Adult Body Weight Research Articles

Comparative Performance of Indigenous Uttara Chicken with Three Well-Established Breeds under Rural Farming

The present study aimed to estimate juvenile body measurements in indigenous Uttara (U) chicken and comparisons of their estimates with Rhode Island Red (RIR), Kadaknath (K) and Australorp (A) breed of chickens using 400 day-old chicks. The parameters were estimated for juvenile body weight was recorded on an electronic balance in the morning before feeding on 0 to 20 week at 2 weeks intervals. The growth rate of Uttara is higher than that of Kadaknath and Australorp but at certain stages similar to that of RIR. Further, an investigation aimed to evaluate body conformation characteristics at 12 and 20 weeks of age. Conformation traits are higher in RIR in comparison to other chicken breeds, but at certain stages, Uttara shows a similar trend as that of RIR. Furthermore, data on adult body weight and egg production measurements were estimated. Egg production of Uttara is better than other breeds. Thus, early body measurements of the Uttara chickens can be used for prediction of the size of the adult Uttara. These research-outcomes may serve as base information to the breeders and academicians for chalking outbreeding strategy in the concerned aspect.

Results of semaglutide in patients older than 70 years, a real-world study of efficacy and safety.

The aim of this study is to investigate the use of once-weekly semaglutide in a real population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over 70 years in two Spanish hospitals. An observational, retrospective, and multicenter clinical study was designed. It included 60 patients with T2DM, with a mean age of 76.5 years, 63.3% women, and a mean of 15.5 years of evolution of T2DM, all managed in the outpatient clinical setting. The primary endpoint was the change in HbA<inf>1c</inf> from baseline to the end of the study. The secondary endpoints included changes in body weight and the proportion of patients achieving HbA<inf>1c</inf> <7.0% and body weight loss >5%. After 12 months of follow-up, the reductions in HbA<inf>1c</inf> were -0.61±0.9% (P<0.0001) in the total cohort. Body weight reductions were -8.2±5.3 kg (P<0.0001). Overall, 67% reached the objective of an HbA<inf>1c</inf> level of <7%, and 73% achieved a weight loss of ≥5%. In routine clinical practice in Spain, the use of semaglutide once a week was associated with statistically significant and clinically relevant improvements in HbA<inf>1c</inf> and body weight in adults aged over 70 years with T2DM, without notable adverse effects, which supports real-world use.

Comparative effect of various powder diets on growth of big‐eyed bug Geocoris ochropterus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Geocoridae)

AbstractApplication of powder diets may promote development of the predator Geocoris ochropterus (Fieber) when densities are low in greenhouses or fields. Development and nymphal survival ratio of G. ochropterus fed on different powder diets including silkworm pupae (A), crickets (B), silkworm pupae and sunflower seed (C) and crickets and sunflower seed (D) were examined. Total average development period was 30.14 days for instars fed on silkworm pupae, 34.43 days for instars fed on crickets, 26.28 days for instars fed on silkworm pupae and sunflower seed and 29.67 days for instars fed on crickets and sunflower seed, and they were significantly different. Head width, body length, forewing length, dry body weight of adults and sex ratio were not affected by the different diets. There were significantly different found in survival rates among the diets when the nymph reached 5th instar. Results indicate that the combination powder of silkworm pupae and sunflower seed will promise as an alternative diet in the greenhouses to maintain the population of G. ochropterus.

BLOOD PRESSURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN RELATION TO BIRTH WEIGHT AND URINARY SODIUM: AN INDIVIDUAL-PARTICIPANT META-ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN FAMILY-BASED POPULATION STUDIES

Objective: While the relation of salt intake with blood pressure (BP) is linear, it is U shaped for mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This individual-participant meta-analysis explored whether the relation of hypertension, death or CVD with 24 h urinary sodium excretion (UVNA) or sodium-to-potassium (UNAK) ratio was modified by birth weight (BW). Design and method: Families were randomly enrolled in the Flemish Study on Genes, Environment and Health Outcomes (1985-2004) and the European Project on Genes in Hypertension (1999-2001). Categories of BW, UVNA and UNAK (&lt; = 2500, &gt;2500-4000, &gt;4000 g; &lt;2.3, 2.3-4.6 and &gt;4.6 g; and &lt;1, 1-2, &gt;2, respectively) were coded using deviation-from-mean coding and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival functions and linear and Cox regression. Results: The study population was subdivided into the Outcome (n = 1945), Hypertension (n = 1460) and BP cohorts (n = 1039) to analyze the incidence of mortality and cardiovascular endpoints, hypertension and BP changes as function of UVNA changes. The prevalence of low/medium/high BW in the Outcome Cohort was 5.8/84.5/9.7%. Over 16.7 years (median), rates were 4.9%, 8.0% and 27.1% for mortality, CVD and hypertension, respectively, but were not associated with BW. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were not significant for any endpoint in any of the BW, UVNA and UNAK strata. Adult body weight tracked with BW (P&lt;0.0001). The partial r in the low BW group associating changes from baseline to follow-up in UVNA and systolic BP was 0.68 (P = 0.023), but not significant in other BW groups. Conclusions: This study did not substantiate its prior hypothesis, but showed tracking of adult with birth weight and suggest that low BW increases salt sensitivity.

Demography, common disorders and mortality of Boxer dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK

BackgroundThe Boxer is a popular dog breed with a distinctive appearance. However, the breed has been linked with several health conditions, some of which have been associated with its moderately brachycephalic conformation and its white colouration. Anonymised primary-care veterinary clinical records were explored to extract data on the demography, common disorders and mortality of Boxers in the UK in 2016.ResultsThe study population of 336,865 dogs included 3,219 (0.96%) Boxers, of which 10.71% were recorded as white. The mean adult bodyweight was 30.43 kg (SD 5.73 kg). Annual disorder counts did not differ statistically between the sexes or between white and non-white Boxers. The most prevalent fine-level precision disorders were otitis externa (n = 230, 7.15%), epulis (188, 5.84%), corneal ulceration (161, 5.00%) and periodontal disease (149, 4.63%). Of the 34 most common fine-level disorders, none differed in prevalence between white and non-white dogs. The most prevalent disorder groups were skin disorder (n = 571, 17.74%), neoplasia (457, 14.20%) and ear disorder (335, 10.41%). White Boxers had higher prevalence than non-white Boxers for two disorder groups: dental disorder and brain disorder. The median longevity of 346 Boxers that died during the study was 10.46 years (IQR 9.00–11.98, range 2.76–18.00). Median longevity did not differ statistically between the sexes or between white and non-white Boxers. The most common grouped causes of death were death – unrecorded cause (n = 73, 21.10%), neoplasia (43, 12.43%) and brain disorder (33, 9.54%).ConclusionsThere was minimal evidence of substantial health differences between white and non-white Boxers. Among the four most common disorders recorded in Boxers, two were typically common across all types of dogs (otitis externa and periodontal disease) while two suggested strong predispositions for the Boxer breed (epulis and corneal ulceration), showing the value of eliciting breed-specific disorder patterns for insights for potential health reforms. The overall longevity of Boxer dogs was consistent with other breeds of similar body size.

Identification of the genetic basis of the duck growth rate in multiple growth stages using genome-wide association analysis

BackgroundThe genetic locus responsible for duck body size has been fully explained before, but the growth trait-related genetic basis is still waiting to be explored. For example, the genetic site related to growth rate, an important economic trait affecting marketing weight and feeding cost, is still unclear. Here, we performed genome wide association study (GWAS) to identify growth rate-associated genes and mutations.ResultIn the current study, the body weight data of 358 ducks were recorded every 10 days from hatching to 120 days of age. According to the growth curve, we evaluated the relative and absolute growth rates (RGR and AGR) of 5 stages during the early rapid growth period. GWAS results for RGRs identified 31 significant SNPs on autosomes, and these SNPs were annotated by 24 protein-coding genes. Fourteen autosomal SNPs were significantly associated with AGRs. In addition, 4 shared significant SNPs were identified as having an association with both AGR and RGR, which were Chr2: 11483045 C>T, Chr2: 13750217 G>A, Chr2: 42508231 G>A and Chr2: 43644612 C>T. Among them, Chr2: 11483045 C>T, Chr2: 42508231 G>A, and Chr2: 43644612 C>T were annotated by ASAP1, LYN and CABYR, respectively. ASAP1 and LYN have already been proven to play roles in the growth and development of other species. In addition, we genotyped every duck using the most significant SNP (Chr2: 42508231 G>A) and compared the growth rate difference among each genotype population. The results showed that the growth rates of individuals carrying the Chr2: 42508231 A allele were significantly lower than those without this allele. Moreover, the results of the Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis supported the idea that the growth rate and birth weight had a causal effect on the adult body weight, with the growth rate having a greater effect size.ConclusionIn this study, 41 SNPs significantly related to growth rate were identified. In addition, we considered that the ASAP1 and LYN genes are essential candidate genes affecting the duck growth rate. The growth rate also showed the potential to be used as a reliable predictor of adult weight, providing a theoretical reference for preselection.

Crossbreeding to improve local chicken breeds: predicting growth performance of the crosses using the Gompertz model and estimated heterosis

The present study aims to validate the Gompertz model to predict the growth performance of chicken crosses according to growth curve parameters of the parental lines and the estimated heterosis for each curve parameter. A total of 252 one-day-old chicks of both sexes belonging to 6 genotypes, including Ross 308, Sassò (SA), Bionda Piemontese (BP), and Robusta Maculata (RM), and the crosses between these local breeds and SA (BP×SA and RM×SA) were randomly allocated in 18 pens (3 pens/genotype) in mixed-sex groups (14 animals/pen; 7 females and 7 males). The individual body weight (BW) of all birds was recorded once a week from hatching until slaughtering (81 d for Ross 308; 112 d for SA, 140 d for the other genotypes). We drew up our final dataset with 240 birds (40 birds/genotype; 20 females and 20 males). The growth curve of each genotype was described using the Gompertz model, and the heterosis for each growth curve parameter was calculated as the difference between F1 crosses and the average of parental breeds. The predicted growth curve parameters were evaluated by cross-validation. The Gompertz model accurately estimated the growth curves of all the genotypes (R2 > 0.90). Heterosis was significant for almost all growth curve parameters in both crosses (P < 0.05). Heterosis ranged from -13.0 to +11.5%, depending on parameters, but varied slightly between the crossbreeds (BP×SA and RM×SA). The predicted values of adult BW, weight at the inflection point, and maximum growth rate were overestimated for BP×SA and underestimated for RM×SA, with a mean error between observed and predicted values <│2.7│% for all the curve parameters. In conclusion, the growth performance of chicken crosses between local breeds and commercial strains can be accurately predicted with Gompertz parameters of the parental lines adjusting for heterosis.

Demography and disorders of English Cocker Spaniels under primary veterinary care in the UK

BackgroundThe English Cocker Spaniel (ECS) is a common family dog in the UK. This study aimed to describe demography, morbidity, and mortality in ECS under primary veterinary care in the UK during 2016 using data from the VetCompass™ Programme. This study hypothesised that the prevalence of aggression is higher in male than female ECS, and higher in solid-coloured than bi-coloured ECS.ResultsEnglish Cocker Spaniels comprised 10,313/336,865 (3.06%) of dogs under primary veterinary care during 2016. The median age was 4.57 years (inter-quartile range (IQR) 2.25–8.01) and the median adult bodyweight was 15.05 kg (IQR 13.12–17.35). The annual proportional birth rate was relatively stable between 2.97–3.51% from 2005–2016. The most common specific diagnoses were periodontal disease (n = 486, prevalence 20.97%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 19.31–22.62), otitis externa (n = 234, 10.09%, 95% CI: 8.87–11.32), obesity (n = 229, 9.88%, 95% CI: 8.66–11.09), anal sac impaction (n = 187, 8.07%, 95% CI: 6.96–9.18), diarrhoea (n = 113, 4.87%, 95% CI: 4.00–5.75), and aggression (n = 93, 4.01%, 95% CI: 3.21–4.81). The prevalence of aggression was higher in males (4.95%) than in females (2.87%) (P = 0.015) and in solid-coloured (7.00%) than in bi-coloured dogs (3.66%) (P = 0.010). The median age at death was 11.44 years (IQR 9.46–13.47) and the most common grouped causes of death were neoplasia (n = 10, 9.26%, 95% CI: 3.79–14.73), mass-associated disorders (n = 9, 8.33%, 95% CI: 4.45–15.08), and collapse (n = 8, 7.41%, 95% CI: 3.80–13.94).ConclusionsPeriodontal disease, otitis externa, and obesity are identified as the most common health issues for ECS, and neoplasia and mass-associated disorders as the most common reasons for death. The prevalence of aggression was higher in males and solid-coloured dogs. The results can aid veterinarians in giving evidence-based health and breed choice information to dog owners and highlights the importance of thorough oral examination and body condition score evaluation during routine veterinary examination of ECS.

Nymph development and adult feeding on, and damage to, immature siliquae of canola by different species of stink bugs.

Studies were conducted in the laboratory and in the greenhouse with the objective of evaluating nymph development, adult body weight gain, and damage of different species of pentatomids feeding on fruit (hereafter referred to as siliqua) of canola, Brassica napus (L.) var. oleifera. Nymphs of Nezara viridula (L.) were able to reach adulthood feeding on siliquae (93.3% survivorship), while nymphs feeding on siliquae that had their seeds removed showed arrested development, only reaching the 4th instar and did not complete development to adulthood. Adults of N. viridula gained body weight feeding on canola siliquae, particularly during the first two weeks of adult life, dropping weight thereafter. Adults of another species of pentatomid, Diceraeus furcatus (F.), also gained body weight, while adults of Euschistus heros (F.) lost weight. N. viridula adults caused significantly greater damage to seeds (shrunken and with rotten aspect) within siliqua and to the siliqua walls (whitish spots with lesions in the form of starbursts, called rosettes) compared to D. furcatus and to E. heros. The amount of damaged seeds caused by N. viridula adults during the first week of adult life was greater (ca. 60%) compared to those of older females 32days of age (27%). Damage symptons caused by the feeding activity on siliqua walls (commonly known as rosettes) reached up to 10% of the total area with similar injury rates for N. viridula adults of different ages. The majority of N. viridula (70%) caused rosette, while only 20% of E. heros and 5% of D. furcatus produced similar damage.

Influence of Gelatin Source and Bloom Number on Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels Mechanical and Biological Properties for Muscle Regeneration.

Approximately half of an adult human's body weight is made up of muscles. Thus, restoring the functionality and aesthetics of lost muscle tissue is critical. The body is usually able to repair minor muscle injuries. However, when volumetric muscle loss occurs due to tumour extraction, for instance, the body will form fibrous tissue instead. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have been applied for drug delivery, tissue adhesive, and various tissue engineering applications due to their tuneable mechanical properties. Here, we have synthesised GelMA from different gelatin sources (i.e., porcine, bovine, and fish) with varying bloom numbers, which refers to the gel strength, and investigated for the influence of the source of gelatin and the bloom number on biological activities and mechanical properties. The results indicated that the source of the gelatin and variable bloom numbers have an impact on GelMA hydrogel properties. Furthermore, our findings established that the bovine-derived gelatin methacryloyl (B-GelMA) has better mechanical properties than the other varieties composed of porcine and fish with 60 kPa, 40 kPa, and 10 kPa in bovine, porcine, and fish, respectively. Additionally, it showed a noticeably greater swelling ratio (SR) ~1100% and a reduced rate of degradation, improving the stability of hydrogels and giving cells adequate time to divide and proliferate to compensate for muscle loss. Furthermore, the bloom number of gelatin was also proven to influence the mechanical properties of GelMA. Interestingly, although GelMA made of fish had the lowest mechanical strength and gel stability, it demonstrated excellent biological properties. Overall, the results emphasise the importance of gelatin source and bloom number, allowing GelMA hydrogels to have a wide range of mechanical and excellent biological properties and making them suitable for various muscle tissue regeneration applications.

Effect of carbohydrate source in a higher protein diet on body weight, body composition, and metabolic health outcomes in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of carbohydrate source in higher protein diets on body composition and markers of metabolic health in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that carbohydrate source would not impact body composition or markers of metabolic health. Methods: Male and female participants between the ages of 25 and 50 years old were recruited to participate in this 16 week, randomized, controlled, parallel design study (n=21; 14 females and 7 males; age 35.5 ± 10.5). To qualify participants had meet the following criteria: two or more characteristics of metabolic syndrome (body mass index (BMI) &gt; 25, abdominal obesity, triglyceride level over 150 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol &lt; 40 mg/dl in men and 50 mg/dl in women, systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mm Hg, and/or fasting glucose &gt; 100 mg/dL) and were consented to participate in this study. Participants were randomized to one of two treatments groups: 1) higher protein diet containing white potatoes (WP; n=11) or 2) higher protein diet with starch carbohydrate (SC; n=10). All diets were isoenergetic within individual participants. Energy content for weight maintenance per individual was calculated using the Harris Benedict equation x 1.35. Each participant was instructed to follow a macronutrient ratio of 30% protein, 30% fat, and 40% carbohydrates. Body composition was measured via DXA at baseline and 16 weeks. Biomarkers of metabolic health were measured at baseline, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Office of Research Compliance Institutional Review Board of the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville, AR). This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03935048). Written consent was obtained from all participants prior to beginning the study. Results: There was no effect of carbohydrate source on fasting total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, or blood pressure after 16 weeks of dietary intervention. There was a significant effect of time and diet (p&lt;0.05) on body weight (WP:-2.06±4.62; SC: +2.90±6.20 lbs) and an effect of diet on (p&lt;0.05) on BMI (WP: -0.39±0.74; SC: 0.42±1.06). Participants following SC had increased loss of fat mass and an increase in fat-free mass compared to WP, but this change was not significantly different. Conclusion: Preliminary data suggests that carbohydrate source in a higher protein diet may influence body composition with no effect on biomarkers of metabolic health. Alliance for Potato Research and Education This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Additional effects of exercise to hypocaloric diet on body weight, body composition, glycaemic control and cardio-respiratory fitness in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the additional effect of exercise to hypocaloric diet on body weight, body composition, glycaemic control and cardio-respiratory fitness in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes. Embase, Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Central databases were evaluated, and 11 studies were included. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed on body weight and measures of body composition and glycaemic control, to compare the effect of hypocaloric diet plus exercise with hypocaloric diet alone. Exercise interventions consisted of walking or jogging, cycle ergometer training, football training or resistance training and duration varied from 2 to 52 weeks. Body weight and measures of body composition and glycaemic control decreased during both the combined intervention and hypocaloric diet alone. Mean difference in change of body weight (-0.77 kg [95% CI: -2.03; 0.50]), BMI (-0.34 kg/m2 [95% CI: -0.73; 0.05]), waist circumference (-1.42 cm [95% CI: -3.84; 1.00]), fat-free mass (-0.18 kg [95% CI: -0.52; 0.17]), fat mass (-1.61 kg [95% CI: -4.42; 1.19]), fasting glucose (+0.14 mmol/L [95% CI: -0.02; 0.30]), HbA1c (-1 mmol/mol [95% CI: -3; 1], -0.1% [95% CI: -0.2; 0.1]) and HOMA-IR (+0.01 [95% CI: -0.40; 0.42]) was not statistically different between the combined intervention and hypocaloric diet alone. Two studies reported VO2max and showed significant increases upon the addition of exercise to hypocaloric diet. Based on limited data, we did not find additional effects of exercise to hypocaloric diet in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes on body weight, body composition or glycaemic control, while cardio-respiratory fitness improved.

Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk in relation to birth weight and urinary sodium: an individual-participant meta-analysis of European family-based population studies.

Although the relation of salt intake with blood pressure (BP) is linear, it is U-shaped for mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This individual-participant meta-analysis explored whether the relation of hypertension, death or CVD with 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UVNA) or sodium-to-potassium (UNAK) ratio was modified by birth weight. Families were randomly enrolled in the Flemish Study on Genes, Environment and Health Outcomes (1985-2004) and the European Project on Genes in Hypertension (1999-2001). Categories of birth weight, UVNA and UNAK (≤2500, >2500-4000, >4000 g; <2.3, 2.3-4.6 and >4.6 g; and <1, 1-2, >2, respectively) were coded using deviation-from-mean coding and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival functions and linear and Cox regression. The study population was subdivided into the Outcome ( n = 1945), Hypertension ( n = 1460) and Blood Pressure cohorts ( n = 1039) to analyze the incidence of mortality and cardiovascular endpoints, hypertension and BP changes as function of UVNA changes. The prevalence of low/medium/high birth weight in the Outcome cohort was 5.8/84.5/9.7%. Over 16.7 years (median), rates were 4.9, 8 and 27.1% for mortality, CVD and hypertension, respectively, but were not associated with birth weight. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were not significant for any endpoint in any of the birth weight, UVNA and UNAK strata. Adult body weight tracked with birth weight ( P < 0.0001). The partial r in the low-birth-weight group associating changes from baseline to follow-up in UVNA and SBP was 0.68 ( P = 0.023) but not significant in other birth weight groups. This study did not substantiate its prior hypothesis but showed tracking of adult with birth weight and suggest that low birth weight increases salt sensitivity.

Effects of resistance training on body weight and body composition in older adults: An inter-individual response difference meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Whether true inter-individual response differences (IIRD) occur as a result of resistance training on body weight and body composition in older adults with overweight and obesity is not known. To address this gap, data from a previous meta-analysis representing 587 men and women (333 resistance training, 254 control) ≥ 60 years of age nested in 15 randomized controlled trials of resistance training ≥ 8 weeks were included. Resistance training and control group change outcome standard deviations treated as point estimates for body weight and body composition (percent body fat, fat mass, body mass index in kg.m2, and lean body mass) were used to calculate true IIRD from each study. True IIRD as well as traditional pairwise comparisons were pooled using the inverse-variance (IVhet) model. Both 95% confidence intervals (CI) and prediction intervals (PI) were calculated. While statistically significant improvements were found for body weight and all body composition outcomes (p < 0.05 for all), no statistically significant IIRD was observed for any of the outcomes (p > 0.05 for all) and all 95% PIs overlapped. Conclusions: While resistance training is associated with improvements in body weight and body composition in older adults, the lack of true IIRD suggests that factors other than training response variation (random variation, physiological responses associated with behavioral changes that are not the result of resistance training) are responsible for the observed variation in body weight and body composition.

Association between birth weight and the risk of chronic kidney disease in men and women: Findings from a large prospective cohort study

AbstractBackgroundThe sex‐specific associations between birth weight and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life remain controversial. This study aimed to examine the shape of the relationship between birth weight and the risk of CKD in men and women.MethodsA total of 277,252 participants free of CKD at baseline from the United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) prospective cohort were included in the analysis. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the association between birth weight and the risk of incident CKD with adjustment for potential confounders.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 11.9 years, we identified 13,030 (4.7%) CKD cases. Compared with normal birth weight (2.5–4.0 kg), low birth weight (LBW, &lt;2.5 kg) was associated with an 11% higher risk of CKD in men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.11 [95% CI 1.01–1.21]) and a 27% higher risk of CKD in women (HR: 1.27 [1.19–1.36]) (p for interaction = 0.02). High birth weight (HBW, &gt;4.0 kg) was associated with an 11% lower risk of CKD (HR: 0.89 [0.83–0.95]) in men but not in women (HR: 0.96 [0.89–1.04]) (p for interaction = 0.13). Furthermore, the LBW‐CKD association was stronger in obese (HR: 1.28 [1.18–1.39]) than in nonobese participants (HR: 1.16 [1.09–1.24], p for interaction = 0.03).ConclusionsWe found an L‐shaped relationship between birth weight and the risk of CKD in women but a linear shape in men. The LBW‐CKD association was mitigated to some extent by maintaining healthy body weight in adulthood. Our findings support the notion that the CKD risk should be managed from a lifecycle perspective.

Periodontal disease in cats under primary veterinary care in the UK: frequency and risk factors.

Periodontal disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that can have major welfare implications in cats. This study aimed to report the frequency and demographic risk factors of periodontal disease and to explore associations with common comorbid disorders in cats in the UK. The study included a random sample of 18,249 cats obtained from 1,255,130 cats under primary care during 2019 from clinics participating in the VetCompass programme. All disorders recorded during 2019 were extracted and reported. Risk factor and comorbid disorder analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling. Periodontal disease had a 1-year period prevalence of 15.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.72-15.76). Breeds with the highest prevalence included Siamese (18.7%, 95% CI 12.24-26.72) and Maine Coon (16.7%, 95% CI 11.37-23.18). The median age of cats with periodontal disease (9.47 years, interquartile range [IQR] 5.96-12.97) was higher than for cats without periodontal disease (4.94 years, IQR 1.95-9.51; P <0.001). Increasing adult body weight, increasing age and sex-neuter status were significantly associated with rising odds of periodontal disease. Cats with periodontal disease had a higher median count of comorbid disorders per individual cat (3, IQR 2-4, range 1-14) than cats without periodontal disease (1, IQR 0-2, range 0-15; P <0.001). Cats with periodontal disease had 1.79 times the odds (95% CI 1.62-1.99, P <0.001) of diagnosis with at least one comorbid disorder disease than cats without periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is the most common specific diagnosis in cats and is confirmed as a leading health issue in cats. Ageing is identified as the strongest predictor of periodontal disease risk in cats, suggesting the potential for increasing health gains from emphasis on dental care and health in cats as they age. The study offers evidence on a close link between periodontal disease and reduced overall health in cats.

Standardized Complex Gut Microbiomes Influence Fetal Growth, Food Intake, and Adult Body Weight in Outbred Mice.

Obesity places a tremendous burden on individual health and the healthcare system. The gut microbiome (GM) influences host metabolism and behaviors affecting body weight (BW) such as feeding. The GM of mice varies between suppliers and significantly influences BW. We sought to determine whether GM-associated differences in BW are associated with differences in intake, fecal energy loss, or fetal growth. Pair-housed mice colonized with a low or high microbial richness GM were weighed, and the total and BW-adjusted intake were measured at weaning and adulthood. Pups were weighed at birth to determine the effects of the maternal microbiome on fetal growth. Fecal samples were collected to assess the fecal energy loss and to characterize differences in the microbiome. The results showed that supplier-origin microbiomes were associated with profound differences in fetal growth and excessive BW-adjusted differences in intake during adulthood, with no detected difference in fecal energy loss. Agreement between the features of the maternal microbiome associated with increased birth weight here and in recent human studies supports the value of this model to investigate the mechanisms by which the maternal microbiome regulates offspring growth and food intake.

Changes in body composition of patients undergoing hemodialysis during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a retrospective longitudinal study

BackgroundThe spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically altered the lifestyles of many people worldwide. Several studies reported that body weight of young adults increased during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, weight loss has been observed in the elderly population. Therefore, trends in body composition due to the COVID-19 pandemic may vary depending on the characteristics of the population. This study aimed to investigate the changes in body mass index (BMI), muscle mass, and fat mass before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among patients undergoing hemodialysis.MethodsIn this retrospective longitudinal study, we enrolled 115 clinically stable outpatients (mean age: 65.7 ± 11.2 years, 62.6% men) who underwent hemodialysis thrice a week. Baseline data were collected between April 2019 and March 2020, before the declaration of the COVID-19 emergency by the Japanese government. The follow-up measurements were performed between July 2020 and March 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, and BMI measurements were collected from the medical records. Muscle mass and fat mass were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis.ResultsBMI and fat mass among the study participants were significantly higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than before the pandemic (p < 0.01), but no significant change in muscle mass was observed. A restricted cubic spline function showed that the increase in BMI appeared to correlate well with fat mass, but not with muscle mass.ConclusionsBMI and fat mass of patients on hemodialysis significantly increased due to preventive measures against the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. These findings may provide useful information in making nutritional management decisions for patients undergoing hemodialysis during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ferroptosis Is Involved in Sex-Specific Small Intestinal Toxicity in the Offspring of Adult Mice Exposed to Polystyrene Nanoplastics during Pregnancy.

Nanoplastics are common contaminants in the living environment. Thus far, no investigations have focused on small intestinal injury in the offspring of adult mice that were exposed to nanoplastics through the respiratory system during pregnancy. Here, we evaluated potential intestinal injury in the offspring of adult mice that were subjected to maternal 80 nm polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP) exposure during gestation. PS-NP exposure significantly reduced the birth weight of female mice compared with male mice. However, the adult body weights of the female and male offspring were substantially greater in the PS-NP-exposed groups. Additionally, we found that exposure to PS-NPs during pregnancy caused histological changes in the small intestines of both female and male offspring. Mechanistic analysis revealed upregulation of reactive oxygen species in the small intestines, as indicated by changes in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, exposure to PS-NPs led to downregulation of GPx4, FTH1, and FTL protein levels, indicating initiation of ferroptosis. Notably, the changes in mRNA expression levels of GPx4, FTH1, and FTL differed between female and male offspring. Although all phenotypes failed to demonstrate classic dose-dependent effects, the data imply that small intestinal toxicity is greater in female offspring than in male offspring. Our results suggest that PS-NP exposure during pregnancy causes sex-specific small intestinal toxicity, which might contribute to reactive oxygen species activation and subsequent ferroptosis. Overall, this study showed toxic effects in offspring after PS-NP exposure during pregnancy.

Adult BMI change over time and risk of colorectal adenoma.

68 Background: Obesity and adult weigh gain are established risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Few studies have investigated the association between adult body weight change over time and risk of colorectal adenoma. We hypothesize adult BMI change over time is associated with risk in the development of colorectal adenomas. Methods: We tested this hypothesis in 2,993 patients undergoing screening colonoscopy from 2007–2017. Weight at age 20, 30, 40, and 50 were self-reported via computer assisted personal interviews. Height and weight at recruitment were measured at the time of colonoscopy exam. BMI (kg/m2) change was calculated as the difference of BMI at recruitment from the BMI estimate for each of the age periods. Results: Of the 2,993 patients, 984 had pathologically confirmed diagnosis of colon adenoma. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders and BMI at recruitment showed statistically significant increase of risk of adenoma with increase of BMI since age 30, age 40, and age 50. Compared to those with BMI change of less than 5, the ORs for those with BMI gain of 5-10 and ≥10 were: 1) 1.16 (0.92-1.46) and 1.48 (1.08-2.03) respectively for change from age 30 (ptrend = 0.05); 2) 1.11 (0.87-1.43) and 1.60 (1.09-2.35) respectively for change from age 40 (ptrend = 0.05); and 3) 1.36 (0.95-1.94) and 2.95 (1.33-6.90) respectively for change from age 50 (ptrend = 0.01). Stratified analysis did not reveal noticeable gender differences. Conclusions: Large adult weight gain over time is an independent risk factor for colorectal adenoma. Our results suggest maintaining healthy body weight throughout adulthood is an important preventive measure against the development of early colorectal neoplasia. [Table: see text]