Adult Salivary Glands Research Articles

Malignant salivary gland tumours in children.

Nine malignant salivary gland tumours in children, reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1958 to 1980, are reviewed. All tumours appeared in the parotid gland. Five cases were muco-epidermoid carcinoma of low-grade malignancy. All patients but one were treated with surgery. The postoperative follow-up period is 1 to 21 years. Three children have died, 2 of tumour disease, 1 and 18 years respectively after diagnosis. In the other children there are no signs of recurrence. Salivary gland tumours in children must be treated according to the same principles generally accepted for adult salivary gland neoplasias.

Sequestration of ascorbic acid by the larval labial gland and haemolymph of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Tissues from Manduca sexta were examined for the presence of l-ascorbic acid and l-gulonolactone oxidase. l-Ascorbic acid was found in eggs, larval labial gland, haemolymph, gut, muscle, cuticle, adult nervous tissue and gonads at concentrations ranging from < 10 to > 150 mg per 100 g wet tissue. No ascorbate was detected in larval fat body and Malphigian tubule or adult salivary gland. Concentrations in labial gland and haemolymph increased 80- and 10-fold, respectively, during the fifth larval instar such that the labial gland surpassed all other tissues in ascorbate concentration. Since tissues from insects reared on an l-ascorbate-deficient diet contained no detectable vitamin C and l-gulonolactone oxidase was absent from tissue extracts, the hornworm apparently acquired l-ascorbate solely from the diet.

Murine submandibular salivary gland in-vitro growth characteristics utilizing cyanocrylate-aided adhesion to glass

Primary expiants of newborn and adult (CFLP) mouse submandibular salivary gland were cultured using two cyanoacrylate-based materials and a methacrylate-based ultraviolet activated material to produce adhesion to coverglass surfaces. Comparisons were made of adhesion and growth from expiants. Identical adhesion was obtained when newborn gland was cultured on coverglasses with or without the cyanoacrylate compounds ethyl alpha cyanoacrylate (EAC) or 3-ethyl cyanoacrylate (3EC) and equal growth occurred when adhesion was direct to glass or when EAC was used. With expiants from adult animals, adhesion was enhanced using EAC compared with direct culture and there was no inhibition of growth.

The structure of tumours derived from mouse submandibular gland epithelium transformed in vitro.

The morphology and ultrastructure of 48 primary tumours established from 5 cell lines of adult mouse salivary gland epithelial cells transformed in vitro are described. Tumours from 4 of the cells lines were adenocarcinomas with a wide range of structural variation, and resembled human salivary gland carcinomas. The fifth cell line produced tumours with carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements.

Histological structure of the posterior salivary glands in the blue ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa Hoyle

The histology of the posterior salivary glands in adults of the blue ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa is described and compared with the glands in 5 day, 15 day and 42 day old juvenile H. maculosa. A brief comparison is also made to the posterior salivary glands in Octopus australis. In H. maculosa the salivary glands have a compound tubuloacinar exocrine structure while in O. australis the glands are a mixture of tubular and tubuloacinar elements. On the basis of the histological structure it is suggested that transport of “saliva” is accomplished by muscular contractions of the gland rather than by cilial action as is common in other molluscs. The glands are located in the intestinal blood space. The possible evolutionary significance of variation in gland structure shown by octopuses is discussed.

Histological analysis of the dynamics of growth of imaginal discs and histoblast nests during the larval development ofDrosophila melanogaster.

Histological analysis of the dynamics of growth of imaginal discs and histoblast nests during the larval development ofDrosophila melanogaster.

Salivary gland development in the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala.

The salivary gland of adult Calliphora erythrocephala is a tubular structure composed of secretory, reabsorptive, and duct regions. Development of these structures has been followed during the six days of larval and ten days of pupal growth. Two small groups of imaginal cells located at the junction between larval gland and duct give rise to the adult gland. These presumptive adult cells divide during all larval stages and appear to be functional components of the larval gland. Shortly after pupation, the larval gland breaks down and the imaginal cells proliferate rapidly, forming sequentially the duct, reabsorptive and secretory regions. Proliferating regions of the developing gland are frequently encrusted with haemocytes. As it elongates the gland establishes intimate contacts first with the basement membrane of the degenerating larval gland, later with an epithelial layer surrounding the main dorsal tracheal trunks, and then with the gut. Cell division continues until about five days after pupation, bu t the gland is unable to secrete fluid in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulation until two hours after the adult fly emerges. The Golgi complex appears to be involved in forming the highly folded membranes of the canaliculi in the secretory region. Presumptive adult salivary gland cells appear to increase in number logarithmically from the time of hatching of the larva until five days after pupation. This contrasts with the development of classical imaginal discs, in which cell division ceases prior to pupation.

Cellular metamorphosis: II. The larval labial gland duct and its prospective adult fates in the tobacco hornworm

The larval labial gland of the sphingid moth, Manduca sexta, produces a viscous secretion, presumably a lubricant, facilitating the burrowing which precedes pupation. During metamorphosis, the gland transforms into a salivary organ, producing an invertase-rich digestive secretion. The single-cell type found in the duct of the larval gland transforms into the four structurally and functionally distinct cell types found in the four sequentially arranged secretory and conductive regions of the adult salivary gland. Surgical experiments were performed to study the prospective fates of different parts of the larval gland. The glands were bisected and one or both fragments were left in situ to undergo metamorphosis. In addition, fragments of the larval gland were implanted in pupal hosts and went through metamorphosis free of their prior attachments. The four linearly arrayed adult regions originate from correspondingly positioned areas in the larval duct.

A freeze-fracture study of adult Calliphora salivary glands

A freeze-fracture study of adult Calliphora salivary glands has revealed a high density (approx. 4500/ μ 2) of intramembraneous particles (80–110A˚) in both the apical and basal membranes. Most of the particles were associated with the A face. The density of intramembraneous particles corresponds closely to the density of the stalked surface particles which coat the cytoplasmic surface of the apical membrane. The possible significance of these particles in ion transport is discussed.

Development of the rat salivary glands: II. The identification of a trypsinlike protease in the submaxillary gland

Trypsinlike protease activity at pH 9.2 was measured in tissue extracts of adult rat salivary glands by using a fluorometric assay in which β-naphthylamine is released by the hydrolysis of benzylarginine β-naphthylamide. The submaxillary gland contains high levels of this activity, and the parotid and sublingual glands have a maximum of 2000-fold and 200-fold less. After polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3, the protease activity of submaxillary extracts is associated with a major protein band. Neither this protein band nor its protease activity is detectable in extracts of parotid or sublingual glands. Homogenates of newborn submaxillary gland do not have this protease activity at detectable levels, suggesting that its major accumulation is postnatal.

A mosquito-chymotrypsin inhibitor in tissues of adult Aedes aegypti

1. 1. An inhibitor of mosquito and black-fly (simuliid) chymotrypsin, but not of bovine α-chymotrypsin, was found in the thorax of Aedes aegypti adults. 2. 2. No inhibitor was found in larval mosquitoes or in adult mosquito salivary glands, midgut or abdomen. 3. 3. The inhibitor was activated by incubation at 60°C, not dialysable, and appeared to be a competitive one.

The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea, Argasidae, Argas). 13. Histological studies on A. (P.) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal & Kohls.

The anatomy and histology of the capitulum, salivary glands, digestive system, and Malpighian tubules of each stage of Argas (Persicargas) arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal & Kohls are described. The fluid-tight buccal canal is formed by the close apposition of the dorsal chelicerae and ventral hypostome. There is no buccal cavity. The pharynx is the suctorial organ and the labrum is a prepharyngeal valve preventing blood regurgitation. The adult and nymphal salivary glands consist of nongranular alveoli (Type A) with 1 cell type and granule-secreting alveoli (Type B) of 3 structurally different cell types (Ba, Bb, Bc). These glands do not change significantly during or after feeding. Larval salivary glands are similar but lack Bb cells and enlarge greatly during feeding. The midgut of the adult and immature stages consists of a median stomach and 7 pairs of diverticula. The appearance of the gut epithelium varies according to the digestive activities. The yolk material filling the larval midgut is completely digested within the first 5 days following hatching. The blood ingested during the larval and nymphal stages is partially digested during the premolting periods; digestion is completed very slowly after molting to later instars or stages. In recently fed females, rapid digestion starts ca 3 days after feeding and continues until oviposition commences; later digestion is very slow. Digestion in males proceeds similarly but is less active. The epithelium of the 2 Malpighian tubules contains Wolbachia persica Suitor & Weiss except for a few cells near the excretory receptacle. The histological changes in the Malpighian tubules are more significant during rapid digestion and oviposition. The definite defecation cycle of each developmental stage is related to the activities in the midgut and Malpighian tubules.

Trehalase Activity in Tobacco Hornworm Tissue1

Various tissues from larvae, pupae, and adult Manduca sexta (Johannson) were examined for trehalase activity. One unit of enzyme was defined as that amount of enzyme which liberated 1 µM of glucose from trehalose in 15 minutes under standard conditions of the assay. The distal portion of malpighian tubes from actively feeding 5thstage larvae had the greatest activity (3.69 units/mg protein); however there was more than a 5-fold decrease in activity by the end of the larval stage, and activity was even lower in the malpighian tubes of adults. Hindgut tissue of the larval stage also had relatively high activity (1.57 units/mg) as did the salivary glands of adults. Activity in abdominal ganglionic tissue varied from very low to moderately high. Muscle, fat body, and blood were all relatively low (< 0.50 units/mg). Decrease in activity with the age of adults was demonstrated in gut tissue, salivary glands, and in the testes and accessory glands of adult males.

The nerve growth factor: purification as a 30,000-molecular-weight protein.

The nerve growth factor protein was purified over 100-fold from adult mouse salivary glands. The first step was a gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at pH 7.5 of the aqueous gland extract. After gel filtration, most of the NGF activity was eluted in the 80,000-90,000-molecular-weight region (G-100 pool). The G-100 pool was dialyzed at pH 5.0 and fractionated by CM52 cellulose chromatography at pH 5.0. Recovery from CM52 cellulose columns was quantitative for protein and ranged 80-100 per cent for the nerve growth factor activity; the latter was almost completely carried by a protein which did not show any heterogeneity when examined by several analytical tests. The purified nerve growth factor showed an S(20,w) = 2.43, a D(20,w) = 7.30 and a 30,000 molecular weight. The over-all recovery was about 45 per cent.

各種動物の口腔組織神経分布に関する研究 : (その VI)白鼠唾液腺の神経分布に関する研究

Nerve distribution in the salivary glands of adult rats and possible relation between the patterns of distribution in successive stages of the growing glands were investigated histologically. For the initial phase of study, three major glands from adult albino rats, and for the second, the parotid gland specimens successively taken from infant animals directly after birth, were respectively used. The results were summarized as follows. Nerve Distribution in Adult Salivary Glands : 1. Submandibular and sublingual glands in the albino rats were enclosed in the same integument and had a hilus in common. There were in the connective tissus of the hilus numerous nerve cells forming ganglia of varying sizes. In the parotid gland, however, similar nerve cells were found neither in the hilus region nor in the glandular body. 2. The majority of nerve fibers entering in the salivary glands assume the appearance of socalled terminalreticulum which is known as normal terminal form of the vegetative nervous system, and in this form were they distributed in the terminal acini, over the entire duct systems and the wall of blood vessels nourishing the glandular body. since anastomosis was observed to occur everywhere between each terminalreticulum, it was thought improbable that it exerted some sort of autonomous nervous regulation on its limited region. In fact, all these terminalreticulums formed together an integrated system of network. Microscopic differentiation of the reticulums as to whether they were of sympathetic or parasympathetic origin could not be determined. 3. Coming out of these terminalreticulums, there were seen fibers of more finer structure distributed in the terminal acini, granular ducts and striated ducts, entering as far as into individual acinus, between individual cells of the acinus and into the duct cells and their periphery. The ways in which these fibers were distributed in those parts of the organ could be by appearance divided into two types. In the one type the fibers were seen as a single strand thickly stained with silver, and in another they run in varicose fibrils forming broom or network structure. The former type was mainly seen in the striated ducts and granular ducts, the latter type mainly in the terminal acini. 4. As the ways in which nerves distributed themselves differed with each individual parts of the organ, so the amounts of nerve supply also differed from one locus to another of the same organ and from one gland to another. In the parotid and sublingual glands, the most abundant nerve supply was seen in the terminal acini, followed by the striated and intercalated ducts in this order, and it was poorest in the glandular duct where hardly any sign of nerve supply was observed. In the submandibular gland, however, extremely abundant supply of nerve fibers was found in the granular ducts having the anatomical feature characteristic of this gland. The nerve supply for the remaining parts of the gland followed the patterns similar to that described for parotid and sublingual glands. Amounts of nerve supply were not homogeneous even within each section of the same organ through every glands. 5. In the hilus part there were observed a few instances of a simple, sharply tapered free endings usually encountered in the terminal form of sensory nerve and another terminal form resembling the glomerate ending, through every glands examined. Relation between Growth of Parotid Gland and Its Nerve Supply : In the parotid glands of the post-natal animals, there was seen a multitude of clusters of immature cells, dispersed in the loose fabric of connective fibers. At this earliest stage, around the clusters of immature cells which still lacked basilar membrane, the nerves distributed themselves in the form of the terminalreticulum consisting of extremely fine fibrils. These terminal apparatus were also seen distributed in the connective tissue binding the

The ultrastructure of intracellular fat in the parenchyma of human submandibular salivary glands

Normal human adult and foetal submandibular salivary glands have been examined by light and electron microscopy for the presence of fat in the parenchymal cells. Neutral fat globules were found in adult serous, mucous, myoepithelial, intercalary duct and striated duct cells. In adult striated duct cells lipofuscin granules were also found. The ultrastructure of these two forms of lipid is described. No fat was found in foetal glands. It is possible that the neutral fat globules are energy storage structures, but the lipofuscin granules may represent accumulations of metabolic products that can be little utilized.

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND METAMORPHOSIS OF THE SALIVARY GLAND IN DROSOPHILA

1. The normal development of the salivary gland of Drosophila virilis is described. Eleven successive stages of development have been distinguished.2. Larval salivary glands of different ages were transplanted into the abdomens of older larvae and thus exposed prematurely to the metamorphosis factor. It was found that the metamorphosis of the transplanted glands is not autonomous but depends upon some factor in the host.3. Glands as young as stage 3 are unable to react to the metamorphosis factor and persist as larval tissue in the adult fly. However, glands transplanted at stage 5 metamorphose synchronously with the host and hence undergo a premature metamorphosis. In these cases the transplanted larval glands are completely histolysed, and the simultaneously transplanted anlagen of the imaginal salivary gland differentiate into adult salivary glands.4. Salivary glands of older larval donors transplanted into younger hosts metamorphose before the host glands show any signs of metamorphosis.5. Larval salivary glands of various ages were transplanted into the body cavity of adult male flies. The thus transplanted glands ceased to grow and remained unchanged even when left for a considerable length of time in their adult environment. If, however, ring glands of old larvae are transplanted together with salivary glands into the adult host, the growth of the salivary glands is restored, leading finally to metamorphosis. These facts have been demonstrated very clearly by using salivary glands of a single donor and transplanting one partner into one host without ring glands and the other partner into a second host together with ring glands.6. The number of ring glands implanted is of no great importance for the development of the salivary glands, since two ring glands have about the same effect as four ring glands. However, one ring gland is presumably somewhat less effective than four ring glands.7. The rate of metamorphosis of the salivary gland in adult hosts is decidedly slower than in normal development.8. Younger salivary glands metamorphose later than older salivary glands under the influence of the same number of ring glands.9. Although the young glands metamorphose later, their metamorphosis is premature as far as their state of development is concerned.10. A comparison of the time of metamorphosis of salivary glands in adult and larval hosts shows that metamorphosis proceeds much more rapidly in larval hosts in spite of the fact that in the adult host the salivary glands may be under the influence of as many as four ring glands.11. The ring gland factor is presumably hormonal in nature, and is not species-specific.12. The role of hormone concentration and tissue competence in the determination of the various stages of growth and differentiation in the development of the salivary glands is discussed.