Adult Perpetrators Research Articles

How Children Stop Adult Perpetrators From Unwanted Touching Within an Institutional Setting: Termination Patterns During Sexual Contact Stage.

This qualitative study analyzes victims' narratives of male-on-male child molestation within the Boy Scouts of America. The focus of previous literature on sex crime victims mostly centered on how to avoid sex offenders based on the offenders' behaviors and effective victims' treatment plans to alleviate their posttrauma as a result of sexual abuse. Yet studies have not provided detailed descriptions of when and how to resist sexual advances to children when such incidents are in progress within youth-oriented institutions. Few have examined victim narratives to discover the dynamics of child molestation, such as physical and verbal interactions between the two parties while sexual touching is occurring. The author used victims' narratives to identify how boy victims responded to unwanted sexual advances by scout leaders within the Boy Scouts of America. Based on qualitative-oriented analysis, this study presents verbal and physical resisting patterns of male victims and the effectiveness of such actions in terminating sexual advances. The findings suggest practical and potential intervention strategies so children know how to stop adult perpetrators from developing unwanted touching within youth-centric institutions.

Considering context: Current relationship satisfaction in a second-generation model of men's physical intimate partner violence.

Despite a half-century of scholarship devoted to explicating and disrupting the intergenerational transmission of family violence, it remains a prominent and destructive social force in the United States. Theoretical models have posited a variety of historical and concurrent risk and protective factors implicated in the trajectory from childhood violence exposure to adult perpetration. Using a second-generation model of intimate partner violence (IPV), we integrated social learning and attachment conceptualizations to examine pathways from family-of-origin violence to IPV perpetration among adult men. A sample of mixed-sex couples (N = 233) completed self-report measures related to social learning and attachment-based factors (e.g., violence in past relationships, child exposure, IPV attitudes, adult attachment) and participated in a 10-min conversation about a desired area for change in their relationship. Following, each partner participated in a video-mediated-recall procedure assessing their anger volatility and eliciting attributions of their partners' behavior. We tested mediation pathways (consistent with social learning and attachment theories) between violence in men's families of origin and their adult IPV perpetration as a function of relationship satisfaction. The proposed model fit the data well (CFI = 0.95) but had notable modifications from the hypothesized model. Generally, social-learning pathways were more consistent with the data. Relationship satisfaction interacted with some parameters. Results support theoretical advances in understanding IPV. Although exposure to violence in men's family of origin confers risk for later IPV, and a social learning developmental pathway is consistent with results, some of these effects are altered by relationship context.

Из истории использования теста Роршаха в 20-30-е годы в СССР

<p>The present article addresses and structures the history of the application of the Rorschach test during the period of 1923 to 1936 in the Soviet Union. Hermann Rorschach visited the Russian Empire three times and was familiar with Russian psychoanalysts. His test was published in 1921 in Switzerland. By 1923 was published I.N. Dyakov’s article with the description of the test. The Rorschach test was used with children with normal development, gifted children and those with various deviations in paedology, clinical psychology and psychiatry. It was used for studying the personality of a perpetrator and for examining individuals who had committed a crime. A.E. Petrova very well described the application of the test she used in studying a “primitive” psyche ofchildren and adult perpetrators, and of patients with schizophrenia and epilepsy. L.S. Vygotsky valued highly A.E. Petrova's works and cited them in his lectures. The Rorschach test was also included in the series of tests for studying a perpetrator's personality, it was employed in the psychiatric examination to study the personality of the offender and the crime, it was also used in Serbsky State Scientific Institute for Social and Forensic Psychiatry. In 1936, after the publication of the resolution of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party on the paedological perversions in the system of the People's Commissariats for Education, the usage of the test discontinued.</p>

Tinjauan Hukum Pidana Islam Terhadap Anak sebagai Pelaku Bullying yang Menyebabkan Korban Meninggal Dunia

This article aims to explain the phenomenon of bullying from the perspective of Islamic criminal law, specifically focusing on the perpetrators of bullying that caused the death of the victim according to Islamic law. This research approaches the issue using normative legal research methods and literature review. The research method is further detailed to include data collection through legal analysis of relevant laws and scientific literature on bullying. The results concluded that bullying is a prohibited act, which results in physical and mental harm to the victim. In the context of Islamic criminal law, sanctions for bullying differ between adult perpetrators and minors. Adult perpetrators who cause injury, loss, or death to the victim may be subject to severe penalties such as hudud, qishash, and ta'zir. In contrast, if bullying is committed by minors, they may be subject to ta'zir punishments, including diyath, kaffarah, alternative or substitute punishments ('uqubât al-badilâh), which aim to educate and deter the perpetrators and others from repeating similar acts. This comprehensive approach to research methodology provides a deeper understanding of the validity of the findings in the context of Islamic jurisprudence.

REACTIONS TO PERPETRATORS OF BENEVOLENT AGEISM: WHAT INFLUENCES PERCEPTIONS?

Abstract Ageism against older adults is a longstanding and pervasive problem. Benevolent ageism can be particularly difficult to address, given it is characterized by warmth and condescension. In two studies, we examined the impact of confronting prejudice on perceptions of a young adult perpetrator who expressed benevolent ageism. In both studies, the perpetrator initiated unwanted help to an older person who was either 62 or 82 years old, and the older adult either accepted or politely rejected the unwanted assistance. In both studies, participants felt that rejecting (i.e., confronting) the ageist behavior decreased the likelihood the perpetrator would repeat the behavior. Young adult participants used the age of the older target as a cue for interpreting the perpetrator’s intentions, such that they rated the perpetrator’s actions as less intending to offend if the older target was 82 than 62 years of age. Moreover, younger adults used the age of the older target to determine whether the perpetrator should be confronted, indicating that confrontation should occur when the target was 62 vs. 82 years old. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that participants of all ages feel that confronting benevolent ageism can be an effective tool for reducing biased behavior. As well, these findings show that the age of the older adult target might be used as a normative cue to interpret the perpetrator’s intentions and actions, thus providing a more nuanced picture of what might drive witnesses’ responses to ageist behavior.

The Principle of Proportionality in Anti-Pornography Law: Comparing Several Countries

The existence of anti-pornography laws protects the younger generation from being polluted by pornography. However, there is criticism of the formulation of criminal sanctions in the anti-pornography law. It is necessary to examine the principle of proportionality in formulating criminal sanctions. Juridical normative research focuses on comparative studies of anti-pornography in Law No. 44 of 2008 with anti-pornography formulations in Sweden, the Philippines, Malaysia, and India. This comparison is essential to test the principle of proportionality. The research results include: (1) There are similarities and differences in the pattern of formulating anti-pornography acts; (2) There is a correspondence between the severity of the act and the severe threat of criminal sanctions. Still, the formulation does not differentiate between novice offenders and repeat offenders (recidivists), so it does not fulfill the principle of proportionality; (3) There is no type of action sanction in the form of rehabilitation measures for adult perpetrators who are addicted to pornography as a subsidiary; (4) There is a relationship between the relativity of the formulation of anti-pornography actions from several countries about the view of the relationship between criminal law and the morality of the country concerned.

Upaya Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Sebagai Korban Kekerasan Seksual (Studi Kasus di Polda Bali)

Child problems that often occur to children are acts of sexual violence against children which can be in the form of physical or psychological violence. Sexual violence against children needs serious attention considering the consequences of sexual violence against children will cause children to experience prolonged trauma. Trauma can endanger the mental development of children so that children cannot grow and develop properly. Cases of crimes of sexual violence against children where the perpetrators are adults and most of them are known to the victims. In general, sexual violence is a sexual satisfaction that is obtained by someone from having sex with children. The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence provided by the Bali Police and the form of sanctions given to perpetrators of criminal acts. sexual violence against children. This study uses empirical or sociological research methods with a juridical approach. The results showed that the legal protection provided by the PPA Unit was in the form of legal and psychiatric assistance starting from the investigation process to the judicial process. The imposition of sanctions given to adult perpetrators in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 35 of 2014. For perpetrators who are minors, efforts are made through diversion, if diversion is not possible, it will be processed in accordance with the provisions contained in Law no. 11 of 2012.

Analisis Penegakan Hukum Tindak Pidana Pencabulan Terhadap Anak Dibawah Umur ( Studi di Unit PPA Polrestabes Medan )

English translation. Obscenity against a child is a criminal offense that attacks the honor of the child's decency. The problems and objectives of this study are to find out the form and factors causing the criminal act of child molestation in the PPA Unit of the Medan Police; know the process of handling child molestation crimes by the PPA Unit of the Medan Police: knowing the obstacles and efforts of the PPA Unit in enforcing the law on child molestation crimes in the jurisdiction of the Medan Police. The research method carried out is a normative juridical research method. This study resulted in the conclusion that the form of child molestation in the PPA Unit of the Medan Police is generally an act of copulation by both child abusers and adult perpetrators. Obstacles to law enforcement of criminal acts of child molestation by the PPA Unit in terms of witnesses to criminal acts and finding perpetrators. So efforts were made such as conducting Visum et Revertum to victims and publishing a People Search List (DPO).

Understanding online grooming: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of adolescents' offline meetings with adult perpetrators

BackgroundIt is the norm for adolescents to form friendships online but connecting with strangers poses risks of online grooming. Adult perpetrators take advantage of the internet's anonymity and accessibility to befriend and groom young people for sexual abuse. Much of the existing research has focused on the offender's perspective and grooming tactics, while extensive studies on victim profiles have focused on risk factors and young people's vulnerabilities to online grooming. ObjectiveThis research takes an in-depth look into grooming processes from the perspective of the adolescent victim and explores how the relationships progressed online-to-offline, resulting in sexual abuse. It aims to understand young people's motivations and mindsets by exploring their lived experiences of offline meeting with adult perpetrators. Participants and settingThe sample consisted of adolescents aged 14–21 in the UK and EU. MethodsUsing data from the Risk-taking Online Behavior Empowerment through Research and Training Project, six interviews were examined using an interpretative phenomenological analysis. ResultsFour themes emerged: 1) Varied interpretations of risk 2) Taking control 3) Seeking security and validation; and 4) Shifts in perspective. The subtleties of online grooming were masked by the adolescents' misplaced trust as they displayed agency in pursuing opportunities for online friendships or sexual activities. ConclusionsFindings suggest an insufficient knowledge of grooming and the need to more clearly define risks among adolescents. Safety guidelines should highlight the subtleties of grooming tactics and harmful behaviours that may not be readily perceived as abuse.

The Intertwined Well-Being of Children and Non-Human Animals: An Analysis of Animal Control Reports Involving Children

The well-being of children and non-human animals (subsequently referred to as animals) is often intertwined. Communities are unlikely to be able to best protect humans from abuse and harm unless they are working to ensure the safety of animals who reside there as well. This study is the first to utilize U.S. animal control report data and narratives to explore how children are involved in cases of animal cruelty. Children engage in abusive acts toward animals, alone, or along with peers and/or adults. Children were found to inflict abuse most often with their hands or feet as opposed to with a weapon or other object. A total of 85% of animal cruelty perpetrated by children was toward a dog or cat. Key differences between how children are involved in acts of cruelty to companion animals compared with acts involving wild animals are described and warrant further study. The cases of animal abuse or neglect reported by children were among the most severe in the study, and often involved an adult perpetrator known to the child. Neighbors rarely report child abuse or intimate partner violence in the United States, but 89% of the animal cruelty cases involving children in this study were reported by a neighbor or passerby. Although children involved in reports as a perpetrator or reporter were most often in early adolescence, children involved in cross-reports between child welfare and animal control were often under the age of 5. Improved cross-reporting and stronger partnerships between human and animal welfare agencies may provide opportunity for earlier intervention and is likely to better many human and animal lives.

Maloletnički narko-kriminal u Srbiji - stanje i kretanje

The growing involvement of minors in drug-related crimes is a problem that our country has been struggling with in recent years. First, it is necessary to point out the increase in the number of drug-related crimes in which juveniles appear in the role of perpetrators, which is the main goal of this paper. The need to highlight the increase in the number of criminal charges and convictions of juveniles for this group of crimes stems from the fact that in other categories of crimes there is a decrease in the number of juvenile offenders, and at the same time, in the group of crimes involving drug abuse the number of juvenile offenders is growing. A worrying circumstance is that juveniles keep pace with adult perpetrators of drug crimes, as in both categories there is a noticeable trend of increasing the representation of this group of crimes. Data from judicial statistics, imprimis of the Republic Bureau of Statistics, provide insight into the new state of juvenile drug crime, while data from the Ministry of the Interior show more detail in the development of this delicate phenomenon. The criminal offense of unauthorized production and distribution of narcotics and the of criminal offense of unauthorized possession of narcotics are committed by a large number of juveniles, and over a period of ten years there has been a marked increase in the number of committed offenses. The age structure of juvenile perpetrators of drug crimes is such that the majority of perpetrators are older juveniles, that is persons aged 16 and 17. When it comes to gender structure, boys constitute the dominant category. The goal of this paper is to draw attention to the prevalence of this problem by presenting the current situation and trends of juvenile drug crime.

Krivičnopravni i kriminološki aspekt zaštite života i tela u Republici Srbiji u poslednje dve decenije

The criminal justice and criminological aspects of the study includes an analysis of the system of protection of life and physical integrity of the Republic of Serbia in the last two decades. The research of criminal law protection of life and body was conducted on the basis of legal-dogmatic, comparative and statistical methods, with a comprehensive analysis of the type and amount of sentences imposed on adult perpetrators of crimes against life and body in the last twenty years. The paper starts from two key hypotheses: the first - that today the number of punishable behaviors by which the protective object is human life and body is significantly higher than twenty years ago, and the second - that two decades ago crimes against life and body were more severe penalties compared to today. Although the punishments were stricter at the end of the 1990s (the death penalty was also prescribed), the RS Criminal Code prescribed a much smaller number of crimes against life and body compared to today. However, it should be concluded that a larger number of prescribed criminal offenses does not lead to more penalties nor to the imposition of heavier sentences. The study and comparison criminal and criminological sources has led to results - a significantly increased number of new incriminations of illegal behavior in the past two decades (murder with reckless violence, murder of a child or pregnant woman, murder of a family member he previously abused, female genital mutilation, etc.). The legislator is making a big step forward in 2019 when he introduces a life sentence in the RS Criminal Code, which has caused a lot of controversy. Statistical analysis of reports, charges and convictions for crimes against life and body indicates a rapid decline in the number of convictions in relation to the number of reports. In the segment of repressive measures, the death penalty was imposed in only one case in the period from 1998 to 2002, while the sentence of imprisonment for 40 years in the same period was imposed in only 62 cases. It should be noted that the short-term prison sentence of 3 (three) to 6 (six) months (a total of 2692 sentences in the observed period) was most often imposed. Mild penal policy and too many crimes against life and body lead to inefficiencies in the judiciary.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL FORMS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF PETTY CRIME IN SERBIAN AND GERMAN LAW

The subject of the paper is the analysis of solutions that exist in Serbian and German criminal procedural law and refer to cases in which the public prosecutor in the field of petty crime is authorized to act towards adult perpetrators in accordance with the principle of opportunity of criminal prosecution. In relation to one variant of this principle, which implies conditional and temporary restraint of criminal prosecution, there is a distinct similarity in both mentioned legislations. However, with regard to the classic form of this procedural principle, which enables the public prosecutor to refrain prosecution for reasons of expediency, where he primarily values the public interest in prosecuting, there is a striking difference, because our criminal procedural law does not allow such a variant of the principle of opportunity of criminal prosecution. This difference is a consequence of a different criminal policy approach, because while in German criminal law the problem of petty crime is solved exclusively by procedural mechanisms, in Serbian criminal law, in addition to procedural law, there are also appropriate instruments in the substantive criminal law.

Preventing harmful sexual behavior in primary schools: Barriers and solutions

BackgroundSchools are recognized as crucial stakeholders in preventing and combating public health problems such as sexual violence and abuse. While prevention efforts have often focused on safeguarding children from adult perpetrators, less attention has been dedicated to safeguarding against harmful sexual behavior (HSB) displayed by children and young people at school. As little is known about teachers' understanding of and responses to HSB in primary school more research is needed. ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to explore and identify barriers to the prevention of HSB in primary school. Possible solutions to these identified barriers are pursued through a transformative lens. Participants and settingNineteen informants from six schools participated in focus-group interviews at their respective schools in the south-eastern region of Norway in May and June 2019. Fifteen of the informants were primary school teachers, three were school principals and one was a social worker. MethodsThe focus-group interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts and field notes were analyzed using thematic analysis. FindingsPrimary school teachers report a lack of HSB competence and limited multi-agency cooperation or coordinated practice. Under these circumstances, the teachers perceive the prevention of HSB as an overwhelming individual professional responsibility. ConclusionsThe study suggests that the following three policy initiatives need to be prioritized:1.Training in healthy, problematic, and harmful sexual behavior to be made mandatory across all schools and cooperating agencies2.Statutory interdisciplinary cooperation between schools and relevant agencies to be enhanced3.National guidelines on the prevention of sexual violence in schools, creating an overarching structure, to be developed and implemented.

Trajectories of victimization to violence among incarcerated women

IntroductionLimited research has focused on the trajectories of victimization to violence in women’s lives. Furthermore, literature assessing women’s use of violence has primarily focused on adult risk factors (e.g., substance use and criminal histories). Drawing from the pathway’s framework, we explored the impact of multiple forms of childhood victimization and subsequent harmful behaviors on adult-perpetrated violence among women convicted of violent or serious crimes.MethodsThis secondary data analysis included a sample of 1118 incarcerated women from two prisons. Based on prior literature outlining the lifelong negative impact of childhood victimization, we hypothesized that cumulatively, occurrence of abuses, arrest as a minor, number of lifetime arrests, and poly-substance use prior to incarceration, would increase the likelihood of perpetration of multiple forms of violence. GEE regression models were used to examine the relationship between the predictors and adult perpetration of intimidation and physical violence.ResultsExperiences with childhood victimization, early (under age 18) and ongoing criminal justice involvement, and substance use significantly increased the likelihood of adult perpetration of violence, regardless of the type of violence measured (intimidation or physical violence).ConclusionGiven the documented high prevalence of childhood trauma and abuse among justice-involved women, findings from this study can be used to promote the implementation of trauma-specific treatment for at-risk juvenile girls, whose trajectories of violence might be mitigated.

Homicide-suicide across the lifespan: a mixed methods examination of factors contributing to older adult perpetration

Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine how individual and contextual factors that contribute to homicide-suicide (HS) differ between young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults, and to describe, in detail, the circumstances that lead to HS by older adults. Methods Data were obtained from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Violent Death Reporting System. We used a sequential mixed methods approach to the analysis. Guided by the Marzuk HS framework, we conducted quantitative analyses to identify characteristics distinguishing older adult HS perpetrators from younger HS perpetrators. These results guided the qualitative content analysis, which further described the circumstances surrounding HS incidents perpetrated by older adults. Results While HS perpetrated by young and middle-aged adults were quite similar, the demographic characteristics, victim-perpetrator relationship, and contributing factors in HS incidents perpetrated by older adults were substantially different. Mental health and depressed mood were more common among older adult perpetrators, and jealousy, fights, and substance use issues were less common, relative to younger perpetrators. Escalating intimate partner violence and caregiving/health-related issues, including caregiving strain, housing transitions, and financial problems, were the primary contributors to older adult HS. Conclusion HS perpetrated by older adults was both similar and different from incidents perpetrated by younger adults. Programs that prevent or de-escalate intimate partner violence would likely prevent many HS incidents perpetrated by older adults, but health and aging-related issues must also be considered.

Sexting: What's Law Got to Do with It?

Sexting, the phenomenon commonly defined as the sending, receiving, and forwarding of nude, semi-nude, or sexually explicit images within digital forms of communication, is a practice that has received heightened public attention. While many scholars consider consensual sexting to be innocuous and a normative part of development, the potential for youth engagement to result in instances of cyberbullying, revenge porn, and child pornography has ignited public fear and anxiety, resulting in a messy patchwork of legal responses that often yield disproportionately punitive responses. Upon exploring the legal parameters surrounding youth sexting in Canada, this paper will argue that while the logic of the current legislation in protecting youth from harm is appropriate, its method of implementation is misguided. The legal reform advocated here calls upon child pornography and online harm laws only when the case involves an adult perpetrator, and suggests a more nuanced, graduated juvenile scheme when the behavior involves youth sexting participants.

Treatment to adult perpetrators of intrafamilial sexual abuse in Brazil: psychodrama as strategy

The Brazilian policy to combat sexual violence emphasizes the importance of protecting victims, as well as accounting for and taking care of the perpetrator. The aim of this paper is to describe one strategy that is being used to address difficult issues – such as the processes of offenders’ own victimization itself, the expression of sexuality and sexual desire for children – in the context of psychosocial interventions for adult sexual offenders against children and adolescents. The strategies adopted are based on psychodrama techniques, which facilitate the overcoming of emotional obstacles to these issues, creating a playful environment during the intervention, providing conditions for reflection, expression of feelings, decreased tension, and which contribute to integration and group engagement in the tasks. This option avoids a confrontational position and favours the development of empathy.

Generation by Gender Differences in Use of Sexual Aggression: A Replication of the Millennial Shift

ABSTRACT Adult perpetration rates of sexual aggression (defined as: acts in which an individual uses verbal pressure, arousal techniques, coercion, alcohol or drugs, or force to have sexual contact with someone against his or her will) were compared among an MTurk sample of 341 Baby Boom-GenX men, 356 Baby Boom-GenX women, 465 Millennial men, and 309 Millennial women (Mdn age = 30). Logistic regression analyses revealed a significant generation by gender interaction effect for use of six behaviors: pressured or forced sexual outcomes (PFSOs) without sexual intercourse; PFSOs with sexual intercourse, any tactic of post-refusal sexual persistence (PRSP), and PRSP tactic sets related to arousal, emotional coercion, and intoxication. No interaction effect was found for the PRSP tactic set of physical force. Follow-up analyses revealed that for four measures (any PRSP, PRSP sets for arousal, emotional coercion, and intoxication), Baby Boom-GenX men had significantly higher rates of sexual aggression than same-generation women, but Millennial men and women had statistically similar rates. This outcome replicated a pattern termed the Millennial Shift which we detected in earlier work. We suggest that the Millennial Shift involves higher sexual aggression rates reported by Millennial women compared to older generation women, in conjunction with lower rates reported by Millennial men compared to older generation men. We speculate that the Millennial Shift reflects changes in the traditional sexual script.

Factors that prevent, prompt, and delay disclosures in female victims of child sexual abuse

BackgroundSeveral studies conducted in clinical and non-clinical settings have described why and when children disclose sexual abuse. Yet, there is incomplete understanding of how adolescents and young children may differ in factors that delay, prompt and deter disclosure that could inform strategies for clinical practice and prevention. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify factors that prevent, prompt, and delay disclosure among pediatric patients presenting for acute and non-acute medical evaluations of sexual abuse or assault, and to examine any differences in disclosure tendencies among female adolescents and pre-adolescents. Participants and settingA chart review of a consecutive sample of pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department or outpatient clinic identified 601 patients who were diagnosed with sexual abuse and were willing to answer examiner questions about their disclosure. MethodsData collection included attainment of patient narratives which were utilized to gather information about abuse disclosures. Recursive abstraction was applied to categorize patient statements for further analysis, while Pearson chi square and logistic regression were utilized for quantitative data. ResultsYoung age (<11 years) at abuse onset was the strongest predictor of, and fear of consequences to self was the most common reason for, disclosure delay in both adolescent and pre-adolescent females. Severity of abuse, adult perpetrator, and self-blame predicted delays only in pre-adolescent females. ConclusionsSocial and moral development during middle childhood likely has a strong influence on disclosure tendency. Strategies to promote disclosure should consider reducing fear of consequences associated with the adult-child paradigm.