Adrenal Body Research Articles

I–2 Systemic Effect of LIPUS on B-TCP-(tri-calcium-phosphate) Ceramic Discs Subcutaneously Implanted in the Dorsal Aspect of Rat

Objective: It is essential to have sufficient numbers of cells for bone regeneration. We previously reported that LIPUS exposure to rodent fractured femurs or sockets of extracted teeth recruited cells from sites remote to the lesion through peripheral blood vessels (Kumagai, Takeuchi et al, J Orthop Res 2012 and Hidaka et al, Int J Anal Bio-Sci 2015). In the present study, we tried to show LIPUS exerted its anabolic action systemically on tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) discs implanted in the back of rats, which were not directly treated with LIPUS. Materials and Methods: Four pairs of male Sprague Dawley rats were operated on as previously described. A week later, 3 β-TCP discs were implanted in the dorsal aspect of sham operated control rats and the experimental rats. On and following the day of implantation, the 2 discs closer to the rat head only in one of the pair were exposed to LIPUS every 24 hours for 2 weeks as described. Results and Discussion: Except in one rat, which showed enlarged spleen and adrenal body, no abnormality was found. Body weight, histology, and transfer of injected fluorescence-conjugated protein from one to the other rat suggested the operation was successful. In the β-TCP discs of LIPUS-untreated side rats, we observed invaded cells and blood vessels present in numbers between those of the LIPUS-exposed and the control rats. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis also showed consistent results. Given these findings, the systemic effect of LIPUS may be more influential than we used to assume.

Adrenal gland size in obstructive sleep apnea: Morphological assessment of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activity.

ObjectivesThe association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activation has not been fully understood from results of previous studies using hormonal assessments. We aimed to investigate the relationship between adrenal size, a potential marker reflecting HPA axis activity, and sleep parameters related to OSA.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data on 284 consecutive adult patients aged 20 to 80 y who had undergone polysomnography and abdominal computed tomography (CT). OSA was defined as none/mild (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] <15, n = 75), moderate (AHI 15 to 30, n = 80), and severe OSA (AHI ≥30, n = 129). Widths of adrenal body and limbs were measured by abdominal CT.ResultsAdrenal size was greater in participants with severe OSA than in those with none/mild or moderate OSA (adrenal body width: 6.03 mm, none/mild OSA; 6.09 mm, moderate OSA; 6.78 mm, severe OSA; p <0.001; adrenal limb width: 3.75 mm, none/mild OSA; 3.95 mm, moderate OSA; 4.26 mm, severe OSA, p <0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that not the 3% oxygen desaturation index and time of SpO2 <90% but a higher arousal index was the only determinant factor for increased adrenal limb width (β = 0.27, p <0.001) after adjusting for other variables that could affect adrenal size. Neither the arousal index nor hypoxic parameters were associated with adrenal body width.ConclusionsResults indicated that adrenal glands may enlarge in response to longstanding sleep fragmentation, suggesting the involvement of OSA in HPA axis augmentation.

Normal adrenal gland thickness on computerized tomography in an Asian Indian adult population.

Context:The size and morphology of the adrenal glands are affected by several physiological and pathological conditions. Radiologists need to be aware of the normal thickness of adrenal gland to accurately assess patients with suspected adrenal pathology. However, there is limited data on the normal size of the adrenal glands. Moreover, this has not been studied in our population.Aims:To study the normal thickness of adrenal gland on computerized tomography (CT) in Indian adult population.Settings and Design:Retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India.Subjects and Methods:Our study included 586 adults who underwent a CT abdominal angiogram over 15 months, and excluding patients with clinical or imaging evidence of adrenal disease. The measurements made included: the maximum thickness of the body, medial and lateral limbs, measured perpendicular to the long axis.Results:The median age was 51 (range: 18–85) years. The mean maximum thickness of the adrenal body, medial, and lateral limbs were 7.2 ± 1.8, 4.1 ± 1.1, and 4.3 ± 1.1 mm on the right side and 8.8 ± 1.9, 4.7 ± 1.1, and 4.9 ± 1.3 mm on the left. The cumulative thickness of the body and the limbs were 15.6 ± 3.7 mm and 18.4 ± 3.8 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in all the measurements between the right and left adrenal glands (all P values = 0.000) and between men and women, being larger in men (P value <0.05). Among our patients 27% had at least one adrenal gland body measuring ≥10 mm in thickness.Conclusions:Our study has defined the normal range of adrenal gland thickness in an Asian Indian adult population, which may be used as a baseline reference for future research and as a reference for radiological reporting.

Circulating 5α-dihydrotestosterone, abdominal obesity and adipocyte characteristics in women.

Abstract Background: The association between circulating androgen levels and fat distribution in women has been widely inconsistent among existing studies. We sought to investigate the relation between plasma adrenal and gonadal androgen levels and body fat distribution, as well as abdominal adipocyte characteristics. Paired omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were surgically obtained from 60 women (age, 47±5 years; body mass index, 26±5 kg/m2) undergoing gynecological surgery. Body composition and fat distribution were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. Adipocyte diameter, basal lipolysis, and heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity were measured. Steroids were quantified using high-performance gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Significant negative associations were found between plasma dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and total adiposity (body mass index, r=-0.35, p<0.05; fat mass, r=-0.31, p<0.05) as well as computed tomography assessments of abdominal adiposity (r=-0.30, p<0.05 and r=-0.44, p<0.005 for subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue area, respectively). The association between DHT levels and visceral adipose tissue area was independent of total body fat mass. A significant negative association was also observed between plasma DHT and omental adipocyte diameter (r=-0.27, p<0.05). When expressed as the omental/subcutaneous ratio, heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity was negatively and significantly related to plasma DHT, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. Abdominally obese women with large, metabolically active omental adipocytes appear to be characterized by reduced endogenous levels of DHT. The assumption that high androgen levels are associated with an android body fat distribution pattern in women should be critically re-examined.

Effect of swimming training on the motor behavior and expression of BDNF and trkB in adrenal body

Objective To explore the effect of swimming on motor behavior and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and trkB in adrenal body. Methods SD adult rats were divided into normal cotrol group and swimming group (n=10 in each group). All rats in swimming group were subjected 6 weeks swimming for 1h each day.Motor performances including swimming speed and distance were recorded and expression of BDNF and trkB in adrenal body was measured. Results There was a significant increase in swimming speed((157±60)m/min)and distance ((283.36±49.50)m) in swimming group, compared with control group ((283±60)m/min, (156.92±29)m)(P<0.05). Simultaneously, expression of BDNF in adrenal body had been significantly unregulated(0.93±0.09 vs 0.56±0.19)(P<0.05), while expression of trkB kept to be not changed. Conclusion Swimming increases motor ability in rats, and the possible mechanism may be related the upregulation of BDNF in adrenal body. Key words: Rat; Swimming; Adrenal body; Brain derived neurotrophic factor; trkB

A comparative study of nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma

To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A total of 134 patients with renal carcinoma without metastasis in lymphatic system and distant sites were recruited. In random, 69 cases of renal cell carcinoma were elected for nephrectomy and the others radical nephrectomy. The operating time, blood loss, fasting time, postoperative hospital stay, information of tumor recurrence and metastasis, survival time without tumor, survival rate and perioperative complication were compared between two groups. In cases of nephrectomy, the operating time ranged from 60 - 135 minutes and blood loss 70 - 100 ml. In 4 cases, membrana pleuro-peritonealis was damaged. The fasting time ranged from 6 - 24 hours and postoperative hospital stay 5 - 8 days; the staging of all 69 cases was detected; follow-up studies ranged from 5 - 15 years, finding 1 case tumor metastasis in adrenal body and 1 case recurrent tumor in cases of radical nephrectomy, operating time ranged from 105 - 185 minutes and blood loss 150 - 2000 ml. Membrana pleuro-peritonealis was breached in 3 cases. The fasting time ranged from 12 - 90 hours and postoperative hospital stay 8 - 12 days. The staging of all 65 cases was detected. Follow-up studies of 5 - 15 years revealed 1 case of tumor metastasis in brain and 1 case of recurrent tumor. There was no significant difference in perioperative complication, tumor recurrence, tumor metastasis and survival time without tumor between those two groups (P > 0.05). The blood loss, operating time, fasting and postoperative hospital stay were less than that in radical nephrectomy group (P < 0.05). In patients without metastasis in lymphatic system and distant sites, nephrectomy is both effective and safe. It has the advantages of a short operating time, a short postoperative hospital stay and less damage and blood loss than radical nephrectomy.

The appearance of the adrenal glands on computed tomography in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

To review the morphology of the adrenal glands in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) on computed tomography (CT) to compare the results with established normal values for adrenal size and nodularity and to correlate adrenal size with serum cortisol secretory dynamics. Two observers independently reviewed the adrenal CT in 28 patients with MEN1, measuring the maximum width of the body of the gland and the medial and lateral limbs. Incidence and location of nodules >5 mm within the gland were recorded. Following exclusion of known cases of Cushing's syndrome, adrenal gland size was compared with previously documented normative data. Adrenal gland size was compared between patients with normal and abnormal cortisol dynamics. Comparison of mean adrenal size in MEN1 patients with normative data showed that the adrenal limbs were significantly larger in MEN1 than normal (P<0.0001 in all four limbs). Adrenal body was also significantly larger (P<0.05). Nodules were demonstrated in 17 (60%) of patients (versus 0.4-2% in the normal population). No statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between adrenal limb hyperplasia and abnormal cortisol dynamics. In patients with MEN1, adrenal limb hyperplasia and adrenal nodules are significantly more common than in the normal population, a phenomenon not previously documented in a quantitative manner. There was no significant correlation between adrenal limb hyperplasia and abnormal cortisol dynamics.

Sectional anatomy of the adrenal gland in the coronal plane

To provide practical anatomic data for the imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment of adrenal disease, we investigated the anatomy of the adrenal gland and its relationships to regional structures using 31 sets of serial coronal sections of upper abdomen of Chinese adult cadavers and correlated coronal magnetic resonance (MR) images of ten upper abdomens of adult healthy volunteers and coronal reconstructed multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) images of five patients without lesions in the adrenal gland. The adrenal glands were visualized mainly on the successive coronal sections between 18 mm anterior to the posterior margin of inferior vena cava and 24 mm posterior to the posterior margin of inferior vena cava. In general, the left adrenal gland was visualized two sections earlier than the right adrenal gland. On the plane through the anterior parts of bilateral renal hili (A18), the appearance rate of bilateral adrenal glands was 100%, and the maximal measurements of bilateral adrenal glands were visualized. The length, width, thickness of right adrenal body, thickness of medial limb and lateral limb were, respectively, 34.02 +/- 2.12 mm, 10.91 +/- 0.89 mm, 5.82 +/- 0.26 mm, 2.78 +/- 0.08 mm, 2.62 +/- 0.06 mm, whereas the measurements of left adrenal gland were 28.31 +/- 2.46 mm, 18.40 +/- 1.06 mm, 6.84 +/- 0.24 mm, 3.02 +/- 0.08 mm, 2.86 +/- 0.07 mm, respectively. The coronal plane has superior advantage in showing the bilateral adrenal glands. The shapes of adrenal glands are various, whereas the range of adrenal thickness is quite narrow. The thickness of adrenal medial and lateral limbs, especially the thickness of lateral limb are useful for the diagnosis of the bilateral adrenocortical disease.

An autopsy case of granulocyte-colony-stimulating-factor-producing extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma

A 79-year-old man was referred to this department due to the presence of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with a tumor at the left chest wall. The lesion was suspected to be a metastasis of bile duct carcinoma to the left wall, however, computed tomography (CT) revealed no regional lymph node or liver metastases. In addition, cytological and pathological examinations did not show malignancy. At the time of admission, the white blood cell count was 21460 cells/muL (neutrophils, 18240 cells/muL) and this elevated to 106040 before death. In addition, serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was elevated. At 28 d after admission, the patient died. An autopsy showed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with sarcomatous change, which had slightly invaded into the pancreas around the bile duct, and was found in the distal bile duct with multiple metastases to the chest wall, lung, kidney, adrenal body, liver, mesentery, vertebra and mediastinal and para-aortic lymph nodes, without locoregional lymph node and liver metastasis. The cancer cells showed positive immunohistochemical staining for anti-G-CSF antibody. This is believed to be the first report of an extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma that produces G-CSF. Since G-CSF-producing carcinoma and sarcomatous change of the biliary tract leads to poor prognosis, early diagnosis and treatment are needed. When infection is ruled out, the G-CSF in serum should be examined. In addition, examinations such as bone scintigraphy and chest CT should also be considered for distant metastasis.

Effect of adrenocorticotrophin on cortisol and androstenedione secretion from dispersed cells of guinea-pig adrenal zonae fasciculata and reticularis.

We have studied cortisol and androstenedione secretion by dispersed cells of the outer zona fasciculata (ZF) plus zona glomerulosa, and the inner zona reticularis (ZR) plus medulla of the guinea-pig adrenal. The ZF and ZR were microdissected apart, the cells dispersed and incubated (200 000 cells/ml) for 90 min in the presence of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH; 500 ng/l), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP; 1 mmol/l), pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisol. The steroid concentrations were 5-25 mumol/l. Cortisol secretion was assayed by radioimmunoassay. There was no detectable cortisol secretion (less than 50 nmol/l) from the ZR in the controls (no additive) or after dbcAMP stimulation. Adrenocorticotrophin-stimulated cortisol secretion was also low (range less than 50-340 nmol/l). In contrast the ZF secreted 177-379 (control), 828-2052 (dbcAMP) and 2863-9735 (ACTH) nmol cortisol/l. There was no detectable (i.e. less than 2 nmol/l) cAMP production by ZR or ZF either basally (no ACTH) or after ACTH stimulation (500 ng/l). Challenge of the ZR cells with each cortisol precursor steroid (5 mumol/l) increased (P less than 0.05) cortisol secretion over that seen with the corresponding basal and ACTH-stimulated controls. Thus pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol and 21-deoxycortisol (converted directly to cortisol by 21-hydroxylase) gave rise to (mean +/- S.D., n = 4) 406 +/- 86, 680 +/- 180, 1307 +/- 111, 1141 +/- 234 and 3160 +/- 419 nmol cortisol/l respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Element analysis of Lewy and adrenal bodies in Parkinson's disease by electron probe microanalysis.

Two possible interpretations of the origin of Lewy bodies and adrenal bodies found in Parkinson's disease are now under discussion: a disorder of (1) catecholamine metabolism or (2) sphingomyelin lipidosis. From the electron probe microanalysis of Lewy bodies and adrenal bodies, we find that the Lewy body contains sulfur, calcium, and phosphorus, and the adrenal body also contains these three elements. Furthermore, a positive correlation was obtained between the X-ray intensity of the sulfur and the diameter of adrenal body. For Lewy bodies, this correlation was not obtained. The results suggest that a common mechanism may exist for the production of Lewy and adrenal bodies, although they differ somewhat in their accumulation of sulfur. It is considered that both structures may originate, in part, from degenerated protein containing sulfur.

Prednisolone effects upon body and organ weights, water intake, and several behaviors.

Various behavioral sequelae have been noted in patients receiving prolonged, high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. The present study assayed several behavioral dimensions of rats receiving daily intramuscular injections of the synthetic glucocorticoid, prednisolone. Specifically, assessments of water intake, nociception, locomotion, and the grasping responses were conducted; measures of gonadal, adrenal, and total body weights were also taken. Twelve daily injections were given to four groups (N = 6/group) of immature male rats with each group receiving a different dose of drugs (0.0, 8.0, 16.0, 32.0 mg/kg). Prednisolone generally suppressed home-cage water intake, and latencies to hind paw-lick in the hot-plate assay. Measures of wheel running and the grasping response were generally enhanced. Absolute gonadal and adrenal weights as well as total body weights were decreased. Relative organ weights suggested that daily prednisolone treatments had produced suppression of the pituitary-adrenal axis. It was concluded that prednisolone is active in these assays and that such measures may be useful in studies of drug interaction with this agent.

Normal function of extra-adrenal chromaffin tissues in the young rabbit and guinea-pig.

An attempt has been made to determine the relative functional activities of adrenal and extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue during the neonatal phase and up to 1 week of age using young rabbits and guinea-pigs whose main extra-adrenal abdominal para-aortic chromaffin bodies are respectively non-innervated and innervated. Amine synthesis and storage were followed by assay and autoradiography after a single intraperitoneal injection of L-[2,5,6-3H]DOPA and the findings correlated with amine content as assessed by high performance liquid chromatography and by volume of tissue. The results indicate that in the guinea-pig, in spite of differences in proportions of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal gland and para-aortic body (PAB), the loss of labelled catecholamines from the innervated PAB closely follows that from the adrenal medulla, suggesting that both participate in normal sympathoadrenal activity. By comparison, in the rabbit the PAB shows only a minimal decreased labelled amine during the first week of life during which period the amine content and concentration of the PAB doubles: the functional significance of this non-innervated extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue, which persists throughout life, has still to be determined.

Cytochemical study on the mechanism of secretion of catecholamines

Adrenal medulla and carotid body of cats are studied with acrylic aldehyde-dichromate and glutaraldehyde-dichromate methods for catecholamines. The frequency of dark vesicles and the mean diameter of the cores obtained by these specific methods are compared with those found by the standard glutaraldehyde-osmium method in normal and reserpine-treated animals. In the samples of normal organs fixed with aldehyde-dichromate methods, the number of dark-cored vesicles is significantly higher than in the controls. On the contrary, in the adrenal gland of reserpine-treated specimens the specific methods demonstrate reductions in the frequency of dark vesicles that can be semiquantitatively compared with the known diminution in the content of catecholamines produced by the drug. In the carotid body it was not found a so strict relation, nevertheless the specific methods give a consistently lower frequency of dark vesicles in reserpine-treated than in control animals. It is suggested that the discrepancy between standard and specific methods in the carotid body is due to substances existent in the dark cores contrasted by the former procedure but not by the latter. The constancy of the mean diameter of the cores even in glands that have lost 93% of their granules confirms the suggestion of an all-or-nothing exocytotic mechanism of discharge of the secretory vesicles. The inverse relation shown between the frequency of dark and clear vesicles indicates that membranes emerge in the cytoplasm after exocytosis as clear vesicles.

Correlated ultrastructural and biochemical studies on the mechanisms of secretion of catecholamines

The frequency of dark-cored vesicles is compared with the content in catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and carotid body of normal and reserpine-treated cats. Reserpine produces important diminution in the content of catecholamines but the frequency of the dark-cored vesicles does not parallel this descent. In the carotid body there is no relation between the content in catecholamines and the number of granules. The diameter of the dark cores does not change with the number of secretion vesicles present in normal or treated specimens. It is concluded that there is not partial discharge of the content of the vesicles. An all-or-nothing mechanism of discharge of exocytotic type is proposed.

Fetal Secretion of Glucocorticoids

This report comprises a study of the quantitative secretion of cortisol and corticosterone by the dog fetus in utero. Fetal adrenal cannulation was performed without amniotic fluid loss using intrauterine surgical techniques. After cannulation, an adrenal sample was collected. ACTH was administered intravenously to the fetus and 3 min thereafter a second adrenal sample was collected. Fetal peripheral arterial blood was drawn as soon as possible after the second adrenal sample. Fetal body and adrenal weights were determined. Plasma samples were analyzed for cortisol and corticosterone by a modification of the double isotope derivative method of Kliman and Peterson. Calculated results for both steroids included adrenal and peripheral arterial concentrations and simple secretory rates and secretory rates relative to adrenal and fetal body weights corrected for systemic steroid concentrations. The concentration of cortisol and corticosterone was higher in theadrenal effluent than in the peripheral blood, whic...

The Effect of Fowl Pox Vaccination, Strain, and Sex on Several Glands or Organs of White Leghorn Chickens

Fowl pox in chickens does not present a problem to most poultrymen, since a satisfactory vaccine is available for prevention. Serious manifestations of the infection may occur when birds not protected become infected with the fowl pox virus (3). A review of the literature did not reveal any information regarding the response to fowl pox vaccination of the heart, spleen, adrenals, or bursa of Fabricius of chickens. Significantly larger relative adrenal size and lower body weight gains were observed in chickens vaccinated with the Roakin Newcastle vaccine (5). Relative weight of the pancreas, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were significantly larger in birds infected with Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria acervulina (7). Similar enlargement of the adrenals has been noted (2,7). Hypertrophy of the adrenal has been reported following exposure to fowl typhoid (6), avian leukosis (1), and ascarid or tuberculosis (8). The spleen has been observed to be enlarged in chicks resistant to Salmonella pullorum (9). An involution of the bursa of Fabricius was observed in young chickens vaccinated with the Roakin strain of Newcastle virus (5) and in chicks following exposure to fowl typhoid (6). The work reported here was done to determine if the heart, spleen, adrenals, or bursa of Fabricius of three strains

Seasonal changes in the adrenal glands of woodchucks (Marmota monax).

Adrenal weights of 872 woodchucks (Marmota monax), collected over a 4- yr period from a 10,000-acre area in Pennsylvania, were correlated with several physiologic and behavioral factors. There was a significant positive linear relationship between adrenal weight and body length. Adrenals of females were about 8 % heavier than those of males of equal length. Data for adrenal weights were analyzed for seasonal variations by pooling the animals collected during each weekly period. Mean adrenal weight increased 60 % from the 1st of March, just after hibernation, to the 1st of July, then declined sharply. A 2nd, less marked (48%), sharp increase in weight occurred at the end of August. Mean adrenal weight fell from the 2nd peak to a level in October that was 15 % below the March level. The initial rise in the spring corresponded to a period during which an increasing number of woodchucks were active for longer periods of time each day, the concentration of animals at a given time was increasing, and the level ...

Adrenal Gland Secretion and Body Heat

Adrenal Gland Secretion and Body Heat

副腎皮質越幾斯ノ「モルフィン」ニ對スル解毒作用ニ就テ

In the previous paper, the author stated that the cortical extract of the adrenal body decreases the toxicity of certain poisons and most markedly that of morphine.The author's further experiments about the antitoxic action of the cortical extract. upon morphine, brought about the following results : 1. he antitoxic action of the cortical extract upon morphine can appear either by injecting it in the same place as morphine or in different places.2. The cortical extract is still effective after boiling for 3 hours at 100°C.3. The alcoholic extract of the cortex as well as the watery extract exerts the same antitoxic action upon morphine.4. The cortical extract is effective in raising the sensibility of the respiratory centre, and is capable of removing the respiratory paralysis caused by morphine.5. Cholin is likely to decrease the toxicity of morphine but is less effective than the cortical extract.6. Cholesterin decreases the toxicity of morphine.7. Protein and cholesterin are not proved to be in the cortical extract which was used by the author, but it seems probable that cholin is present in it.8. Muscle and brain extract have the effect of decreasing the toxicity of morphine, but to a much less degree than the cortical extract.From the data mentioned above it can be concluded that : 1. The physiological antagonism between the cortical extract and morphine on. the respiratory centre is considered to be one of the chief mechanisms of the antito xic process.2. The active principle of the cortical extract is a substance soluble in alcohol and in water, and not destructible by heating to 100°C.3. The antitoxic action upon morphine is not a specific of the cortical extract, but it is the most effective of the extracts obtained from venous organs.