Administrative Functions Research Articles

How the Effect of Virtual Reality on Cognitive Functioning Is Modulated by Gender Differences.

Virtual reality (VR) can be a promising tool to simulate reality in various settings but the real impact of this technology on the human mental system is still unclear as to how VR might (if at all) interfere with cognitive functioning. Using a computer, we can concentrate, enter a state of flow, and still maintain control over our surrounding world. Differently, VR is a very immersive experience which could be a challenge for our ability to allocate divided attention to the environment to perform executive functioning tasks. This may also have a different impact on women and men since gender differences in both executive functioning and the immersivity experience have been referred to by the literature. The present study aims to investigate cognitive multitasking performance as a function of (1) virtual reality and computer administration and (2) gender differences. To explore this issue, subjects were asked to perform simultaneous tasks (span forward and backward, logical-arithmetic reasoning, and visuospatial reasoning) in virtual reality via a head-mounted display system (HDMS) and on a personal computer (PC). Our results showed in virtual reality an overall impairment of executive functioning but a better performance of women, compared to men, in visuospatial reasoning. These findings are consistent with previous studies showing a detrimental effect of virtual reality on cognitive functioning.

The Intellectual Evolution of Educational Leadership Research: A Combined Bibliometric and Thematic Analysis Using SciMAT

This study aims to describe the century-long trajectory of educational leadership research (ELR), including changes over time in its main and subsidiary themes, as well as its most influential authors, papers, and journals. The study combines the bibliometric performance and science mapping analysis of 7282 articles retrieved from the Scopus and WoS databases. SciMAT software (version 1.1.04) was used to analyze changes over four sequential time periods and to exhibit the thematic evolution of the field—Period 1 (1907 to 2004), Period 2 (2005 to 2012), Period 3 (2013 to 2019), and Period 4 (2020–2023). Research during Period 1 focused on principals and included efforts to distinguish between their administrative functions and forms of ‘strong’ leadership contributing to school improvement. Period 2 included research aimed at understanding what strong principal leadership entailed, including the development and testing of more coherent models of such leadership. While instructional and transformational leadership models were prominent during Periods 1 and 2, Period 3 research invested heavily in conceptions of leadership distribution. Early research about ‘social justice leadership’ appeared during this period and eventually flourished during Period 4. While principals were an active focus through all Periods, the leadership of others gradually dominated ELR and accounted for the broader leadership theme found in all four periods. The results point to the evolutionary nature of ELR development, which eventually produced a relatively robust knowledge base. Experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic suggest that crises such as this might prompt more revolutionary orientations in the ELR field.

The association between opioid dose and kidney function and clinical outcome in critically ill patients, a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundCritically ill patients are prone to develop acute kidney injury. Apart from the nervous system, opioid receptor expression is highest in the kidneys, although their function in the kidney is unclear. In view of the frequent use of opioids, high expression of its receptors in the kidney and high incidence of AKI in critically ill patients, these may be interconnected. AimTo determine the association between opioid dose and kidney function and outcome in critically ill patients. MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study adult patients admitted to ICU (2013–2020), were eligible. The association between opioid administration and kidney function and mortality were determined using total cumulative dose and quartiles. Demographics, disease severity, and sedatives dose were covariates. Results2824 patients (median [IQR] age 64 [53–71] years, ICU-LOS of 8 [4–15] days, 64 % male) were included. Cumulative opioid dose (day 1–3 of ICU-admission), corrected for covariates, was not associated with change in plasma creatinine concentrations: (unstandardized-B for every mg/hour opioids given these days (Confidence Interval): -0.15 (−0.36–0.06) μmol/L, p = 0.15), or urine output: -0.42 (−1.41–0.56) mL for (p = 0.40). Mortality increased from 3.5 % in Quartile 1 of cumulative opioid dose to 10.3 % in Q4. Covariate-corrected mortality hazard ratios compared with Q1 were: Q2: 1.12 (0.85–1.48), p = 0.41, Q3: 1.58 (1.19–2.09), p = 0.001 and Q4: 1.50 (1.06–2.12), p = 0.021. ConclusionsIn critically ill patients, opioid dose was not associated with a change in kidney function. However, opioid dose was associated with an increased ICU-LOS and mortality risk.

REVOLUTIONIZING EDUCATION THROUGH AI: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ENHANCING LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the landscape of education, offering innovative solutions to enhance learning experiences. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how AI is revolutionizing education, focusing on its impact on learning outcomes, teaching methodologies, and the overall educational ecosystem. The adoption of AI in education has led to personalized learning experiences tailored to individual student needs. AI-powered adaptive learning systems analyze student performance data to create customized learning paths, ensuring that students receive content at their pace and level of understanding. This personalized approach improves student engagement and academic performance. AI is also reshaping teaching methodologies, providing educators with tools to streamline administrative tasks and enhance instructional strategies. AI-powered tools can automate grading, create interactive lessons, and provide real-time feedback to students. This allows teachers to focus more on facilitating learning and developing critical thinking skills in students. Furthermore, AI is revolutionizing the assessment process, moving beyond traditional exams to more dynamic and insightful evaluation methods. AI-powered assessment tools can analyze student responses in real-time, providing immediate feedback and insights into student comprehension and learning progress. The integration of AI in education also extends to administrative functions, such as student enrollment, scheduling, and resource allocation. AI-powered systems can optimize these processes, leading to more efficient and effective management of educational institutions. Despite the numerous benefits of AI in education, challenges remain, including concerns about data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for teacher training. Addressing these challenges will be crucial to maximizing the potential of AI in education and ensuring equitable access to quality education for all. In conclusion, AI is revolutionizing education by enhancing learning experiences, transforming teaching methodologies, and optimizing administrative processes. As AI continues to evolve, its impact on education is expected to grow, offering new opportunities to improve learning outcomes and prepare students for success in the digital age.
 Keywords: Revolutionizing, AI, Enhancing, Learning, Experiences.

The Dualistic Nature of the Competence of Civil-Military Administrations: On the Formulation of the Problem

The article highlights the controversial issues of executive branch dualism in Ukraine and highlights the problems of the dualistic nature of the competence of civil-military administrations. It is noted that since the proclamation of Ukraine’s independence and up to now, political and legal discussions have been taking place around the problems of executive power organization. It is emphasized that the origins of the problem of executive dualism should be sought from the formation of the system of public authorities in Ukraine in the 90s of the twentieth century. During this period, there was a rather complicated political struggle and a search for the most optimal model of building a system of state authorities, which certainly affected the construction of the executive branch, and gave rise to a number of problems related to the dualism of power. The author emphasizes that the problems of dualism in the sphere of higher authorities have caused the same problems in the system of executive authorities and their relations with other types of public authorities, in particular, with local self-government bodies. The author analyzes and summarizes the problems in the field of relations between local public authorities (local executive authorities and local self-government bodies) and identifies the following: conceptual problems of delimitation of powers between certain executive authorities and local self-government bodies, legal problems of delimitation of powers between certain executive authorities and local self-government bodies; institutional problems. It is emphasized that dualism was also observed in the course of functioning of civil-military administrations, although in this case it was of a slightly different nature, which is due to the special legal status of the latter. The author identifies the peculiarities of such dualism. The author emphasizes the need to improve the legal framework for the functioning of civil-military administrations, to carry out institutional changes (search for a model, structure, etc.), to organize work, to apply new forms and methods of management, and to conduct further scientific research.

Shooting and Fishing Prohibitions in the Water Bodies of Ajmer–Pushkar During Colonial Period: The Case of Marginalised Communities

Popular perception views the colonial regime as totally unconcerned about the notions of propriety and sentiments associated with the native population. Such a view does not bar us from studying colonial governance and the public works that it undertook under normal governance. The case study of fishing prohibitions imposed on the lakes of Ajmer–Pushkar highlights not only the regard that the colonial government had towards the religious sentiments of the masses but also the influence of modern Western ideas of environment conservation. Parallel to this runs the narrative of communal tension that erupts due to the prioritisation of religious sentiments of the majority community by the British State. The poor, whose sustenance is dependent on fishing, find ways to breach the colonial prohibitions, thereby challenging the regime’s authority. Similarly, the representatives of the vegetarian merchant class use their influence to compel the British administrators to take the steps they favoured. No consensus or conclusion is reached due to the complex nature of the whole affair, but the reading of the correspondence that emergence to and from the Chief Commissioner’s Office of Ajmer–Merwara on the subject may give us an insight into the various factors that influenced the functioning of the colonial administration and the diverse kinds of reaction that these elicited from the native population.

Discussion on the Role of Business Administration in Promoting Economic Development

This article delves into the pivotal role of business administration in driving economic development. It elucidates the core functions of business administration and its synergy with economic progress. Specific areas where business administration catalyzes development, such as innovation, marketing, resource allocation, and strategy, are explored. Additionally, it examines the challenges encountered by business administration in advancing economic growth, including legal frameworks, cultural shifts, technological evolution, and global competition. By elucidating these dynamics, the article aims to underscore the indispensable contribution of business administration to fostering sustainable economic development.

Comparative Efficacy, Tolerability, and Acceptability of Donanemab, Lecanemab, Aducanumab, Melatonin, and Aerobic Exercise for a Short Time on Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved lecanemab and aducanumab and is reviewing donanemab, but they have questionable efficacy, serious side effects and are costly, whereas melatonin administration and aerobic exercise for a short time may overcome these problems. We aim to compare the efficacy on cognitive function, tolerability and acceptability of melatonin administration and aerobic exercise for a short time with donanemab, lecanemab, and aducanumab in people with mild AD and MCI. We systematically reviewed relevant randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINHAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov and performed network meta-analyses. The analysis included 10 randomized placebo-controlled trials with 4,599 patients. Although melatonin and aerobic exercise for a short time were significantly more effective than donanemab, lecanemab, aducanumab and placebo in the primary analysis, there was significant heterogeneity. In the sensitivity analysis excluding exercise, melatonin was significantly more effective than donanemab, lecanemab, aducanumab and placebo, with no significant heterogeneity. Aerobic exercise for a short time was significantly less acceptable than donanemab, aducanumab and placebo. Donanemab, lecanemab, and aducanumab were significantly less tolerable than placebo and donanemab and lecanemab were significantly less acceptable than placebo. Melatonin may be a better potential disease-modifying treatment for cognitive decline in mild AD and MCI. Aerobic exercise for a short time might also be better than donanemab, lecanemab and aducanumab if continued, as it is well tolerated and more effective, although less valid due to heterogeneity. Another limitation is the small number of participants.

Pengaruh Fungsi Pelayanan Administrasi Dan Kinerja Pegawai Terhadap Peningkatan Mutu Pelayanan Publik Di Kecamatan Banjarbaru Kota

The lack of maximum service functions provided by officials to the community has an impact on the community's lack of satisfaction with service providers. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of administrative service functions and apparatus performance on improving public services. A qualitative descriptive approach. The sample was determined as 30 people using incidental sampling technique, a data collection technique through inquiry and direct observation supported by the documentation found. Data analysis uses a percentage tabulation system to determine the level of achievement of each question item. The results of the research show that the function of administrative services and performance in Banjarbaru Kota District is less than optimal due to the low competence of officials in their work. Then, internal supervision lacks communication regarding operational activities, with a lack of disciplinary communication from the officers concerned.

SIANCO: reflexiones sobre su fundamentación desde la óptica de la gestión fiscal y la descentralización

An approach from the economic analysis of law allows us to overcome a purely instrumental view of norms, thereby broadening the legal analysis and enriching the understanding of these norms within the framework of public policy decisions, taking into account the regional context and economic relations. The connection between economics and law, and efficiency and law, in relation to the fiscal manager, surpasses the mere exegetical exercise of public functions. It opens the horizon to the incorporation of technological tools that improve the objectives of the administrative function, thereby maximizing democracy, the decentralization processes established in the 1991 Constitution, and strengthening citizen participation. In this context, which also adheres to the principle of harmonious collaboration that should precede relations between territories and the Nation, and considering the importance of revenue derived from the consumption tax on liquor, beer, and cigarettes in territorial incomes, the Consumption Tax Support System (SIANCO) is created.

The role of supervisory support in stress management and prevention of occupational burnout of professionals working in social protection. Case study: Montenegro

Supervisory support is recognised as a significant mechanism for identifying factors that contribute to stress and potentially generate conditions that are conducive to occupational burnout of professionals who work in the area of social protection. In Montenegro, the practice of implementation of supervisory support does not have notable continuity; rather, it is a consequence of reforms of the social and child protection system that have taken place over the past ten years. Supervisory support is implemented in social work centres in line with the Western European supervision model. The history of implementation of the supervision process has been marked by a strong emphasis on the administrative function over the supporting and educational functions. Such an approach has resulted in a number of dilemmas, contradictions and different professional views among key actors in the supervision process. This paper examines the implications of having applied such a form of supervisory support system in the field of stress management and prevention of burnout among professionals. Simultaneously, organisational solutions that have emerged as a result of the selected model of supervision are questioned. By indicating systemic deficiencies, we draw attention to the challenges of stress and burnout faced by social work professionals and supervisors. Emphasis on the role of supervision in the reduction of stress and occupational burnout enables profiling the idea of modifying supervisory support in the social protection system of Montenegro. Key words supervision; stress; occupational burnout; supervisor; professionals.

REGULATORY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the study is to identify problematic issues of regulatory regulation of the tourism industry and the influence of state authorities on the development of tourism in Ukraine. The article proves that the structure of tourism management in Ukraine should include international, state, regional, regional and local levels. It has been determined that special attention is required to the local level of organization of tourism activities, on which the work of a significant number of economic entities is concentrated. The activities of tourism enterprises and other business entities directly depend on the decisions taken and the coordinated actions of the highest levels of management, so they are most vulnerable to changes or other threats. The legal regulation of tourism activities in Ukraine is carried out on the basis of the laws of Ukraine, orders of the President of Ukraine, orders of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, Orders of the Ministry of Communities, Territories and Infrastructure of Ukraine, acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, industry standards, international and other regulatory legal acts that ensure the organization and provision of tourism services. An important component of public management of tourism activities is the use of the category «method» as a way of implementing managerial functions through the organizational and administrative influence of the management entity on the activity of the object to achieve managerial goals. There is a direct connection between the functions of public administration and the methods by which the state can implement them. The use of modern management methods makes it possible to compete in the market of tourist services, provide quality tourist services and effectively perform the tasks and functions. The methodology for managing the tourism industry determines what procedures need to be used to make management decisions. The use of certain methods of tourism management is carried out both at the state and regional and local levels. In terms of integration processes, the search for a model of economic development, the Ukrainian government has embarked on the path of decentralization. One of the steps of its implementation is the transfer of power, financial resources and responsibility to the ground. For this, a number of decisions were made, which led to the beginning of the voluntary unification of individual settlements in accordance with geographical and economic features.

The Contributions of the District Administration for Overall Development of its Local People in India: A Theoretical Study

The District Administration is the management of public affairs within a territory marked off for that purpose. Moreover, District Administration is that portion of public administration which functions within the territorial limits of a district. There are six approaches such as Fesler’s four approaches, the global approach and the Indian approach existing in the field of decentralization or district administration. The term “decentralization” implies not only the devolution of powers, but also a process in which responsibilities and duties are transferred by a higher or central authority to the institutions or organizations at the lower levels, thereby providing to the latter adequate incentive for autonomous functioning for the development of its particular local district people in India. There are many developmental benefits for the people because of the functioning of district administration in their respective local district level in India.

Constitutional Status of the Presidents of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the USA

The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the constitutional statuses of the Presidents of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ROK) and the United States. The study was conducted according to the relevant provisions of the Constitution of the studied countries and according to the criteria: form of placement; form of government; presidential elections and powers; censorship established for presidential candidates, etc. The peculiarities of the legal status of the institution of the presidency of these countries were noted, including the following issues: participation in the formation of the upper house of the Parliament, ministries and other government bodies; interaction with the Parliament and judicial branches of the Government; powers in the field of defense and security; international relations; lawmaking, etc. Purpose: to reveal the content of the legal status of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to reveal the doctrinal, specific, normative legal status of the head of state, to analyze the features of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, his normative and actual status. The article evaluates the constitutional and legal status of the President of Kazakhstan in relation to the administrative and legal status, analyzes the status positions of the ‘President’ as the head of the state and the highest official performing the functions of public administration in the context of constitutional foundations. Methodology: the methodological basis of the research as well as the work is based on a set of scientific methods of phenomena cognition: comparative Jurisprudence, the method of dogmatic analysis of legal acts, etc., which made it possible to identify the problems of the constitutional and legal status of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to establish the fact of combining elements of the super-presidential form of the government. The results and their significance: therefore, based on the results of a comparison between the presidential institutions of the United States and Kazakhstan, the right to address the Parliament, the participation of the Senate in the appointment, approval, election of officials proposed by the President, the right of veto, the General Command of the Armed Forces, one person cannot be a president for more than two consecutive terms.

Transformation of the Legal Personality of Participants in Public Legal Relations (on the Example of Executive Authorities)

Such a category as “publicity” implies, first of all, the openness of a certain space of interaction between certain agents, and in this regard, the content of the concept of public policy is determined through free communication between its agents. In Part 3 of Article 132 of the Basic Law, the category “unified system of public power in the Russian Federation” is legally fixed. Public authorities and local self-government bodies are included in this system. At the same time, it is not always possible to orient oneself correctly in the field of the legal personality of the body. Executive authorities carry out two basic functions: an administrative function, within which the powers to execute laws and administrative and administrative powers (including discretionary) are exercised, and a governmental (political) function. Analysis and synthesis, generalization, analogy and modeling. The methods allowed us to build a system of arguments, on the basis of which we came to scientifically sound conclusions and results. The article reflects the legal personality and characteristic features of executive authorities. On the basis of legal personality, competence is formed, which represents a set of legally established ways of performing public functions and is an artificially constructed concept by scientists to characterize the subject of law, consisting of three structural elements: legal capacity, capability and delictability.

Military Administrations as a Subject of Power

The operation of the state during a specific period is influenced by the establishment of specialized governing bodies or changes in the legal status of existing entities. This is precisely what military administrations are as special subjects of power, commencing their activities after the implementation of the legal regime of martial law and possessing extensive powers and rights. The relevance of the scientific research topic lies in the emergence of new legal relations, including the composition of subjects, requiring additional analysis. The imposition of the legal regime of martial law across the entire territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, was prompted by a full-scale military aggression against Ukraine. Consequently, a comprehensive change in the mechanisms of state functioning necessitates thorough and detailed study, encompassing both theoretical and practical aspects. The theoretical foundation for the research draws from the works of scholars such as V.Y. Bohdanovych, S.O. Kuznichenko, V.V. Dulger, V.Y. Shevchenko, Y. Yakovchuk, S.M. Melnyk, and others. The normative and legal basis encompasses the Constitution of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine on the legal regime of martial law, on local state administrations, decrees of the President of Ukraine, and other legal acts. The article delves into the legislative concept of military administration, as well as the regulatory and legal aspects of their activities. Based on the research results, the author proposes the definition «military administration» and explores the classification of military administrations by subordination and administrative-territorial principles. The issue of appointing the heads of military administrations is examined in the context of verifying their competence and suitability for the position. Conclusions drawn from the elaborated scientific- theoretical and legal foundation shed light on the functioning of military administrations as special subjects of power, identifying shortcomings in their operation and suggesting possible solutions. This approach aims to eliminate legislative gaps and contribute to enhancing the defense capability of the state and elevating the level of functioning of its institutions.

The Adoption of Council-Manager Model of Governance in Croatia: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this study was to explore the receptiveness of Croatian local governmental officials in adopting a council-manager reform model of governance, given the low administrative and fiscal capacities of many Croatian cities. We surveyed all 128 cities in Croatia with a response rate of 48% ( n = 61). Sixty-two percent of top administrators were skeptical that this reform model was feasible. Our data suggest a desire of city administrators for shielding administrative functions from political ones as half of all respondents felt political pressure in budgeting and personnel issues. This was amplified through the qualitative data where respondents cited political parties’ control in city administration and interference in administrative functions. Chief obstacles to implementing reform components focused on concerns about the political influence of politicians.

On Some Aspects of the Activity of the Ussr State Arbitration in 1946–1953

For the Soviet Union, which won the Great Patriotic War and made a decisive contribution to the victory of the Allies in World War II, the post-war period was marked by the urgent need for a forced recovery of the economy suffering seriously as a result of significant human losses, the destruction of industrial enterprises, disruption in logistics links, the interruption of trade relations between various subjects of socialist economy. The State Arbitration of the USSR as a body with judicial and administrative functions became one of the state mechanisms to carry out the restoration process in the post-war Soviet economy. In this historical period the resolution of disputes between economic entities, as well as control over the execution of decisions on these disputes pursued the goal to ensure the smooth functioning and interaction of Soviet enterprises and institutions. Through the use of narrative, historical-comparative, chronological and statistical methods of historical research the article, based on a wide range of historical literature and archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, reveals an attempt to analyze the activities of the USSR State Arbitration in the period from 1946 to 1953, since during this period the activities of the body were directly related to restoration of the post-war Soviet economy. In order to identify the main activities of the USSR State Arbitration in the post-war period related to the restoration of the post-war Soviet economy, the paper pays great attention to the statistical data contained in archival sources. Noting the role of the USSR State Arbitration in the system of state authorities, with the activities aimed at the accelerated resolution of the economic tasks set, the article also reveals the work made to improve the State Arbitration’s own effectiveness. The article describes the historical situation in which State Arbitration had to function and develop after the Great Patriotic War.

Online education and learning management system usage in a South African Economic and management faculty during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the rapid move of Higher Education from face-to-face to online formats worldwide; initially referred to as emergency remote teaching. As Higher Education transitions into a “new normal” of online and blended education, how educators had transitioned to online spaces at an historically Black and disadvantaged university in South Africa was explored; more specifically, how educators were using the Sakai learning management system (LMS)/virtual learning environment (VLE). This study investigated the instructional design and educational-soundness of online pedagogical practices. To this end, forty-eight (48) online undergraduate course sites from an Ecnomic and Management Sciences faculty were reviewed from nine departments and programmes, according to socio-constructivist and Universal Design of Learning (UDL) principles. It was found that Sakai LMS/VLE tool usage was skewed towards administrative, evaluative and management functions over pedagogical functions: communication (83%), evaluation (83%), content (71%), monitoring (67%), and collaboration (52%). While most courses included varied types of learning activities, they were dominated by traditional and passive approaches, and less inter/active approaches: acquisition (89%), practice (71%), production (64%), discussion (35%), collaboration (31%), and investigation (8%). The results from this study will guide future staff development initiatives to improve LMS/VLE instructional design and online educational practice. Future research includes qualitative exploration of both staff and student experiences. Implications for equity, social justice and transformation in South African Higher Education, and related contexts, are emphasised.

U.S. Military Humanitarianism and the United Nations

While the United Nations (U.N.) is typically seen as a major humanitarian actor—that is, an organization committed to alleviating human suffering and improving human welfare, it is not often thought of as a military power. But that is one of the many functions that the U.N. has adopted since its origin in 1945. For over seventy years, the U.N. Secretariat—the international bureaucracy responsible for the U.N. organization's executive and administrative functions—has conducted long-term expeditionary military operations across the globe in the form of peacekeeping and observer missions. The military wing of U.N. operations has only continued to grow in the twenty-first century. As of July 2023, 87,544 peacekeepers were deployed on active operations. And that number is lower than in the recent past, down from a height of 107,805 in April 2015.1 During that time, only the United States has regularly maintained more foreign-deployed forces than the U.N.