Adjacent Regions Research Articles

Whole-body vibration transmission during resistance vibration exercise

IntroductionResistive exercise combined with whole-body vibration (WBV) and short-arm human centrifugation is being considered as a countermeasure to mitigate muscle and bone loss in astronauts during prolonged space missions. WBV may provide exercise benefits or adverse effects on organs and the lower back. These effects may result from vibration transmitted throughout the body. The objective of this study was to compare vibration transmission (VT) from the ground to the body during resistance vibration exercise (RVE) comprising squat and calf raise performed on a rotational vibration plate. Specifically, we compared VT during RVE in the upright position (URVE) and on a short-arm human centrifuge (artificial gravity, AG) establishing a similar ground reaction force. The latter (AGRVE) is considered a potential countermeasure for microgravity-induced musculoskeletal deconditioning.MethodsFifteen healthy males participated. They were assigned to two groups: one (n = 8) performed URVE at 20% of 1 repetition maximum (RM) squat; the other (n = 7) performed horizontal RVE during AG exposure (AGRVE), with a matching ground reaction force. Both groups were exposed to vibration at 20 Hz and 3–4 mm displacement (RMS value: 4 ± 0.14 g). VT was recorded during two sets of squats and calf raises. Three accelerometers recorded VT at: (i) the platform surface at the feet, (ii) lower back (L5), and (iii) forehead.ResultsIn both conditions, the lower limbs attenuated vibration transmission to the lower back (p < 0.0001). During AGRVE, both VT and pelvis octave-band RMS values were lower compared to URVE in both squat (p = 0.008 and p = 0.01) and calf raise (p = 0.007 and p = 0.01), suggesting potentially greater safety for the lower back.ConclusionDuring RVE, whether in URVE or AGRVE, lower limbs effectively attenuated vibrations, resulting in negligible pelvic exposure. AGRVE may represent a safer alternative to URVE due to reduced transmission to the lower back and adjacent sensitive regions.

Catching CRISPR-Cas9 in Action.

CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized genome editing, yet its structural dynamics and functional properties remain incompletely understood, partly due to limited atomic-level characterization of its active conformation with a full R-loop. Capitalizing on recent advances in Cas9 structural determination, we constructed a catalytic-state Cas9 model bound to a bona fide R-loop and performed an integrated computational investigation. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal substantial conformational heterogeneity in the PAM (protospacer-adjacent motif)-distal nontarget DNA strand and adjacent Cas9 regions, leading to dynamically fluctuating interactions, thereby challenging experimental resolution of the full R-loop complex. Comparative analysis highlights a conformational barrier restricting final activation of the HNH nuclease domain, suggesting that strategic modulation of HNH interactions on its two sides could enhance cleavage efficiency. Furthermore, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations indicate that with H983 protonated at Nε, the RuvC domain favors a phosphate-mediated over a histidine-mediated pathway for nontarget strand cleavage. Additionally, we identify an alternative HNH-mediated target strand cleavage pathway, involving a water nucleophile aligned at the 5' side of the scissile phosphate. Inspired by the basic residue ladder observed in RuvC, we propose extending a similar ladder in HNH to strengthen DNA binding and catalytic activity. Our study provides critical insights into Cas9 structure, dynamics, and catalysis, laying a foundation for the rational design of next-generation CRISPR-Cas9 systems with optimized specificity-efficiency balance.

Lithospheric structure beneath the Upper Indus Basin and its adjacent regions from inversion of surface wave dispersion

Lithospheric structure beneath the Upper Indus Basin and its adjacent regions from inversion of surface wave dispersion

Multi-stage differential exhumation of the West Junggar and adjacent regions, NW China, revealed by regional low-temperature thermochronology

Multi-stage differential exhumation of the West Junggar and adjacent regions, NW China, revealed by regional low-temperature thermochronology

The Heterogeneous Mantle Transition Zone Beneath the Tarim Craton and Adjacent Region: Insight Into the Thermal Processes by the Cenozoic Reactivation

AbstractThe Tarim craton of central Asia, a stable continental block sandwiched between the Tianshan orogen and the Tibetan Plateau, has experienced significant tectonic reactivation due to the Cenozoic India‐Eurasia collision. Previous tomographic studies have identified lithospheric subduction along the Tibet‐Tarim and Tianshan‐Tarim boundaries. However, it is unclear what the fate of the subducted lithosphere is, and how much of it is subducted or detached into the mantle transition zone (MTZ). To investigate these issues, we use the recently deployed portable seismic array inside the Tarim Basin, along with stations in the surrounding regions, to estimate the structure of MTZ with receiver function analysis. Our key findings include: (a) An anomalously thickened MTZ beneath eastern Tarim, confirmed through systematic sedimentary and crustal correction tests to represent a detached cold lithospheric slab rather than near‐surface artifacts; (b) A locally thinned MTZ (∼6 km thinner than the global average) beneath central Tarim, possibly due to hot mantle upwelling potentially triggered by peripheral slab subduction; (c) Along the Tianshan orogen, MTZ thickness variations (thin in western vs. thick in central sections) resemble previous observations, while contrasting MTZ characteristics between Pamir (relatively thin) and Hindu Kush (thickened) regions suggest different slab penetration depths beneath these two regions.

Control of atmospheric deposition and hydrodynamic conditions on black carbon distribution in coastal sediments.

Control of atmospheric deposition and hydrodynamic conditions on black carbon distribution in coastal sediments.

The benefits of elastic full-waveform inversion for subsurface imaging in North Sea shallow-water environments

Until recently, industrial applications of full-waveform inversion (FWI) have, in practice, been limited by the use of the acoustic wave equation, which considers longitudinal (P) wave velocities but ignores shear (S) wave velocities. This simplifies the differential equations involved by reducing both the parameter space and the computational burden of solving these equations. Moreover, it has resulted in acoustic FWI being adopted as the workhorse tool for velocity model building worldwide, supported by many excellent field data examples. However, in areas of complex geology, strong impedance contrasts can generate highly elastic behavior leading to the breakdown of the acoustic assumption. In these cases, accurate earth models cannot be obtained without considering S-wave velocities via the elastic wave equation. With modern computational power and capacity, elastic FWI is now practical on a large scale, albeit still considerably more computationally demanding than its acoustic counterpart. Many previous studies of elastic FWI typically focused on deepwater areas where large salt structures generate strong elastic effects in the observed seismic data. We offer an alternative perspective on elastic FWI, highlighting its value over acoustic FWI in accurately describing elastic effects observed in shallow-water environments, particularly around the chalk packages prevalent throughout much of the North Sea and adjacent regions.

Amyloid-beta peptide toxicity in the aged brain is a one-way journey into Alzheimer’s disease

Aging is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the aging brain shares many characteristics with the early stages of AD. This study investigates the interplay between aging and amyloid-beta (Aβ) induced pathology. We developed an AD-like in vivo model, using the stereotactic injection of Aβ1–42 oligomers into the hippocampi of aged mice. Cognitive impairments were assessed using a Y maze. Immunohistochemical and protein analyses were conducted to evaluate neuronal survival, synaptic function and number, levels of tau hyperphosphorylation, microglial activation, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. We compared baseline aging effects in young adult (3 months) and aged (16-18 months) healthy mice. We found that aged mice displayed significant deficits in working memory, synaptic density and neurogenesis, and an increased basal inflammation. In response to acute injury to the hippocampus with Aβ oligomer injection, aged mice suffered sustained deficits, including impaired cognitive function, further reduced neurogenesis and synaptic density, increased microglial activation, astrogliosis, mitochondrial stress, and lysosomal burden. Furthermore, in the weeks following injury, the aged mice show increased amyloid accumulation, microglial activation and phosphorylated tau propagation, expanding from the injection site to adjacent hippocampal regions. In contrast, the young adult mice exhibited only acute effects without long-term progression of pathology or neurodegeneration. We conclude that the aging brain environment increases susceptibility to an acute Aβ injury, creating fertile soil for the progression of AD, whereas younger brains are able to overcome this injury. The processes of aging should be considered as an integral factor in the development of the disease. Targeting aging mechanisms may provide new strategies for AD prevention and treatment, as well as for other neurodegenerative diseases.

Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of little-pod false flax (Camelina microcarpa: Brassicaceae) in Ukraine

Taxa of the genus Camelina faced numerous hybridization and allopolyploidy events during their evolutionary history. Little-pod false flax, C. microcarpa, a direct wild progenitor of the cultivated oilseed crop C. sativa, is one of the most widespread representatives of the genus. Due to several genetic bottleneck events and subsequent domestication, C. sativa now exhibits low genetic diversity, which significantly complicates its breeding. Camelina microcarpa wild germplasm seems to be a valuable pool of genetic diversity that could be effectively used for gene introgression in C. sativa and overcoming its genetic paucity. However, the genetic diversity and population structure of C. microcarpa remain insufficiently understood, particularly in Ukraine, which is considered among Camelina’s genetic diversity hotspots. Here, we used a combination of TBP/cTBP and SSR markers to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of C. microcarpa in Ukraine and partially in adjacent Western European regions. Three distinct genetic populations have been identified: Southern Ukrainian (predominantly occurring in the Steppe zone), Northwestern Ukrainian (occurring in the Forest-Steppe zone and Precarpathian region, particularly in Lviv Region), and Western European (Poland, Hungary, Germany). Our findings suggest that the Southern Ukrainian population exhibits the highest genetic diversity, possibly representing an ancestral gene pool, while the Northwestern Ukrainian and Western European populations demonstrate evidence of a high gene flow with the Southern Ukrainian population of C. microcarpa. Our phylogenetic analysis confirmed strong differentiation of these three populations, while the population structure analysis further indicated a high rate of admixtures between the populations. These findings enhance our under­standing of the evolutionary relationships and geographic distribution of C. microcarpa. The observed high heterozygosity and complex population structure highlight the potential of C. microcarpa (especially the Southern Ukrainian population) to be used as a germplasm donor for C. sativa breeding programs. Our study provides new insights into hexaploid Camelina species evolution and genetic diversity, establishing foundations for future development of wild germplasm utilization strategies and cultivated false flax breeding improvement.

Diversity of ctenophores from the Cuban Exclusive Economic Zone

ABSTRACT Ctenophores are marine planktonic predators that play pivotal roles in ocean ecosystems, yet their diversity remains understudied in many regions. This study provides the first comprehensive inventory of ctenophore species recorded from Cuban waters within the nation’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and a comparison of Cuban ctenophore assemblages with those of other Atlantic regions. Through extensive literature reviews, database mining, and incorporation of community science data, a total of 14 ctenophore species across two classes, five orders, and seven families were documented. The tentaculate class was dominant, represented by eleven species, while only three species belonged to the nude class. The geographic distribution of species occurring in Cuban waters ranged from widespread like Mnemiopsis leidyi to more restricted species like Ocyropsis maculata and Eurhamphaea sp. Despite limited historical sampling, the data show that Cuba’s ctenophore richness is similar to that of adjacent regions like Mexico and Brazil and, therefore, among the highest in the Atlantic Ocean. A negative relationship between ctenophore species richness and latitude was detected across the Atlantic basin. This checklist establishes a baseline for further investigating ctenophore ecology and biogeography and highlights the need for continued biodiversity monitoring to inform conservation planning in Cuban marine ecosystems.

A simple yet effective approach for predicting disease spread using mathematically-inspired diffusion-informed neural networks

The COVID-19 outbreak has highlighted the importance of mathematical epidemic models like the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model, for understanding disease spread dynamics. However, enhancing their predictive accuracy complicates parameter estimation. To address this, we proposed a novel model that integrates traditional mathematical modeling with deep learning which has shown improved predicted power across diverse fields. The proposed model includes a simple artificial neural network (ANN) for regional disease incidences, and a graph convolutional neural network (GCN) to capture spread to adjacent regions. GCNs are a recent deep learning algorithm designed to learn spatial relationship from graph-structured data. We applied the model to COVID-19 incidences in Spain to evaluate its performance. It achieved a 0.9679 correlation with the test data, outperforming previous models with fewer parameters. By leveraging the efficient training methods of deep learning, the model simplifies parameter estimation while maintaining alignment with the mathematical framework to ensure interpretability. The proposed model may allow the more robust and insightful analyses by leveraging the generalization power of deep learning and theoretical foundations of the mathematical models.

The Negative Elevation‐Dependent Pattern of Non‐Growing Season CO2 Loss From Alpine Frozen Ground

AbstractSubstantial organic carbon stores in the soil of high‐elevation regions are vulnerable to rapid warming. The “Third Pole”, encompassing the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions, is home to the largest alpine permafrost on the Earth. Through analysis of 118 eddy covariance and chamber observations in the non‐growing season—a unique time window for examining soil CO2 loss, we report a negative elevation‐dependent pattern. More importantly, there is a negative elevation‐dependent pattern regarding the temperature sensitivities of CO2 loss, determined by the soil carbon content. We project that, compared to low elevations, future increases in CO2 loss will be lower at high elevations (>4,000 m) with lower soil organic carbon. The pattern of alpine soil CO2 loss, in which the higher the elevation and the colder it is, the less sensitive the loss is to warming, implies limited CO2 will be lost in the future from high‐elevation permafrost regions.

Deciphering the evolutionary imprints of Camellia oleifera Abel.: delineating its distinct phylogeographic structure and demographic history through microsatellite and plastid fragment

BackgroundInvestigating the population structure and demographic history is crucial for elucidating the evolutionary imprints of a species and laying a foundation for effective utilization of its germplasm. Camellia oleifera Abel., a traditional woody oil-producing species, is widely distributed in south of the Yangtze River in China. However, the phylogeography and genetic diversity of wild population remain poorly understood.ResultsData for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments was generated to assess the genetic variation and differentiation across 33 natural populations. The integrated Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and ecological niche modeling (ENM) were utilized to analyze the demographic and evolutionary history. The analysis revealed high genetic diversity at the species level and significant genetic variation within populations for both SSR and cpDNA datasets. The genetic evidence based on cpDNA indicated no noteworthy genetic divergence and phylogeographical structure. Haplotype phylogenetic analyses suggest that the temporal pattern of species diversification is likely associated with the abrupt uplift of Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions (HMR) during the late Miocene to late Pliocene. In contrast, the genetic structure in SSR data revealed a discernible geographic pattern: 33 populations were divided into two lineage regions, namely HMR and Central-East China. The identification of two potential refugia for C. oleifera during the LGM, namely the HMR and southeastern China, was achieved through a comprehensive analysis combining ENM and population structure analysis.ConclusionsThe presence of distinct genetic patterns observed in cpDNA and SSR makers may account for the divergent hereditary characteristics between the nuclear and chloroplast genomes, resulting in disparate phylogeographic patterns. The Nanling mountain range was regarded as a dispersal conduit that facilitated effective gene flow between the two refugia, leading to the extensive distribution and stable evolutionary trajectory of C. oleifera. These methods and findings can provide a reference for uncovering the demographic history of perennial woody oil crops and facilitate the utilization of wild C. oleifera genetic resources for the genetic breeding.

From Multimodal Sensorimotor Integration to Semantic Networks: A Phylogenetic Perspective on Speech and Language Evolution.

This integrative perspective article delves into the crucial role of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and adjacent perisylvian regions in multimodal integration and semantic cognition. Drawing from a wide range of neuroscientific evidence, including studies on nonhuman primates and human brain evolution, the article highlights the significance of the STS in linking auditory and visual modalities, particularly in the establishment of associative links between auditory inputs and visual stimuli. Furthermore, it explores the expansion of the human temporal lobe and its implications for the amplification of multisensory regions, emphasizing the role of these regions in the development of word-related concepts and semantic networks. We propose a posteroanterior gradient organization in the human temporal lobe, from low-level sensorimotor integration in posterior regions to higher-order, transmodal semantic control in anterior portions, particularly in the anterior temporal lobe. Overall, this perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the functional and evolutionary aspects of the STS and adjacent regions in multimodal integration and semantic cognition, offering valuable insights for future research in this field.

Assessment of Intraspecific Variability in the Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula) and Woolly Dormouse (Dryomys laniger) from Türkiye and Adjacent Regions Based on Mitochondrial DNA.

This study aimed to reveal intraspecific variations in two Dryomys species distributed in Türkiye, based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene sequences, and to discuss the factors driving these variations in the context of phylogeography and genetic species concepts. As a result of Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian Inference, and Network analyses, which included haplogroups or lineages from Italy, Russia, the Caucasus, and Iran identified in previous studies, along with Turkish haplotypes, three major clades (MC1, MC2, and MC3) were identified within Dryomys nitedula. These clades began to diverge evolutionarily in the middle of the Late Miocene (8.82 million years ago) and exhibit significant genetic differences from one another. The Turkish haplotypes were divided into five distinct lineages (N1-N5), each within five subclades (SC1-SC5), which were nested within these MCs. These lineages, their geographical distributions, and the subspecies defined in previous studies that correspond to these lineages are as follows: N1 from the Thrace region (Dryomys nitedula wingei), N2 from the Black Sea region (potentially a new subspecies), N3 from western and central Anatolia (Dryomys nitedula phrygius), N4 from northeastern Anatolia (Dryomys nitedula tichomirowi), and N5 from eastern Anatolia (Dryomys nitedula pictus). The N2 lineage, distributed in areas close to the coastal side of the Eastern Black Sea region and with a range close to both N3 (D. n. phrygius) and N4 (D. n. tichomirowi), exhibited high genetic differentiation from these two lineages and was a candidate to be treated as a new subspecies of Dryomys nitedula in Türkiye. The N5 lineage, which includes haplotypes from the distribution areas of the populations initially classified as Dryomys pictus and later as Dryomys nitedula pictus in previous studies, was found to be more closely related to Dryomys nitedula kurdistanicus from the Zagros Mountains than to D. n. pictus from the central regions of Iran. Combining the results of this study with previous research, it is clear that the D. nitedula lineages in Türkiye, along with haplogroups or subspecies in neighboring regions diverged between the middle Late Miocene and Middle Pleistocene. This divergence is believed to have been driven by climatic cycles and geomorphological processes that shaped the topography of their distribution range. The high genetic diversity observed in the lineages of Anatolia suggests that the region may have served as a glacial refuge for D. nitedula. Similarly to the processes and factors shaping the evolution of D. nitedula, Dryomys laniger was found to have diverged into two lineages, western (L1) and eastern (L2 or Dryomys anatolicus), within its distribution range during the Late Pliocene (2.94 Mya). To make a more accurate taxonomic assessment of D. laniger, a larger number of samples is needed, and the distribution limits should be more clearly defined.

Occurrence and origin of thallium in mineral and thermal waters from the northern Upper Rhine Graben and adjacent regions, Germany

Abstract Although thallium is a widespread and highly toxic element, it is rarely investigated in environmental chemistry due to its typically low concentrations in water. Consequently, little is known about the occurrence of thallium in groundwater and its origin. Here we show that high thallium concentrations of 5 up to 99 µg/l occur in Hesse exclusively in Na-Cl-waters and are locally clustered within the Taunus Border Zone. These variable concentrations seem to result from different thallium sources, varying mixing ratios of brine components, and varying degrees of thallium incorporation in hydrothermal minerals. We present evidence for a thallium origin from Zechstein (Permian) and Oligocene evaporites. A third possible source are basement brines from the Rhenish Massif. As the evaporite deposits are located tens of kilometers away from thallium-bearing wells, high thallium concentrations appear to be a good indicator of deep and regionally circulating brines.

The development of a legal framework for data security cooperation within the shanghai cooperation organization

With the Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s (SCO) progressive enlargement, its geographic scope extends from Central Asia to South Asia and adjacent regions. This broadening highlights the necessity of developing a standardized data governance architecture as the cornerstone for digital economic advancement within the SCO framework. The current landscape, characterized by heterogeneous regulatory approaches among member nations and insufficient multilateral coordination mechanisms, necessitates urgent institutional innovation. Three foundational pillars emerge for establishing this cooperative regime: Formulating cross-border data governance protocols; Creating multi-tiered legislative coordination structures; Implementing comprehensive collaborative security standards. Given China’s prominent role in digital transformation, it should proactively advance its strategic blueprint through multilateral platforms, proposing innovative solutions in SCO negotiations while fostering collective security paradigms that benefit all stakeholders.

The Role of Environmental Changes in the Development of the Agricultural Economy During Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite Cultures

Abstract The northern highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea (NHE) hosted the earliest agricultural and urban societies in sub-Saharan Africa: the Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite cultures. However, the role of environmental shifts in the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture and state formation remains unclear. This study reviews 95 peer-reviewed articles on paleoenvironmental data from the NHE and adjacent regions (6000–1000 BP), integrating recent archaeobotanical and archaeological findings. We draw three main conclusions: (1) Paleoenvironmental conditions during this transition were highly variable, with differing tempos and magnitudes of change across the region. (2) The emergence of early agriculture and Pre-Aksumite societies in the NHE was not directly driven by environmental changes around 3500 BP. Instead, social dynamics and interactions among local human groups provided a more plausible explanation. (3) The NHE highlands experienced a shift towards higher humidity during early Aksumite period, specifically between 2500 and 2000 BP and 1500 and 1000 BP. This climatic shift likely enhanced agricultural productivity, facilitating food surpluses that underpinned the expansion of the Aksumite Kingdom. These results suggest that while early agriculture was culturally driven, later state development was more closely tied to environmental factors. To understand the interplay between environmental and socio-cultural factors in the NHE, we recommended interdisciplinary approach integrating, paleoenvironmental, archaeological, and archaeobotanical and genetic studies. This will enhance data resolution, mitigate geographical biases, and refine our understanding of complex societies in the Horn of Africa.

Response of Australian Summer Monsoon Precipitation to a Strengthening Antarctic Circumpolar Current

AbstractThe Australian summer monsoon (AUSM) is the strongest monsoon in the Southern Hemisphere and it is greatly influenced by the climate conditions in the Indo‐Pacific and adjacent regions. Inspite of the substantial studies of the monsoon, the linkage between the AUSM and the high‐latitude Southern Ocean climate has not been fully understood. This study investigates how AUSM rainfall is affected by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) by simulating scenarios with a closed and an opened Drake Passage with the Community Earth System Model. It is found that AUSM precipitation decreases as a result of reduced local humidity caused by a strengthening ACC. An opened Drake Passage leads to strengthening ACC and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which in turn creates an El Niño‐like state in the Pacific. This weakens the Walker Circulation, resulting in reduced local moisture, anomalous subsidence over the AUSM region, and a subsequent decrease in monsoon precipitation.

Association Between Changes in White Matter Volume Detected With Diffusion Tensor-Based Morphometry and Motor Recovery After Stroke.

Diffusion tensor-based morphometry (DTBM) provides a more accurate assessment of volumetric changes in white matter structures than conventional T1-based TBM techniques. We sought to determine whether DTBM could detect volume loss in the corticospinal tract (CST) and whether this marker was associated with impaired stroke recovery. Retrospective clinical MRI scans were obtained from a cohort of participants enrolled in a natural history study with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke and unilateral arm impairment (NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS] arm motor item score ≥2). Maps of the change in fractional anisotropy (delta FA) and the DTBM log of the Jacobian (LnJ, representing volumetric change) between scans, acquired <36 hours and 30 days after stroke, were computed. Voxel-wise Spearman rank-based analysis identified clustered regions of interest (ROIs) where the delta FA and LnJ from baseline to 30 days correlated with individual arm motor recovery scores on the NIHSS from baseline to 30 days. Qualitative comparisons were made between delta FA and LnJ maps for good and poor recovery groups (delta NIHSS arm item score ≥2 or <2, respectively) in reference to controls. Twenty-one participants with anterior circulation stroke were evaluated (mean age 63.6 years, median NIHSS arm motor item score 4, 48% female). Voxel-wise statistical maps identified 2 ROIs for delta FA and 4 ROIs for LnJ showing strong correlations with arm motor recovery (range of Spearman ρ = 0.77-0.81, all p < 0.01). The delta FA ROIs included the corona radiata and adjacent white matter, whereas LnJ ROIs included the centrum semiovale, corona radiata, internal capsule, and pons. Visual inspection of the average delta FA map from participants with poor arm motor recovery showed diffuse changes in the CST and adjacent subcortical regions while LnJ maps demonstrated more focal CST changes, particularly in the brainstem and internal capsule. DTBM detects focal volume loss in the CST over the first 30 days after stroke likely related to Wallerian degeneration. These volumetric changes may provide complementary information to FA in characterizing white matter loss after stroke. Like FA, DTBM shows strong correlations with arm motor recovery that could be useful for predicting recovery after stroke.