Adjoining Spaces Research Articles

Harnessing Maxwell’s demon to establish a macroscale concentration gradient

Maxwell’s demon describes a thought experiment in which a ‘demon’ regulates the flow of particles between two adjoining spaces, establishing a potential gradient without appearing to do work. This seeming paradox led to the understanding that sorting entails thermodynamic work, a foundational concept of information theory. In the past centuries, many systems analogous to Maxwell’s demon have been introduced in the form of molecular information, molecular pumps and ratchets. Here we report a functional example of a Maxwell’s demon that pumps material over centimetres, whereas previous examples operated on a molecular scale. In our system, this demon drives directional transport of o-fluoroazobenzene between the arms of a U-tube apparatus upon light irradiation, transiting through an aqueous membrane containing a coordination cage. The concentration gradient thus obtained is further harnessed to drive naphthalene transport in the opposite direction.

Influence of the Physical Attributes of Boundary Walls on the Perceived Sociability of the Adjoining Public Space

As part of the proliferation of security concerns and privatization of space, the consideration of boundary walls in contributing to the publicness of public spaces is limited to their presence and level of visual accessibility. However, as one of the interstitial configurations of street edges, the enabling capacity of the physical attributes of boundary walls in influencing the perceived sociability of the adjoining space has hardly been investigated. The contribution of boundary walls towards the publicness of public spaces is dependent on the intensity of their physical attributes. Physical features, surface uses, physical access, and visual access conditions are the attributes of boundary walls that not only represent the intended levels of control, but also latently reveal the intrinsic association with the adjoining space. Premised on the interaction between objective and subjective measurements, in this study, these physical attributes of boundary walls are measured in terms of their contribution to the publicness of public spaces, while the perceived sociability of the adjoining space is measured through a questionnaire survey in positive and ambiguous space types. The physical boundaries of eleven positive spaces and twelve ambiguous space types in Tiruchirappalli city in the state of Tamil Nadu, India are identified, and the differences in the perceived sociability of the adjoining spaces are analyzed with respect to the physical attributes of boundary walls and the presence of sidewalk. This study has found that the physical features, surface uses, visual access, and the varying conditions of the abutting space of boundary walls influence the perceived sociability of the adjoining space.

Influence of the Physical Attributes of Boundary Walls on the Perceived Sociability of the Adjoining Public Space

As part of the proliferation of security concerns and privatization of space, the consideration of boundary walls in contributing to the publicness of public spaces is limited to their presence and level of visual accessibility. However, as one of the interstitial configurations of street edges, the enabling capacity of the physical attributes of boundary walls in influencing the perceived sociability of the adjoining space has hardly been investigated. The contribution of boundary walls towards the publicness of public spaces is dependent on the intensity of their physical attributes. Physical features, surface uses, physical access, and visual access conditions are the attributes of boundary walls that not only represent the intended levels of control, but also latently reveal the intrinsic association with the adjoining space. Premised on the interaction between objective and subjective measurements, in this study, these physical attributes of boundary walls are measured in terms of their contribution to the publicness of public spaces, while the perceived sociability of the adjoining space is measured through a questionnaire survey in positive and ambiguous space types. The physical boundaries of eleven positive spaces and twelve ambiguous space types in Tiruchirappalli city in the state of Tamil Nadu, India are identified, and the differences in the perceived sociability of the adjoining spaces are analyzed with respect to the physical attributes of boundary walls and the presence of sidewalk. This study has found that the physical features, surface uses, visual access, and the varying conditions of the abutting space of boundary walls influence the perceived sociability of the adjoining space.

Sacred green spaces in semi-urban areas sustain more birds than its adjacent areas: A study from lower Gangetic plains, West Bengal, India

Abstract With rapid urban expansion and flourishing real estate sector, remaining green patches in many sub-urban/peri-urban areas are facing immense threat and/or being destroyed. We therefore, explored the avian abundance and richness of green spaces around temples (sacred sites) and compared them with adjoining green spaces without religious places (control sites). The species richness and abundance in sacred sites (12.16 ± 0.65 species; 25.54 ± 1.176 individuals) was significantly higher than control sites (6.31 ± 0.77 species; 20.04 ± 1.4 individuals). The compositions of avian communities of sacred sites were significantly different and the presence of temple positively influenced the species richness. GLMM also revealed that the species richness was positively influenced by the distance to building and tree cover area and not influenced by distance to road, areas of water body, bare land. Our findings indicate that the green spaces around the sacred places have greater avian diversity in semi-urban areas, and could be prioritized for the conservation of avian diversity. Generating local support could be relatively easier due to traditional, religious and/or cultural belief against tree felling around the places of worship.

The Effect of Different Specifications of Passive Spaces on Residents’ Satisfaction in Adjoining Spaces ‎within a ‎Hot Dry ‎Climate

Passive spaces are a passive design strategy that aims to reduce energy ‎consumption ‎and increase ‎user ‎satisfaction ‎in buildings. One ‎example of passive space is ‎the air shaft. The air ‎shaft ‎is a ‎vertical void within the building from the ground level to the roof level, and it ‎provides the ‎building with ‎natural ‎ventilation ‎and ‎daylight, ‎especially in deep-plan ‎buildings. However, ‎the ‎function of the ‎air ‎shaft ‎is ‎questioned ‎due to its impacts on residents’ needs. ‎This ‎study assesses the effects of air ‎shaft ‎specifications on ‎residents’ ‎satisfaction with the indoor ‎environment ‎quality of ‎air shafts and ‎adjoining ‎spaces. Survey ‎questionnaires were ‎distributed ‎to ‎residents of ‎apartment ‎buildings. The results ‎proved that air shafts ‎have a ‎significant ‎negative ‎impact on ‎residents’ ‎satisfaction. The ‎findings of cross-tabulation ‎analysis illustrate a significant ‎relationship ‎between ‎the air ‎shafts’ specifications and ‎the ‎residents’ answers.‎ The ‎analysis also showed that the air ‎shafts ‎that are ‎closed from the ‎bottom and include A\C outdoor units ‎have a more negative ‎impact on ‎the thermal ‎environment and ‎air quality. Regarding ‎the air shaft areas, the small areas have ‎a ‎high ‎negative ‎response regarding bad smell, the view, visual ‎and ‎acoustic privacy, and thermal ‎environment. ‎From ‎the ‎indoor ‎environment quality perspective, this ‎study ‎emphasizes ‎the need ‎to consider the ‎impact of ‎air ‎shaft design on a ‎building’s ‎performance ‎and ‎residents’ ‎satisfaction. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of future passive spaces design.

Re-examining Salon Space: Structuring Audiences and Music at Parisian Receptions

AbstractHistorians have viewed nineteenth-century music salons in Paris as concert-like environments where performers and audience gathered in a designated music room. Architectural studies and first-hand accounts, however, show that the music salon incorporated multiple reception rooms, and that guests frequently listened to musical performances from adjoining spaces. While conceptual space has been a subject central to salon studies, this project analyses material space, re-evaluating how the architecture of the salon influenced audience structure, listening modes and compositional practices. This architecture was ultimately central to the development of salon opera, which flourished between 1850 and the 1870s and was epitomized by Gustave Nadaud’s Le docteur Vieuxtemps (1854).

Thermal performance of a novel building wall incorporating a dynamic phase change material layer for efficient utilization of passive solar energy

A new type of wall for building envelope is studied and its performance is analyzed in detail using computational fluid dynamics. The wall is designed to absorb and store passive solar energy during the day in winter and release it to the inside of the building at night. The salient feature of the wall is the presence of a phase change material (PCM) layer within the wall and its ability to switch its position with the insulation layer within the wall. During the day, the PCM layer is sandwiched between the outer brick layer and the insulation while after sunset the PCM swaps position with the insulation. The thermal performance of the proposed wall is compared with those of two analogous walls, one without PCM and the other with a similar static PCM layer. Results show the superior thermal performance of the proposed wall vis-à-vis the other two walls as it could save up to 89% of the energy normally used to heat the adjoining conditioned space during a severely cold winter. Moreover, this saving is realized by using only 0.32 kg of PCM per cubic meter of conditioned space, which is 50% less than previously used by other investigators.

ПРОСТОРОВІ ФАКТОРИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ КОМФОРТНОСТІ МІСЬКОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ВЕЛИКОЇ МІСТА

The conditions and spatial factors for the implementation of national projects are considered. On the example of a large city, the factors of the comfort of the urban environment of a large city are assessed. Variants of effective combination of spatial urban complexes are identified. The purpose of the article is to analyze the spatial factors of assessing the comfort of the urban environment in a large city. The subject of the research is the process of assessing the comfort of the urban environment in a large city. Analytical, historical, statistical, logical, comparative methods were used as research methods. Research hypothesis. By the comfort of the urban space, the authors understand not only the level of the amenities of the adjoining territories, which the developers create at a high aesthetic and practical level. This refers to the convenience of receiving social services and their transport accessibility. Therefore, having successfully sold apartments of the first stage, the developer may and is faced with the problem of selling apartments of the second and subsequent stages of construction. Presentation of the main material. The authors of the article propose to use the original aggregate indicator for the purposes of assessing the comfort of the city - the index of the comfort of the urban environment, with a form already successfully tested in other studies, consisting of 35 private indicators combined into 7 sections: geographical location, level of development of public transport, state of the environment. environment, the level of development of social infrastructure (combined in 3 sections), the arrangement of the adjoining space. Originality and practical value. The problem of the housing stock deficit is gradually weakening and replaced by the problem of the excess of the supply of housing over the demand for it. In the new conditions, a potential buyer of an apartment is interested not only and not so much in its size and price, but also in the environment surrounding the chosen house. On the other hand, the commercial interest of the developer was traditionally manifested in the desire to sell the apartment soon. Research conclusions and prospects for further research. The comfort of the urban environment is becoming an increasingly monetized element of the total cost of purchased housing. Competent use of information about it makes it easier for the developer to offer and sell a particular apartment. In addition, the indicator of the comfort of the urban environment can be actively used in applied studies, for example, in geomarketing research.

Оценка развития придомового озеленения в г. Нур-Султан на основе 3d-моделей, построенных с применением беспилотного летательного аппарата

The article describes the assessment of the areas and spatial distribution of adjoining green spaces as one of the most vulnerable and low studied kind of green spaces in cities. Usually gardening near the residential houses is not legally regulated is being destroyed during the implementation of urban renovation projects. The characteristics of adjoining green spaces were assessed for the city of Nur-Sultan, where, on the one hand, natural properties make green spaces vulnerable, and on the other hand, the acquisition of capital functions increases the value for the urban environment. A large-scale assessment, carried out using unmanned aerial vehicles, has demonstrated its high efficiency in assessing the vertical and horizontal structure of adjacent green spaces and other elements of the city. As a result of aerial imagery sessions for representative key points, a series of orthophotomaps with the horizontal resolution of 3–4 cm and digital terrain models with a horizontal resolution of 3 cm and a vertical resolution of about 4 cm were obtained. These products provided possibility to identify 12 historically established morphotypes of urban buildings, characterized by different levels and types of adjacent landscaping. Using a three-dimensional model of green cover, the average size of the biomass and the density of biomass per 1 m2 of the area in the selected morphotypes of the building were calculated. Territorial differences of adjoining green spaces in the different morphotypes depend on the period of construction, distance from the river, types of the building and urban planning standards typical for the period of the morphotype forming. Losses of the adjoining green spaces during the implementation of the renovation program according to the modern General Plan, excluding restoration, for the city of Nur-Sultan, will be mor than 11.5 % (+/-3.5 %) of the city’s tree cover.

Visual Forms and Color Palette of Francesca Romana’s Holiness at Tor de’ Specchi in Rome

This article explores the two fresco cycles devoted to Saint Francesca Romana (Francesca Bussa de’ Leoni 1384-1440) in the monastery of Tor de’ Specchi in Rome, founded in 1433. The two cycles, created by different painters twenty years apart, are situated in two adjoining spaces of the monastery. The first, attributed to Antoniazzo Romano, was frescoed in 1468 in a space used for prayer and mass (the Oratorio) and represents her charitable actions, miracles, and celestial visions. The second cycle dated to 1485, in terra verde technique, is situated in the ancient refectory and depicts Francesca Romana’s encounter with demonic creatures. Intriguingly, although Francesca was not canonized until 1608, she is presented as a saint in both cycles. We analyze the two parietal decorations in relation to their sources, the Tractato delli visioni di santa Francesca Romana and Tractato delle bactaglie. These two texts were written in Roman vulgar by Francesca’s confessor, Giovanni Mattiotti, in 1447 to record her divine visions and battles with evil. By focusing on selected scenes from both the cycles, we ascertain how closely the images adhere to Mattiotti’s written accounts or, instead, the autonomy of the images. The aim is to grasp how images and words work together in dialogue and how, thanks to this interaction, the different polarities inherent to holiness can be rendered visual. Indeed, whereas the colorful scenes show aspects of holiness linked to a vivifying dimension - Francesca is welcomed into the heavenly realm in the presence of Christ and the Virgin - the terra verde images depict a noxious dimension characterized by light deprivation, indoor spaces, and opposition to the Devil’s torments. Ultimately, by investigating visual forms, material aspects, and narrative strategies, we unearth how Francesca’s sainthood status has been translated and codified.

Management of iatrogenic displacement of maxillary third molar into pterygomandibular space: case report

<p>Third molar surgery is the most common minor oral surgical procedure performed in dental clinics. Displacement of maxillary third molar tooth into adjacent spaces such as infratemporal fossa, maxillary sinus has been reported earlier. We present an unusual case of iatrogenic displacement of maxillary third molar into pterygomandibular space. A 24 year old dental undergraduate reported to Department of Oral surgery with complaints of trismus and swelling in the check region after unsuccessful attempt at extraction of maxillary right third molar tooth. Computed tomography scan localized the tooth in the pterygomandibular space. A surgical removal of the displaced tooth was performed under general anesthesia. Displaced tooth was approached by an intraoral vertical incision along the anterior border of ramus of mandible. Correlating with computed tomography scan, tooth was located and removed followed by suturing of the surgical site. A good knowledge of the operating area and adjoining spaces is essential to avoid iatrogenic damage to tissues during minor oral surgery procedures. Adequate exposure and appropriate instrumentation during surgery can prevent undue complications and ensure quality patient care.</p>

Geometric Optimization of Atriums with Natural Lighting Potential for Detached High-Rise Buildings

Detached high-rise office buildings with more than 15 floors in high density areas have floor plans with large surfaces that prevent natural lighting from entering their central areas. Therefore, artificial lighting is used to substitute the lighting comfort needs of their occupants for a large proportion of operational hours, resulting in high energy expenses for the building. The goal of this study is to evaluate the lighting potential of a central atrium with added clerestories and/or side lighting every four levels in a parametric 15-floor theoretical model and two floor surface areas of 900 m2 and 2500 m2, compared to a 40% glazed surface on façades without solar control devices. A total of 108 geometric variations of the atrium and adjoining spaces were analyzed using a climate-based daylight dynamic simulation method (CBDM), using DIVA-for-Rhino as the integrated evaluation tool in Rhino’s Grasshopper software, where the parametric model was built. The geometric optimization results show the design variables that allowed a significant illuminance of between 60 and 70%, using the Useful Daylighting Illuminance (UDI) indicator in a range of 100 to 2000 lux, demonstrating that the incorporation of atrium spaces as a controlled natural lighting strategy in these buildings is an environmental and sustainable perspective for architectonic design.

Satisfaction evaluation: public space adjacent to low-income housing

In the Mexican context of industrialized social housing production, the objective is to evaluate the level of satisfaction during the process of appropriation and use of the adjoining public space from social housing. It delimits two different analyses between public space and social housing in two dimensions: urban-architectonic and socioeconomic within a qualitative and quantitative methodology. The cases of study are social housing in a condominium (Geovillas del Real) and social housing in an entire district (Los Mangos 1 & 2), in the Metropolitan Area of Poza Rica and Coatzintla, Veracruz, Mexico. We have demonstrated that the purpose and the urban design in this framework have negative consequences. As a result, the physical, the material, and the socio-economic conditions are determining factors of habitability.

Public-private interaction in low-rise, high-density Tokyo. A morphological and functional study of contemporary residential row-houses

The focus of this paper is liveable, low-rise high-density urban morphologies of residential architecture and urban planning practices in Tokyo. Over the last several decades, historically established qualities in cities worldwide are increasingly sacrificed in favour of globalization–led ‘universal’ typologies. Tokyo is not an exception: it is gradually changing to a high-rise, high-density built city environment. From a morphological point of view, the paper demonstrates bioclimatic and cultural disadvantages of such developmental paradigm shift in Tokyo. Presented case studies elaborate upon the ways in which low-rise high-density environments and subsequent urban forms better facilitate human interaction and, consequently, can aid in reducing social isolation and contribute to mental well-being. Presented case studies, observed over the period of six years depict how residential environments created by row-houses can be seen as a collection of adjoining private spaces. The emphasis is on the interconnected set of phenomena: low-rise high-density morphologies, climate-responsive semi-exterior spaces, facilitating human and public-private interaction. The conducted morphological and functional analysis shows how design requirements of bioclimatic responsive semi-exterior space fully coincide with those of desirable public-private interface and human interaction. However, site-specific constraints critically affect spatial configurations of low-rise high-density developments in contemporary Tokyo, emphasizing the requirement for case-by-case attention in design and management of such places. Only design processes conscious of spatial management aware of the potential embedded in the design process can enhance socio-cultural interplay and bioclimatic performance.

Riesgos de Erosión e Inundaciones en las Cuencas Margosas de las Montañas Prerif Orientales (Marruecos): Una Respuesta a Eventos Climáticos Excepcionales o/a la Presión Antropogénica.

The Eastern Rif Mountains are frequently subject to exceptional rainfall events, whose consequences are sometimes disastrous. The impact of these phenomena on environments is more important as the majorities of slopes are bare and subject to strong human influence. The protective natural forests of the slopes are almost destroyed; they currently cover only a few peaks of mountains in the region. They represent 1.84% of the total area of wadi Tleta sub-basin and only 1.32% of the Tarmast wadi sub-basin. However, croplands, occupying respectively 60% and 34% in the two sub-basins, extend even on the steepest slopes. Similarly, the accelerated and uncontrolled human occupation of the urban peripheries, located downstream of the basins, amplifies the vulnerability of these environments to the hydrological hazards, that threaten several sites surrounding the agglomeration of Taza. Thus, the whole region is subject to different degradation processes. Hydric erosion affects the majority of the slopes; it causes excessive sediment production that may exceed 60 t ha -1 year -1 in some sub-basins. Similarly, flood disasters are quite common in the region. The flood of 20/9/2000 is a reference, with a volume estimated at 4 million m 3 (DRH-Sebou 2000). Human and material damage was enormous in the rural centers and in the northern outlying districts of Taza. This contribution aims to present and analyze the combined impacts of the extreme rains and the actions of the human societies on the dynamics of the prerifain environment and its adjoining spaces.

Are Hygromas and Hydrocephalus After Decompressive Craniectomy Caused by Impaired Brain Pulsatility, Cerebrospinal Fluid Hydrodynamics, and Glymphatic Drainage? Literature Overview and Illustrative Cases

Poorly understood cranial fluid accumulations are frequently observed after decompressive craniectomy and often termed "external hydrocephalus." These findings are difficult to explain using traditional models of hydrocephalus. Representative cases, clinical management, and literature overview are presented. We present a hypothesis that abnormal cranial fluid accumulations develop after decompressive craniectomy in a vulnerable subset of patients as a result of 1) the large compliant cranial defect with durotomy causing reduced internal brain expansion, ventricular squeezing, and pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation; 2) impaired pulsatile CSF flow along major cerebral arteries and the adjoining perivascular spaces (Virchow-Robin spaces); 3) reduced clearance of interstitial fluid by the glymphatic system; and 4) redistribution of CSF from the subarachnoid space into the subdural and subgaleal compartments and the ventricles. Closure of the cranial defect with cranioplasty improves cerebral blood flow and CSF pulsatile circulation and is frequently sufficient to resolve the external hydrocephalus.

Evaluating the impact of mass housings' in-between spaces' spatial configuration on users' social interaction

This research examines the impact of in-between space configuration on users' social practices. The effects of different degrees of permeability of these spaces on the social interactions of the inhabitants are also analyzed. This research is based on a comparative approach using space syntax analysis and snapshot observations on four mass housing neighborhoods in Setif, Algeria. The neighborhoods are selected according to their degree of permeability, location in the city, realization period, and syntax measures from integrated to segregated. The activity patterns of two-week days for each study case are observed and recorded. Correlation results of observed social activities and syntactic measures demonstrate that spatial configuration affects people's use of in-between spaces. Moreover, connectivity and clustering coefficients are revealed to be important indicators of social activities. Previous urban studies argued that integrated spaces are mostly used by people. However, social interaction in the studied cases increases in the least connected areas, adjoining spaces to the buildings, and most closed spaces. This research finds that social activities are dependent on the degree of permeability, which when low, gives rise to increased social interaction and activities.

The sustainable intelligent building skins: Facade imitating the tree procces of filtering air, biomimicry architecture

In recent years the facades of building have become incrisingly significant due to unconvencional choices of materials and the use of inovative technology. More and more the external surfaces are beeing percived and designet as an integral part of the building. This skin, a protective mantle defines not only the interior but also the adjoining exterior space. It is visiting card of the building. Today's way of doing architecture should be a vision initiative which includes new ways of thinking about the relationship between construction and the environment, discovering new forms and content, and the assertion that the art of construction is in a new phase which will definitely change the way of our living, always in accordance with the language of nature. In this study we will show examples of how new forms of architectural design imitating nature completely change the old fashioned way of design. Especially Intelligent Façade which is a very efficient form of our impact in nature.

Metalworking at Megiddo during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

Metalworking at Megiddo during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

Molecular Detection of Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Ureaplasma Parvum Colonization in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Background: Early neonatal acquisition of Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) and Ureaplasma parvum (U. parvum), in the 1 st 24 hours after birth and during passage of an infected maternal birth canal, have been linked to the development of respiratory diseases in premature newborns as a result of respiratory tract colonization. However, the role of these pathogens in the development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) still needs more clarification. Objectives: In this study we aimed to search for U. urealyticum and U. parvum in tracheal aspirates of premature infants with RDS by species-specific PCR assays and to evaluate the short term outcome of preterm infants with positive results. Methodology: Tracheal aspirate fluid samples from 35 preterm neonates with RDS with a mean gestational age of (32.76±2.48) weeks were collected within the first 24 hours after birth and analyzed for detection of U. urealyticum and U. parvum by species-specific PCR assays targeting urease gene subunits and adjoining spacer regions. Results: Ureaplasma spp. was detected in the tracheal aspirate of 6 (17%) preterm infants with RDS. Among these 6 positive cases; 5 (83%) were positive for U. parvum while only 1 case (17%) was positive for U. urealyticum. The preterm infants with positive results for Ureaplasma spp. had statistically significant higher degree of RD depending on the chest X ray grading results and longer durations of ventilation and hospitalization. Conclusions: Limited by the relatively small sample size, this work can be considered as a pilot study indicating a possible association between the severity of RDS in preterm infants and respiratory tract (RT) colonization with Ureaplasma spp. particularly U.parvum.