The decision to become teacher is greatly influenced by certain motivations such as altruistic, intrinsic, and extrinsic. Examining these motivations influencing individuals’ decisions to become teachers is essential for sustainable professional development. This is because no previous publication has focused on Generation Z’s (Gen Z) extrinsic motivations to pursue teaching profession. Therefore, this study aimed to explore motivations of Gen Z to become teachers in elementary schools. A qualitative analysis was adopted with a focus group discussion method including 58 pre-service teachers learning at the primary school teacher education program. Furthermore, the participants in the analysis were aged 18-22 years and also fell into the Gen Z category. Data obtained from the participants was further analyzed using thematic analysis. The results showed that extrinsic motivations underlying the desire of Gen Z to become teachers originated from the high social respect teaching receives from society, the promise of prosperity, and adequate employment opportunities. Extrinsic motivations also originated from childhood experiences inspired by religious teachings and the parents. The study further emphasized the importance of understanding the participants’ motivations for entering teaching profession to improve recruitment systems, providing motivation, set hours and workloads, as well as welfare systems for Gen Z teachers.

Despite a national focus on ending veteran homelessness, many veterans remain homeless in the United States. Little qualitative research has explored in national samples the pathways that lead to homelessness among veterans or veteran perspectives on homelessness prevention. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with 55 US Army veterans from the national Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers-Longitudinal Study (STARRS-LS) who reported having an episode of homelessness after separating from the Army. Interviews included questions about their pathways into homelessness and what could have prevented their homelessness. Interview transcripts were analyzed for themes using a hybrid deductive-inductive approach. We identified three main themes as pathways into homelessness: (1) financial challenges while reintegrating into civilian life, including the subthemes of difficulty finding adequate employment and lengthy processing of VA disability benefits; (2) planning challenges around the transition, including the subthemes of lack of awareness of existing resources and personal challenges with planning; and (3) interpersonal disruptions upon reintegration, including the subthemes of loss of a primary relationship and intersections between social disruptions and having a mental illness. Notably, many participants identified connections between multiple themes as leading to homelessness after service. Veterans expressed that enrolling veterans in services prior to separation, decreasing barriers to receiving VA disability benefits, and enhancing access to mental health care would have helped prevent their homelessness. The multiple challenges veterans identified asleading to homelessness most often began during the immediate transition period from the US Army to civilian life and are modifiable. These findings can be used to develop or enhance systems to improve prevention of homelessness among veterans.

This research analyzes labor inequalities between men and women in Ecuador, with the aim of understanding how gaps in employment, underemployment, and income relate to persistent social and economic structures. The study applies a quantitative-descriptive approach based on data from the INEC's National Survey of Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment (ENEMDU) for the period 2019–2024. It examines rates of adequate employment, underemployment, unemployment, informality, and the wage gap. The analysis is complemented by a review of the literature on gender segregation in the labor market and the impact of unpaid work on female participation. The results show substantial gaps. In 2024, adequate male employment was 41.4%, while female employment reached only 28.4%. The wage gap remains at 16.65%, with lower average incomes for women despite having equal or higher levels of education. Women are concentrated in feminized activities—education, health, domestic service, lodging, and food—characterized by lower pay and high informality. In addition, unpaid work falls disproportionately on them, limiting their time available for formal employment and restricting their labor mobility. The discussion points out that these inequalities respond to structural factors that transcend current labor policies. Care responsibilities create a "sticky floor" that keeps women in precarious jobs, while the low presence of women in leadership positions confirms the existence of "glass ceilings." Public policies have advanced, but they have not yet transformed the cultural conditions that sustain inequality.

The growing gig economy in Indonesia presents serious challenges in legal protection for workers, including online motorcycle taxi drivers. They are vulnerable because they face double risk: being both victims of traffic accidents and those without adequate employment protection. This double victimization arises from a legal vacuum regarding the employment relationship between drivers and app companies, which has traditionally been constructed as a partnership. Consequently, drivers are excluded from formal protection as stipulated in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of the Government Regulation in Lieu of the Job Creation Law into Law. This legal uncertainty also makes it difficult for drivers to access social security, including BPJS Ketenagakerjaan (Employment Social Security Agency), which is supposed to provide protection against workplace accidents. From a criminological perspective, online motorcycle taxi drivers experience multiple victimization processes, not only because they are vulnerable to traffic accidents in public spaces, but also because legal policies favor the interests of app companies over field workers. Therefore, regulations are needed that explicitly recognize the status of gig economy workers, including requiring app companies to register drivers in employment social security schemes. A criminological approach can form the basis for formulating fairer policies must protect drivers as legal subjects, not simply positioned as business partners.

Background Finding employment is a complex task and traditional means of job seeking such as submitting a traditional resume may be ineffective and inaccessible for some people with disabilities. Objective Identify the scope of literature related to documenting any outcomes associated with using alternatives to traditional resumes for people with disabilities. Method : A scoping review was conducted, and studies that met inclusion criteria were coded for information on participants and context, type of resume alternative utilized in the study, research design, research quality, and findings. Results Seven studies identified in the scoping met full inclusion criteria. Most studies were non-experimental, focused on the use of video resumes or video CVs, and did not meet American Psychological Association's journal article reporting standards. Results also suggest there are benefits for people with intellectual disability to participate in the process of creating a video resume. Conclusion Challenges securing adequate employment persists for people with disabilities. Research on any benefits of using a resume alternative for people with disabilities is in its infancy. Findings from this scoping review cannot, in conglomeration, confirm that there are benefits when implementing these alternatives, however, findings from this review suggest the use of resume alternatives warrant further investigation.

Objectives: Cancer care is changing rapidly, with many countries embracing organ-specific specialization to offer more focused and effective treatment. In India, however, most surgeons continue to practice in a more generalized way, and we still do not fully understand how they feel about shifting toward subspecialized care. This question becomes especially important in breast cancer—the most common cancer among Indian women—where dedicated expertise can make a real difference in early detection, treatment quality, and patient survival. This study aims to explore how Indian surgeons view breast organ-specific practice, their willingness to adopt it, and the challenges they foresee. Methods: Cross sectional study conducted in July 2024 in 100 surgeons of India using a self-administered google form questionnaire. Responses were evaluated and assessed. Results: Out of 100 responses, 45% were from private/corporate setting, 39% from government institutes. 30.6% were from west, 27.6% from east, 22.4% from south and 19.4% from north zone. 55% were from surgical oncology, 36.4% were from general surgery. As per the study, breast (31%) and gastro-intestinal surgery (29%) were the subspeciality of choice. 47.5% agreed that they would be interested in breast specific surgery practice if proper training was available. 30.9% considered this to be less stressful with fewer complications. Majority (48%) thought that lack of patient awareness about breast cancer specific surgeon was the biggest disadvantage of organ specific practice. 22% considered it to be technically undemanding. 51% and 27.1% suggested that a dedicated and recognized training is required and organ specific practices are required at hospitals/institutions respectively. Notably, female surgeons were more likely to choose breast surgery compared to males (50% vs. 20%), a difference that was statistically significant (p = 0.015; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.50–12.25) Conclusion: Breast organ specific oncosurgery practice is still uncommon in India. More dedicated training programs are required along with adequate employment opportunities to fill the lacunae in promoting the same.

This paper examines the feminization of Ecuador’s teaching workforce and its link to working conditions from 2009 to 2024. We apply an observational design with a quantitative emphasis, combining administrative records from the Ministry of Education (teachers by sex, level, provider and leadership posts) and INEC’s ENEMDU microdata (adequate employment, contracts, hours and earnings), complemented with UIS‑UNESCO and World Bank indicators. Two composite measures were built: The Territorial Feminization Index (IFT) and the Teacher Labor Adequacy Index (IALD). The analysis comprises descriptive statistics, province–level fixed‑effects panel models, quantile regressions and survey‑design‑based inference. Findings show persistently high feminization—strongest in Early Childhood and General Basic Education—and a majority in Upper Secondary. Women’s participation in leadership increased but still lags behind classroom representation. Feminization is positively related to IALD, although the effect is moderate and sensitive to structural controls. The association with earnings is heterogeneous: null at the tails and positive at intermediate quantiles. Proxies of care‑burden (female headship, household composition) are linked to longer working hours. Recent policy documents adopt gender and wellbeing lenses, yet lack operational metrics for routine monitoring. We conclude that policy should focus on gender‑aware leadership pipelines, care‑responsibility supports in training and selection processes, stronger school‑based psychosocial teams, and the re‑organization of non‑teaching time. Future work should leverage pseudonymized administrative panels and validated measures of climate and burnout

Context: This study examines the relationship between fuel price variations and the socioeconomic conditions of households in the province of Manabí during 2024. The main objective was to analyze the potential correlation between the monthly behavior of key fuels (Diesel, Ecopais, Extra, and Super) and critical variables such as average labor income and employment structure. Methodology: A time-series analysis of real fuel prices and consumer price index (CPI) data was conducted. In addition, microdata from the National Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment Survey (ENEMDU) were processed and refined, specifically filtered for the province of Manabí. Results: The findings reveal significant monthly fluctuations in fuel prices, with particular emphasis on Super gasoline. A progressive decline in average income was observed as prices increased, with Ecopais showing the strongest negative correlation with income (-0.49). Moreover, a negative correlation between income and underemployment was identified, as well as a positive relationship between income and adequate employment. Conclusions: Although the correlations are not highly intense, their consistency supports the claim that variations in fuel prices produce measurable effects on the household economy of Manabí. These results provide valuable evidence for the design of public policies aimed at mitigating the impact of energy price fluctuations on the population.

Employment is the cornerstone of people's livelihoods. In his report at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping explicitly proposed the implementation of an employment-first strategy to promote high-quality and adequate employment. In recent years, the total number of university graduates entering the job market has continued to rise, with college students facing a severe employment situation. This year (2025), the number of university graduates is expected to reach 12.22 million, setting a new record high. However, the irrational industrial structure and supply-demand imbalance in the job market have further exacerbated the severity of the employment situation. Therefore, conducting research on the employment situation of higher education institutions and the implementation of employment policies is an urgent task. Private higher education institutions have unique characteristics in terms of their educational nature and student population. Studying the employment intentions of students from private higher education institutions, as well as the implementation and effectiveness of employment policies, holds significant practical significance and aligns with current policy needs. This research project takes H Private Higher Education Institution in Hohhot City as its research object, primarily employing research methods such as questionnaire surveys, interviews, and literature reviews. By distributing questionnaires to understand the employment intentions of early childhood education majors, targeted employment guidance is provided based on students' employment intentions, and students are helped to establish correct and reasonable employment perspectives, thereby improving the employment rate of university graduates. The research findings indicate that universities in Hohhot actively implement and enforce employment policies, striving to promote university student employment. However, in actual employment work, efforts primarily focus on promoting student employment through macro-level employment policies, lacking targeted employment guidance and a deep understanding of students' employment needs. Survey results revealed that 51.02% of students were uncertain about whether they would pursue careers related to their majors, while only 26.53% were certain they would pursue such careers. This indicates that current college students are confused about their career directions. Universities should, while implementing employment policies, gain a deeper understanding of college students' employment needs to address their employment issues effectively and assist them in achieving high-quality employment.

El objetivo general de esta investigación es analizar las relaciones dinámicas entre el crecimiento organizacional de la Economía Popular y Solidaria (EPS) y los volúmenes de créditos otorgados por el Sector Financiero Popular y Solidario (SFPS) sobre el Empleo Adecuado. La metodología se basó en un enfoque cuantitativo y explicativo, utilizando un modelo econométrico VAR con un diseño no experimental. Los resultados revelaron que las variaciones en el crecimiento de organizaciones de la EPS y el volumen de créditos otorgados por el SFPS explican el 79,38% de las variaciones del empleo adecuado. La prueba de causalidad de Granger confirmó que estas dos variables tienen poder predictivo sobre el empleo adecuado, validando la hipótesis del estudio. El análisis de impulso-respuesta demostró que un aumento en el crecimiento de las organizaciones de la EPS tiene un efecto positivo en el empleo adecuado de hasta 2,64 puntos porcentuales en el primer mes, aunque este impacto se disipa en los períodos subsiguientes. De manera similar, el volumen de crédito del SFPS genera un crecimiento significativo del 0,12% en el empleo adecuado en el segundo mes, perdiendo significancia posteriormente. Como conclusiones principales, el estudio confirma que la EPS y el crédito solidario contribuyen a mejorar las condiciones laborales en Ecuador, funcionando como mecanismos válidos para la inclusión económica.

Cybercrime is one of the most engaged form of crime usually perpetrated by student across Nigeria learning institutions today. Overtime, there has been decline in the level of student academic performance across tertiary institution. The objective of the paper is to examine the correlation between cybercrime and students’ academic performance in Nigeria using kwara State University, Malete as the study area. The study made use of both primary and secondary source of data gathering. The primary date consist of structured questioner, while the secondary data include journals, websites and textbooks. The primary data was latter analyzed using simple percentage and chi-square was used to test the hypothesis. The paper discovered that cybercrime has a significant negative effect on student academic performance in Kwara State University Malete. The study also discovered that cybercrime as also contributed to gangsterism, prostitution, indecency, among other bad social vices within the tertiary institutions. The study recommends that government should provide cybercrime education to enlighten student, it also recommend that adequate employment should be provided by government in other to reduce the rate of youth idleness and also provide limited access to internet for student apart for educational purposes among others recommendations.

The secondary employment of a person who already has a main job is called moonlighting. Rural women are more likely to moonlight due to socio-economic pressures, lack of adequate employment opportunities and financial difficulties. This paper analyses the different ways in which moonlighting affects the health and well-being of rural women, both positively and negatively. A mixed methods approach was used for the research. It was found that although rural women benefit economically from moonlighting and are financially empowered, it has a significant impact on their physical and mental health. Thousands of working women engage in overtime work because of the dire economic and social conditions that allow for extreme poverty, sleep deprivation and chronic fatigue. While it can increase earnings and personal satisfaction, it also challenges productivity, creates conflicts of interest and brings in the law. Open communication and transparent policies can help to manage the many elements involved in this practice. The practice of moonlighting among women in rural areas is of concern because of its impact on their health and lifestyle. While juggling multiple jobs tends to improve one's financial situation, it also carries the risk of increased physical exhaustion, psychological stress and inadequate access to medical facilities.

ABSTRACTAmerican narratives about the value of a college education emphasizes the economic utility of translating a degree into a “good” job after graduation. Youth are encouraged to obtain a college degree as a pathway to economic mobility, however prior research shows that college graduates have a range of employment outcomes after graduation. One way the advantaged maximize their college degree is through optional activities that happen outside of the classroom. Drawing on 60 interviews with recent college graduates, I show that effectively maintained inequality manifests through engagement on campus, which then affects the college‐to‐career transition and post‐graduation employment outcomes. Students who engage on campus and work in professional‐track jobs typically have smoother college‐to‐career transitions. Beyond personal choices, I illustrate the role of universities as institutions in shaping access to optional activities outside the classroom that build career‐relevant cultural and social capital. Some students seeking college as a pathway to mobility were able to successfully leverage engagement on campus to obtain adequate employment through highly structured programs facilitated by institutional gatekeepers. However, institutional engagement was not enough to rectify pre‐college inequalities. My findings reinforce the importance of considering non coursework engagement as a critical lynchpin in the college‐to‐career transition.

Major infrastructure development in developing countries often focuses on improving national connectivity and economic growth, but often ignores the social impact on local communities. Projects such as expressways or railway lines can break vital links between regions and increase accessibility inequalities, hinder mobility and exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. In addition, land acquisition for large projects often harms farmers and micro entrepreneurs who lose their livelihoods without adequate employment solutions. These projects also ignore local needs, such as access to essential public facilities. This inequality is exacerbated by a lack of inclusive planning, where local communities are not involved in the decision-making process. As a result, although large infrastructure development can improve the macroeconomy, its positive impact is not felt by society at the micro level. This study uses a qualitative approach with case studies to explore the impact of infrastructure development on local community access. Through interviews, field observations, and document analysis, this study aims to provide an in-depth picture of social inequalities that arise due to the dominance of large projects without considering the interests of local communities. More inclusive planning and community participation are needed to ensure sustainable and equitable development.

Self-employed workers represent a significant share of the workforce in the main European countries. The recent COVID-19 crisis, followed by the conflict in Ukraine, has highlighted the unique challenges faced by this type of worker: income volatility, limited employment protection, and greater financial responsibility. In light of these challenges, it is essential to understand how active labour market policies influence their wage conditions (earnings) and ability to generate employment in order to ensure adequate employment protection and promote sustainable economic growth. This study analyses how the application of eight different policies affects self-employed people’s earnings and job creation, comparing participants and non-participants. Using an ad hoc survey, a random sample of 1265 self-employed people from the south of Spain was collected. The results of the propensity score matching method (PSM) and logistic regression models revealed that three types of ALMPs: free training programmes, low-interest loans, and the subsidy for hiring workers had a significant impact on job creation by the group of beneficiaries. Additionally, although training programmes and hiring subsidies showed positive effects on the average earnings of policy beneficiaries in the PSM analysis, these effects were not significantly verified when applying the logistic regression models. Despite the growing body of research that identifies the positive impacts of subsidies on self-employment outcomes, very little is known about the additional effects on earnings. We present the first estimation of the joint impact and provide policymakers with new evidence of the added value of training programmes and subsidies for hiring on earnings and job creation.

This study investigates the phenomenon of "delayed employment" among college graduates in the context of China's rapid economic development and the increasingly severe employment situation in recent years. Utilizing data analysis methods, the study provides an in-depth elucidation and analysis of the prevalence, connotations, and contributing factors associated with the "delayed employment" phenomenon. The research findings reveal that domestic economic pressures, traditional family values, the lack of adequate employment guidance within higher education institutions, and deviations in students' values are the primary drivers of this phenomenon. The results indicate that while "delayed employment" offers graduates the opportunity for personal growth and exploration of their interests, prolonged engagement in this state may lead to delays in career development and increased psychological stress. Based on these findings, the article proposes a series of countermeasures, including deepening cooperation between universities and enterprises, enhancing the practicality of university curricula, and fostering a supportive family environment. These strategies aim to improve the employment conditions of college students through policy interventions and multifaceted support. Implementing these measures holds significant practical implications for facilitating graduates' successful integration into the workforce and enhancing the quality of their employment.

As Indonesia's largest economic hub, DKI Jakarta plays a crucial role in national growth, reflected in its high Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and workforce absorption in sectors such as trade, transportation, and communications. However, Jakarta's appeal as an economic center with high minimum wages leads to intense competition in the labor market. The Open Unemployment Rate (OUR) has fluctuated, highlighting the challenges in creating adequate employment opportunities. Additionally, Jakarta faces the demographic bonus phenomenon, with a growing productive-age population dominated by millennials and Gen Z. This demographic bonus presents opportunities for economic growth, but it requires strategies to enhance the quality of human resources to ensure optimal employment absorption and maximize the region's economic potential

The present study attempts to analyse the socioeconomic impact of the existence of a public university branch campus (in a northern region of peninsula Malaysia) on its surrounding community. This study is an exploratory study that focuses on the socioeconomic impact on the local community, brought on by the existence of a public university branch campus. A cross-sectional design was applied in the process of data collection. To assess the socioeconomic impact of the presence of a public university campus on the local community, a questionnaire survey was distributed to the local community surrounding a branch campus of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), in a northern state of peninsula Malaysia. The survey involved 50 communities within a 5 km radius and a 10 km radius of the campus. The study's findings revealed that the community's income generation ranked first, followed by job opportunities, local development, and business growth in neighbouring communities. The study's findings revealed that higher education is viewed as the nation's major vehicle for improving citizens' socioeconomic conditions in the new economy. The study's findings will also be relevant to state and federal legislators as they explore strategic ways to help rural communities with essential infrastructure and services. Policymakers should begin by providing adequate employment opportunities in rural areas as a means to guarantee long-term development.

This Manifesto calls on migration scholars to confront our transforming world in which the patterns and possibilities of migration on which our theories and assumptions have been based are rapidly ending. It addresses the process of dehumanization that accompanies the elimination of people’s ability to move and settle with the eventual possibility of citizenship. People needing or seeking to leave home are increasingly kept from attaining secure lives in terms of adequate employment, housing and legal protection. Instead, they face migration industries that profit from borders, surveillance, short-term labour contracts without rights to settle or to safety, legalized exploitation, and even the criminalization of migrancy itself. The basic human right to social and economic justice and dignity is at stake. This Manifesto therefore sounds the alarm for migration scholars not only to document the transformations in migration but to say clearly and forcefully: migration is a social good and is part of our struggle for a more just world. In this dramatically altered terrain scholars must conduct migration research with these assumptions, starting with developing a deeper understanding of our changing historical conjuncture that is indeed ending migration as we know it.

ABSTRACT Policymakers in India are finding it challenging to generate adequate employment to meet the requirements of growing population. An avenue consistently used is to invest in large-scale public infrastructure projects. In 2019, the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was launched with the aim of providing potable drinking water to every rural household in India. Underscoring the large investments in infrastructure development, the mission holds significant potential to create employment. The evidence base of studies assessing the effect of rural development programs on employment was weak. Against this backdrop, we assessed the employment generation potential of JJM at various phases of its implementation. We utilized secondary and scheme-level primary data across states of India and used the input-output model and ratio method to assess employment prospects. Our results suggest that JJM has the potential to generate an average of 5.99 million person-year of direct and 22.25 million person-year of indirect employment during the construction phase, and 1.11 million person-year of additional direct employment annually during the maintenance phase. Our study highlights the spillover effects of public investments in the form of employment generation and indicates that the impact of JJM is likely to be substantial once the program is complete and operational.