Administration Of Thyroid Research Articles

RENAL FUNCTION IN EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER AND MYXOEDEMA

The morbid physiology of thyrotoxicosis and myxoedema has been extensively studied, particularly those aspects of it which deal with the cardiovascular system, the blood, and inorganic salt and general metabolism. Very little attention has been paid to the functional activity of the kidneys in these two conditions in spite of the fact that Fenwick (1), who shared with Murray the introduction of thyroid administration in myxoedema, was more impressed with the diuretic than with any other action of the gland substance. On theoretical grounds one would expect a difference in the renal activity of exophthalmic goiter and myxoedema because of a number of circulatory antitheses, namely, the volume flow of blood (2), the circulation rate (3), the pulse rate, the pulse pressure, and the plasma volume (4). All these factors should tend to increase the renal function in exophthalmic goiter and to decrease it in myxoedema. The only data on this subject that we have found in the literature are some average figures by...

Heat sensitiveness: Report of a case

1. 1. A case is presented of a young male adult with hives brought on by any elevation of body temperature. He was found to have a lowered basal metabolic rate and was completely relieved by the administration of thyroid. 2. 2. Some of the American literature of reports of similar cases is discussed in an effort to place these cases more definitely in the field of allergy.

The Effect of Thyroid Administration On the Blood Cholesterol

In a previous investigation (1) it was ascertained that the amount of cholesterol present in the serum of psychotic patients shows certain variations from the normal, and that it is influenced by the acuteness of the mental condition. Hypercholesterinæmia is usual in all forms of mental disorder except imbecility, and a fall in blood cholesterol content occurs during attacks of excitement, agitation or confusion. These results suggested an association between the blood cholesterol and the nervous system, probably by way of the sympathetic and endocrine gland systems.

Sympathetic Activity After Prolonged Administration of Thyroxin.

Innumerable “acute” experiments have been reported in the literature on the effect of thyroid administration on the pressor response of laboratory animals to adrenaline. The results have been in the main ambiguous. In contrast to these experiments, in this work an effort was made to insure a hyperthyroid condition of the animal by the long-continued administration of thyroxin. Large vigorous cats were selected. Some were first fed Squibb's thyroxin tablets daily and then received daily intravenous injections of synthetic thyroxin (Hoffmann-La Roche). Others received the intravenous injections alone from the beginning of the period of thyroxin treatment. The total amount of thyroxin given per cat varied from 40 to 80 mg. The length of period of thyroxin administration varied from 35 to 57 days. At the end of that time blood pressure tracings were made from the carotid artery in the usual manner before and after the intravenous injection of a constant dose of adrenaline chloride (0.3 cc. per kg. of a 1:100,000 solution in saline). Paraldehyde (1.5 cc. per kg.) given by tube on an empty stomach was used as an anesthetic, as suggested by the work of Luckhardt and Koppanyi. Sodium citrate (10% solution) served as an anticoagulant. Since some animals proved resistant to the action of thyroxin, only those were taken for the measurement of the pressor effect of adrenaline that showed a decided loss of body weight, 450 to 1000 gm. (1/3 to 1/7 of the original body weight). Five animals were finally chosen. Thirteen normal cats, treated exactly as those in the thyroxin series except for the administration of thyroxin, served as controls. Averages of the results for both series were as follows: The data clearly show that the same dose of adrenaline produces in the hyperthyroid cat a rise in blood pressure averaging 106% higher than in the normal control animals.

Electrocardiographic record of a paroxysmal cardiac irregularity as a manifestation of thyroid administration

Electrocardiographic record of a paroxysmal cardiac irregularity as a manifestation of thyroid administration

Creatine Excretion in Artificial Hyperthyroidism.

An attempt was made to produce creatinuria in 3 individuals by the ingestion of thyroid extract. Palmer has recently reported that creatine is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from hyperthyroidism and that under iodine medication this excretion tends to disappear. Creatine determinations were made by the method of Folin. Tests for acetone and diacetic acid in the urine were negative. The first subject, an arterio-sclerotic individual of 63, having an initial basal metabolic rate of —22, was placed on a meat-free diet with 1.25 gm. of protein per kilogram of body weight. After observing his creatinine excretion he received gr. 19 of thyroid extract (Armour) over a 6-day period, then gr. 6 daily over a 4-day period, then gr. 9 daily for 8 days, and finally gr. 6 daily for 16 days. Creatine appeared in the urine on the second day of thyroid administration, disappeared on the twelfth, and then rose to a maximum excretion of 483 mg. on the twentieth day of the experiment. This coincided with a B.M.R. of +33. When the dose of thyroid was decreased to gr. 6 daily and 1 cc. of Lugol's solution was given twice a day for 7 days the creatine excretion fell to 100-150 mg. a day. This was not an iodine effect, however, as continued administration of thyroid without iodine was not sufficient to maintain metabolism at its previous high levels or to increase creatine excretion. The average daily excretion of creatinine amounted to 1350 mg. During the experiment this fell to a level averaging 1050-1100 mg. The complete figures are shown in the accompanying chart. The second subject, a normal male of 29, having an initial B.M.R. of −5, on an unrestricted diet, took daily doses of thyroid extract (Burroughs and Wellcome) increasing from gr. 10 to gr. 35. Urine collections were irregular but there was a creatine excretion of 36-221 mg. per day in the earlier part of the experiment without significant changes in the excretion of creatinine.

DIURETIC ACTION OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT-COLLIP IN CERTAIN EDEMATOUS PATIENTS

In 1925, Davidson¹recorded a case of hypothyroidism with nephrosis and tetany. Preliminary treatment with thyroid gland produced some loss of weight and an increase in the volume of urine. Subsequent treatment with parathyroid extract-Collip not only relieved the tetany but caused a rapid subsidence of the edema. Mason²observed a patient with chronic nephritis, slight edema and hypocalcemia. Tetany was not observed. Parathyroid extract-Collip was given. Within two days the urine volumes increased and a remarkable readjustment of the altered chemical constituents of the blood occurred, with relief of the symptoms of acute depression in renal function. Since the report of these cases, it has been possible for me to observe similar results in three edematous patients with nephritis. While these observations were in progress, Meakins³read a paper before the Association of American Physicians concerning the effects of administration of thyroid and parathyroid preparations to

Changes in oxygen consumption during metamorphosis induced by thyroid administration in the axolotl

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 64, Issue 3 p. 267-278 ArticleFree Access Changes in oxygen consumption during metamorphosis induced by thyroid administration in the axolotl J. Bělehrádek, J. BělehrádekSearch for more papers by this authorJ. S. Huxley, J. S. HuxleySearch for more papers by this author J. Bělehrádek, J. BělehrádekSearch for more papers by this authorJ. S. Huxley, J. S. HuxleySearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 December 1927 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1927.sp002436Citations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume64, Issue3December 29, 1927Pages 267-278 RelatedInformation

STUDIES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

Experimental hyperthyroidism in urodele larvae (Amblystoma) and anuran larvae (Rana, Bufo, and Hyla) is accompanied by definite changes in bile color. The normal pale green, or pale yellow-green, color of the full gall bladder changes progressively after thyroid administration to a brighter green, then emerald-green, and finally a very dark green. In several hundred observations no exceptions were noted. The bile pigment, biliverdin (and its derivatives), is elaborated from the hemoglobin of worn out erythrocytes. Thyroid administration induces an increased rate of erythrocyte destruction, and this is followed by an increased output of bile pigment. Other minor factors are mentioned which may to a limited extent modify the color of the bile. Erythrocyte destruction occurs largely by enucleation, cytoplasmic segmentation, and fragmentation, and is probably widespread in the body. Many fragments and senile red cells collect in the liver. During the later stages of thyroid treatment the macrophages become conspicuously active. They are especially abundant in the liver, the gut, and the gills. In addition to the hemoglobin eliminated after transformation into bile pigment, some is transported by macrophages through the gut lining, and to a less extent through the involuting gill epithelium, and thus eliminated from the body.

A Retardation in the Rate of Metamorphosis of the Colorado Axolotl by Injection of Anterior Hypophyseal Fluid

ABSTRACT In 1922, the author with I. P. Smith, reported in a brief abstract that the intraperitoneal injection of fresh anterior hypophyseal fluid slowed decisively the environmentally-produced metamorphosis of the Colorado axolotl (A. tigrinum). In a second abstract (Smith and Smith, 1923), it was shown that the injection of fresh anterior lobe fluid also diminished the metamorphic stimulus afforded by thyroid administration. Since the appearance of these abstracts, Hogben (1923) has reported opposite effects, namely, that the intraperitoneal injection of a commercial anterior lobe extract caused a rapid metamorphosis of the normal unoperated Mexican axolotl (A. tigrinum) and even of thyroidectomized individuals of this species. Spaul (1924 a), using the same commercial preparation as Hogben, confirmed the results of this investigator in the unoperated axolotl and found in addition that the metamorphic rate of the tadpole was greatly accelerated. More recently, Spaul (1924 b) tested some twelve commercial anterior pituitary preparations for the presence or absence of a principle which would metamorphose the axolotl. He found that only two of these produced what he terms “the appropriate response,” namely, metamorphosis ; the other ten gave negative results. He assumed that these ten preparations contained some inhibitory substance which prevented the principle inducing metamorphosis from expressing itself. The opposite assumption might seem as reasonable, namely, that the ten preparations, because of their great numerical majority, gave “the appropriate response,” and that the two preparations inducing metamorphosis contained some unusual substance giving an atypical response.

XXI.—Rejuvenation of the Aged Fowl through Thyroid Medication

In order to examine the hypothesis, so ably enunciated by the Steinach school, that senility is a phase of life that is attended by, perhaps even caused by, the inefficient functioning of one or more of the components of the endocrine system, the writer set out upon a series of attempts to evoke rejuvenation in the aged fowl. In a previous communication (Crew, 1925) an account was given of an unsuccessful attempt to produce this result in the aged cock by means of unilateral vasoligation. In this paper the results of thyroid administration to aged birds of both sexes are reviewed.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND BILATERAL SYMMETRY: OBSERVATIONS UPON FORELIMB ERUPTION IN FROG LARVÆ UNDER TREATMENT WITH THYROID AND THYMUS EXTRACTS

The bilaterally symmetrical development of the frog larva is affected in a definite way by experimental hyperthyroidism. Normally in tadpole metamorphosis the left forelimb erupts first in about 70 per cent. of cases. With thyroid-accelerated metamorphosis of half-grown tadpoles practically 100 per cent. will put out the left forelimb first. Of 133 thyroid-treated animals of this kind every one protruded the left forelimb first. In the case of full-grown tadpoles already near the time of forelimb eruption, thyroid treatment may be followed during the first two days by some prior right forelimb eruptions; thereafter prior left forelimb eruption obtains. In other words, an original bias of an animal toward prior right forelimb eruption may not be changed by thyroid administration within two days.This effect of the thyroid on symmetrical development is explicable in terms of the original asymmetrical pattern of the respiratory apparatus (i. e., sinistrally located spiracle) coupled with the close anatomical ...

THE EFFECT OF SINGLE DOSES OF THYROID GLAND ON FOWLS

In a former article* were published the results of three years of observation on the effects of feeding fowls thyroid gland. The usual symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as increased excitability, polydipsia, polyphagia, tremors and diarrhea, were recorded. Four peculiar phenomena hitherto unnoticed were described: (1) Premature “experimental” moulting; (2) Replacement of the former colored feathers by depigmented white feathers; (3) From prolonged toxic dosing neuropathological symptoms marked by depression alternating with flashes of excitability, followed by cessation of co-ordinated movements; (4) From further administrations of large doses, death preceded by characteristic tremors. In all these experiments daily, systematic administration of thyroid or preparations of the gland were employed. This method required much time and trouble, and at the periods of acute poisoning the fowls had to be fed artificially twice a day. Attempts at simplification were therefore made.

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Royal Society, February 12.—H. Muir Evans: A contribution to the anatomy and physiology of the air-bladder and Weberian ossicles in Cyprinidse. In Cyprinida? the air-bladder is constricted, so as to form an anterior and posterior chamber connected by a short duct. The Weberian mechanism is designed to conduct vibrations and not to register variations of pressure. The nerve-ganglion regulates tension of anterior sac and thus allows it to receive vibrations: it controls the sphincters and prevents undue lowering of tension when the pneumatic duct is open, and excess of tension due to pressure of gas in the posterior sac.- J. S. Huxley: Studies on amphibian metamorphosis. II. It is not always possible to induce metamorphosis of the axolotl by enforced air-breathing in a con siderable number of specimens. This may be due to genetic differences between strains. When axolotls are so treated the dorsal fin falls over and fuses completely with the skin of the back. By using urethane it was found possible to keep frog tadpoles in narcosis for 8-12 days. If previously treated with thyroid, they metamorphosed as rapidly as controls. An atmosphere of oxygen is deleterious to tadpoles, and retards metamorphosis. A mixture of air and oxygen containing 40 per cent, oxygen allows meta morphosis to proceed at the same rate as in air. The dorsal fin of male newts which is developed in the breeding season is not caused to regress by administra tion of thyroid, unlike the larval fin-crest occupying the same position.-A. S. Parkes and J. C. Drummond: Effects of vitamin-B deficiency on reproduction. In a buck rat on a diet totally deficient in vitamin-B degeneration of testes and sterility ensue. The amount of degeneration can be generally correlated both with degree of deficiency and time on the diet. The fecundating power of the buck can be definitely correlated with degree of deficiency. Size of litter, however, shows little variation. The proportion of males among the young decreases.-A. Dendy: On an orthogenetic. series of growth forms in certain tetraxonid sponge-spicules. The so-called strept-asters or siliceous spicules of the Theneidae and Pachastrellidae are not asters, and the spirally twisted axis which they exhibit is not an elongated centrum. They are really derivatives of the primitive triact, which have arisen in accordance with a remarkable law of growth. These spicules, for which the name "dichotriacts "is proposed, appear to form an orthogenetic series of growth-forms, probably re presenting both a phylogenetic and an ontogenetic series. As in true asters, the increase in the number of rays is accompanied by diminution in size.-C. E. Walker: The meiotic phase in Triton (Molge vulgaris). As is the case in the ordinary somatic mitoses, the univalent filament splits in the telophase of the somatic division immediately preceding the 1st meiotic (heterotype) division. These semivalent threads rejoin in the early prophase; the univalent filaments thus formed join longitudinally, and at the anaphase whole somatic chromosomes are distributed to the daughter cells. The splitting of the univalent filament in the telophase of the last somatic division is not consummated until the 2nd meiotic division, when the chromosomes split into longitudinal halves. The 1st meiotic division is a unique phenomenon interpolated between two mitoses providing for the equal distribution of whole chromosomes.-W. E. Alkins: Clausilia bidentata (Strom) and Cl. cravenensis (Taylor): a statistical inquiry into the relationship of two similar species. Clausilia bidentata is widely spread in Britain and elsewhere; Cl. cravenensis occurs only in a restricted area in the north of England, and its specific status has generally been questioned. The altitude, diameter, and diameter/altitude ratio in series of each species collected from limited loci in which both species live together in the same habitat, have been studied. While both species, and especially bidentata, are highly variable, and though local races may be distinguished within cravenensis, the two forms are clearly separated by biometric criteria, and there is no evidence of intermediate forms.

ADIPOSIS DOLOROSA

In October, 1921, Drs. H. I. Davis and Seymour J. Cohen 1 presented before the Chicago Neurological Society a case of adiposis dolorosa with diminished sugar tolerance. The case reported here presents the opposite condition, increased sugar tolerance. It is of additional interest in the association of epileptiform attacks and, finally, because of the marked improvement following the administration of thyroid and pituitary substance. REPORT OF CASE A white woman, aged 19, was referred to us because of unconscious spells, with and without convulsive movements. The first of her attacks occurred in November, 1923. She suddenly lost consciousness, fell, frothed at the mouth, and had general convulsive movements. Similar attacks had recurred ever since, eleven days having been the longest interval between the seizures. She also had been having brief spells of unconsciousness unaccompanied by convulsive movements (petit mal). The attacks averaged ten or twelve a day, and were diurnal

THE USE OF THEOBROMIN SODIO SALICYLATE (DIURETIN) IN THE TREATMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS

Hydrocephalus results when there is an excessive secretion of spinal fluid, or diminished absorption.¹A number of ingenious surgical procedures have been devised for the relief of hydrocephalus, and at times brilliant results have been obtained. The operative mortality, however, is extremely high. Repeated lumbar or ventricular puncture is generally used as a means of controlling the rapidity of development of hydrocephalus. Medical means of controlling the secretion or absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid have, up to the present time, met with indifferent success. There is some evidence that the administration of thyroid by mouth diminishes the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid.²In general, however, thyroid therapy in hydrocephalus has been disappointing. In the course of some observations on edema,³it was found that when the surface tension of the blood was low, fluids tended to pass out of the blood and into serous cavities and intercellular spaces,

THE EFFECT OF THYROID ADMINISTRATION ON THE EYE OF THE FROG TADPOLE

It is well known that the feeding of thyroid extract to frog larvae accelerates the process of metamorphosis. One aspect of this change, which may readily be noted a few days after the first thyroid administration, is a definite protrusion of the eyeballs. Huxley and Hogben 1 have pointed out that this is apparently comparable to the exophthalmic condition in man associated with exophthalmic goiter. The object of the present study is to determine as nearly as possible the mechanism by which the change in the eye of the thyroid-treated tadpole is accomplished. Tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) of about 6 cm. in length constitute the material used. Microscopic examinations of eyes from normal tadpoles, and of eyes from animals killed at intervals varying from one to thirty-three days after the first thyroid feeding, supply the data on which the conclusions are based.2These observations are supplemented by gross anatomic dissections of

THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN CRETINISM AND IN MONGOLIAN IDIOCY

It has been supposed for some time that the T-wave in the electrocardiogram is high in hyperthyroidism and low, absent or even inverted in hypothyroidism. White and Aub1made a study of a series of twenty-seven cases of thyroid disease in adult patients in this hospital, to determine if there was any parallelism between the basal metabolism and the amplitude of the electrocardiographic T-wave. They found a very limited parallelism, practically none in hyperthyroid cases, but a considerable degree in hypothyroid cases. It was observed that the administration of thyroid in cases of hypothyroidism caused the T-wave to increase under treatment. Zondek2reported observations on the heart in myxedema, in 1918 and 1919, in which he found that the heart, shown by roentgenogram, was enlarged, that the pulse action was weak with a slow rate, and that the blood pressure was normal. In the electrocardiogram he found both

THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LEUCOCYTES DURING COINCIDENT REGENERATION AND THYROID-INDUCED METAMORPHOSIS IN THE FROG LARVA, WITH A CONSIDERATION OF GROWTH FACTORS

1. Coincident progressive and regressive changes are induced in the tail of the frog larva by simultaneous thyroid administration and removal of a portion of the tail. The rate of growth of the regenerating tail is greatest in animals not treated with thyroid, next greatest in animals treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, somewhat less in animals treated with thyroid simultaneously with tail removal, and least in those treated with thyroid 2 days before removal of the tail. 2. The leucocytes chiefly concerned are neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, hemoblasts, and lymphoid phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages). The neutrophils further tissue lysis, the lymphoid phagocytes remove tissue débris. The lymphocytes are apparently not numerous enough to exert any important growth-promoting influence. The hemoblasts represent merely a part of the general reaction to thyroid treatment. Eosinophils are absent except for a few that appear in the late stages. Basophils of mesenchymal origin are present in the later stages of thyroid-treated animals. These appear to differentiate further into eosinophils. 3. The rate and amount of growth are correlated directly with the degree of crowding of cells, and inversely with the degree of vascularity. The greatest crowding and least vascularity occur in animals not treated with thyroid, somewhat less crowding and greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, still less crowding and somewhat greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid at the time of tail removal, and finally, least crowding and greatest vascularity occur in animals treated with thyroid 2 days before tail removal. These results support the views of Burrows (4) upon the mechanism of growth stimulation of cells.

An unusual sensitizing action of thyroid substance on the effect of epinephrin in man.

During a study on the behavior of the autonomic nervous system in man, the following observation was made: A woman 27 years old, suffering from hypothyroidism received epinephrin, 0.015 mg. per kilogram of body weight (total 1.16 mg.) (tablets of Parke, Davis and Company) solution 1:1000, subcutaneously. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the pulse rate were recorded for 95 minutes following the injection. Readings were made at intervals averaging three minutes. The chart shows that there was only a slight rise (max. 12 mm.) in the systolic and a relatively marked fall (max. 34 mm.) in the diastolic blood pressure. The pulse rate showed a maximum increase of 22 beats per min. The patient felt comfortable during and following the test except for a slight tremor lasting a few minutes. Following the injection of epinephrin the patient took an average of 0.8 gm. (14 gr.) of dessicated thyroid substance (Burroughs, Wellcome Tabloids) daily for seven weeks (47 gm. or 780 gr., total). During the last three weeks the patient experienced occasional tremor of the fingers, perspiration, a sensation of warmth and was excitable. She lost 11 1/2 pounds in weight in the last four weeks of the thyroid administration. The basal metabolism (Miss L.) was 87.5 per cent with respiratory quotient 0.803 before taking thyroid, and 109 per cent with respiratory quotient 0.769 following the administration of the substance.