tribological Efficiency for Eco-Friendly and Economical Industrial Advancements

On the Latin America Evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Two-Stage Approach using K-means Clustering and Polynomial Regression

This paper uses a two-stage methodological approach to analyze the existence and shape of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis across 19 Latin American countries from 2000 to 2020. First, K-means clustering is used to categorize countries based on their economic development, environmental efficiency, energy sustainability and technical efficiency characteristics. This clustering reveals five distinct groups: transitioning economies, resource-dependent economies, industrial economies, early transition economies, and advanced economies. Subsequently, polynomial regressions are estimated within each cluster to analyze the specific EKC relationships. The results demonstrate significant heterogeneity in the growth- environmental relationship across clusters, with coefficients of determinations ranging from 0.20 to 0.94. While some countries exhibit traditional inverted U-shaped relationships, others show different patterns, including U-shaped and linear relationships. The turning points at which environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) begins to decrease vary substantially, from 1,722 USD in Panama to 241,024 USD in Venezuela, in per capita terms, highlighting diverse development trajectories. The empirical findings obtained suggest that the EKC relationship in Latin America is more complex than traditionally assumed and varies significantly based on countries’ development stages and structural characteristics. These results have important implications for environmental policy design, suggesting the need for cluster-specific approaches rather than one-size-fits-all solutions.

Slowing Down Peptide Translocation through MoSi2N4 Nanopores for Protein Sequencing.

Precise identification and quantification of amino acids are crucial for numerous biological applications. A significant challenge in the development of high-throughput, cost-effective nanopore protein sequencing technology is the rapid translocation of protein through the nanopore, which hinders accurate sequencing. In this study, we explore the potential of nanopore constructed from a novel two-dimensional (2D) material MoSi2N4 in decelerating the velocity of protein translocation using molecular dynamics simulations. The translocation velocity of the peptide through the MoSi2N4 nanopore can be reduced by nearly an order of magnitude compared to the MoS2 nanopore. Systematic analysis reveals that this reduction is due to stronger interaction between the peptide and MoSi2N4 membrane surface, particularly for aromatic residues, as they contain aromatic rings composed of relatively nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds. By adjusting the proportion of aromatic residues in peptides, further control over peptide translocation velocity can be achieved. Additionally, the system validates the feasibility of using an appropriate nanopore diameter for protein sequencing. The theoretical investigations presented herein suggest a potential method for manipulating protein translocation kinetics, promising more effective and economical advancements in nanopore protein sequencing technology.