Additional Pins Research Articles

Polarly localized Bro1 domain proteins regulate PIN-FORMED abundance and root gravitropic growth in Arabidopsis

The developmental plasticity of the root system plays an essential role in the adaptation of plants to the environment. Among many other signals, auxin and its directional, intercellular transport are critical in regulating root growth and development. In particular, the PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) auxin exporter acts as a key regulator of root gravitropic growth. Multiple regulators have been reported to be involved in PIN2-mediated root growth; however, our information remains incomplete. Here, we identified ROWY Bro1-domain proteins as important regulators of PIN2 sorting control. Genetic analysis revealed that Arabidopsis rowy1 single mutants and higher-order rowy1 rowy2 rowy3 triple mutants presented a wavy root growth phenotype. Cell biological experiments revealed that ROWY1 and PIN2 colocalized to the apical side of the plasma membrane in the root epidermis and that ROWYs are required for correct PM targeting of PIN2. In addition, ROWYs also affected PIN3 protein abundance in the stele, suggesting the potential involvement of additional PIN transporters as well as other proteins. A global transcriptome analysis revealed that ROWY genes are involved in the Fe2+ availability perception pathway. This work establishes ROWYs as important novel regulators of root gravitropic growth by connecting micronutrient availability to the proper subcellular targeting of PIN auxin transporters.

Scan Chain Architecture With Data Duplication for Multiple Scan Cell Fault Diagnosis

Scan chain diagnosis is an important step in solving yield problems in early manufacturing processes. The higher the diagnostic resolution, the better the yield in the initial process. In the conventional scan chain architecture, if failed scan chain data are observed during scan mode, all the shifted data through a stuck-at faulty cell are contaminated. As a result, only a single fault can be diagnosed, and there are difficulties in diagnosing multiple stuck-at fault locations. The number of multiple faults has increased significantly, increasing the cost of physical fault analysis. In addition, it is difficult to diagnose faults with a high resolution because there are many candidate faults early in the process. In this paper, a new hardware architecture with data duplication is proposed to diagnose fault locations by deliberate voltage collision even if multiple faults occur. The resources required for the diagnosis include a minimum of one good scan chain, a diagnosis circuit, and a diagnostic line. Experimental results show that the proposed method has lower hardware and routing overhead and fewer additional pin counts than the existing method. The diagnostic speed is also faster, and the larger the number of scan chains (the larger the circuit), the higher the diagnostic performance, which has advantages over conventional methods.

Investigating the impact of impeller geometry for a stirred mill using the discrete element method: Effect of pin number and thickness

Vertical stirred milling is a major technique for grinding fine and ultra-fine particles. In this study, attritor designs of varying pin number and projected area were examined over a range of impeller rotational speeds using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). Analysis determined that additional pins improved the potential for effective grinding due to an increase of average collision energy. However, this was accompanied by a greater power draw. When projected area was maintained, there were fewer differences between designs, meaning that the specific configuration of the pins may not be as important. A template of the mill can be found at https://github.com/darhyme147/ligggghts_stirred_mill_template.

Design of double-shoulder threaded joints of drilling string elements

Purpose. Development of a method for simulating the screwing torque/moment and researching the design of double-shoulder threaded joints while preserving their geometric parameters. Determination of the optimal length of the additional shoulder pin part for the developed drill collar (DC) of NC50, NC55 type of various standard sizes. Establishing the dependence between the pin part length of the additional shoulder and other geometric parameters of the double-shoulder joint of the DC for further use when developing other standard sizes of similar design threads. Methodology. The development of design and the method for simulating the screwing torque of double-shoulder threaded joints was carried out using the finite element method and parametric modeling. Finding. A method for simulating the screwing torque of threaded joints was proposed and developed, which made it possible to improve the model of their automated design. The optimal lengths of the pin part of the additional shoulder of the developed design of double-shoulder threads of the NC50, NC55 types were determined. For planning threaded joints of similar design with the above-mentioned types of threads, a dimensionless coefficient was derived and its value was calculated. A nomogram was built to determine the length of the joint additional shoulder pin part due to the value of this coefficient. Originality. The model of automated design for double-shoulder threaded joints of drill string parts has been improved. This model preserves their geometric parameters and enables modeling a wide range of standard sizes of similar joints. Practical value. The optimal geometric parameters of the developed structures of double-shoulder threaded joints of the drill string elements were determined. A nomogram was built to determine the length of the additional shoulder pin part of the joint by the value of the dimensionless coefficient.

Approximate Memory for Low-Power Video Applications

In this paper, an error-correction code (ECC)-enabled memory design with selective bit hardening is proposed for approximate data storage. Approximate memory is suitable for error-tolerant applications, and can achieve low-power design goals within targeted quality. Our design offers approximately 90% power savings compared to traditional memory, without compromising perceived quality. To the best of our knowledge, combining selective bit hardening with ECC is a novel approach to ensure the protection of MSBs and protect other faulty bits, respectively. Our proposed method requires no area overhead for MSB hardening, other than one additional input pin; and area overhead for implementing ECC is minimal.

Accelerometer-Based Handheld Navigation Instrumentation in Total Knee Arthroplasty Decrease Blood Loss Compared to Conventional Instrumentation: A Prospective Comparative Study.

Introduction Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) can be associated with significant peri- and post-operative blood loss necessitating blood transfusion. The blood loss may be relatively less when the accelerometer-based handheld navigation system (HHNS) is used, as there is neither a need for intramedullary breach nor additional pin insertions. The primary hypothesis was that HHNS instrumentation reduced perioperative blood loss when compared with conventional instrumentation, and to prove this, we compared the perioperative parameters like tourniquet time, hemoglobin loss, and estimated blood loss between patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty using conventional instrumentation with handheld navigation instrumentation. Methods This prospective comparative study involves 40 patients in the HHNS groupand 40 patients in the conventional group based on the instrumentation used, respectively. Tourniquet was used in all the cases. Patient characteristics like age, sex, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were recorded. The perioperative parameters like tourniquet time, the estimated blood loss, hemoglobin loss, blood transfusions, and the number of units transfused were recorded and compared between the groups. Results There was no significant difference in age, BMI, ASA grade, or CCI between the two groups. The tourniquet time was 83.7 ± 9.6 in the navigation and 73.9 ± 10.3 in the conventional group. The estimated Hb loss was lower at 2.5 ± 1.6 in the HHNS group compared to 3.0 ± 1.8 in the conventional group (p<0.001). Similarly, estimated blood loss was also lower at 830 ± 285ml for the HHNS group compared to 1088 ± 228 in the conventional group. Two patients in the navigation group had a total of four units transfused, whereas three patients in the conventional group had five units of blood transfusion. Conclusions The primary hypothesis that HHNS reduced perioperative blood loss was confirmed by the results of our study. We demonstrated that HHNS instrumentation significantly decreased the estimated blood loss, drain volume, and hemoglobin loss compared to conventional instrumentation with similar operating times. Though blood transfusions were seen in fewer patients, there was no significant reduction in blood transfusions by HHNS instrumentation.

89. Comparison of pedicle screw accuracy using two different robotic techniques: a matched cohort study

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Adoption of robotic technology in spine fusion surgery has expanded significantly in recent years, yet several different techniques exist. Robotic spine surgery allows trajectory guidance and combined navigation allows real-time visualization of instrument/screw placement. Instrumentation of the pedicle can be performed through the robotic arm using anti-skive pin (ASP) or navigated high-speed drill (NHSD). PURPOSE The NHSD may show a decrease in the incidence of skive compared to ASP. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Matched cohort series. PATIENT SAMPLE This study included 117 patients. OUTCOME MEASURES Screw placement was compared between two groups and incidence of skive compared to ASP. METHODS A total of 737 screws were placed in 117 patients and measurements were recorded. Screw placement was compared in the control group ASP (n=65) and the study group NHSD (n=52). RESULTS Of 117 patients, 65 in the ASP control group had 364 instrumented pedicles and 311 (85.4%) placed robotically. The NHSD study group consisted of 52 patients with 373 instrumented pedicles and 352 (94.4 %) placed robotically. In the control group, a drill guide was placed down the outer cannula, an ASP was manually tapped into the pedicle, then the drill guide tapped into the bone with an outer cannula before drilling into the pedicle under navigation. In the study group, four instruments combined into one and were implemented with NHSD into the pedicle in a single step without additional cannulas or pins. A significant decrease in the number of cases with skive and the total skived screws was found between groups. The control group reported skive in 17% of patients (11/65) which corresponded to 4.7% of screws robotically placed (17/311). The study group reported 1 (1.9%) case with only 2 (0.5%) screws that skived (same as above). Skive occurred in fewer patients with NSHD (p=.002) and in fewer of the NSHD placed screws (p=.014). CONCLUSIONS Pedicle instrumentation with NHSDs shows a decrease in the incidence of skive compared to an ASP. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs. Adoption of robotic technology in spine fusion surgery has expanded significantly in recent years, yet several different techniques exist. Robotic spine surgery allows trajectory guidance and combined navigation allows real-time visualization of instrument/screw placement. Instrumentation of the pedicle can be performed through the robotic arm using anti-skive pin (ASP) or navigated high-speed drill (NHSD). The NHSD may show a decrease in the incidence of skive compared to ASP. Matched cohort series. This study included 117 patients. Screw placement was compared between two groups and incidence of skive compared to ASP. A total of 737 screws were placed in 117 patients and measurements were recorded. Screw placement was compared in the control group ASP (n=65) and the study group NHSD (n=52). Of 117 patients, 65 in the ASP control group had 364 instrumented pedicles and 311 (85.4%) placed robotically. The NHSD study group consisted of 52 patients with 373 instrumented pedicles and 352 (94.4 %) placed robotically. In the control group, a drill guide was placed down the outer cannula, an ASP was manually tapped into the pedicle, then the drill guide tapped into the bone with an outer cannula before drilling into the pedicle under navigation. In the study group, four instruments combined into one and were implemented with NHSD into the pedicle in a single step without additional cannulas or pins. A significant decrease in the number of cases with skive and the total skived screws was found between groups. The control group reported skive in 17% of patients (11/65) which corresponded to 4.7% of screws robotically placed (17/311). The study group reported 1 (1.9%) case with only 2 (0.5%) screws that skived (same as above). Skive occurred in fewer patients with NSHD (p=.002) and in fewer of the NSHD placed screws (p=.014). Pedicle instrumentation with NHSDs shows a decrease in the incidence of skive compared to an ASP.

A Methodology for an FPGA Implementation of a Programmable Logic Controller to Control an Atomic Layer Deposition System

In this work, we present an industrial cold walled Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) system, which can be controlled by either a traditional programmable logic controller (PLC) system or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) prototyping board. This work presents an FPGA controlled system that takes ladder diagram (LD) control for a PLC and converts this control to Verilog HDL and programs an FPGA such that the FPGA prototyping board is used to control a real industrial application. We explore this approach since FPGA implementation of LD control could significantly reduce the cost of implementing these controllers with other potential advantages such as the improved granularity of timing control from milliseconds to nanoseconds, additional available pins for inputs and outputs far exceeding that of microprocessors, and lower power consumption for control. In this work, we provide details and descriptions of our industrial system (ALD), the LD control of this system and its implementation, our software flow to convert LDs to Verilog HDL, and our FPGA prototype board design to replace the existing electronic controller. We show how our LD-Verilog HDL converter in conjunction with FPGAs matches a PLC and demonstrate some of the benefits of using an FPGA.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Dogs and Cats after Stabilization of Thoracolumbar Instability Using 2-0 UniLock Implants.

Traumatic vertebral fracture or luxation often results in spinal instability requiring surgical stabilization. This study describes the long-term outcome of spinal stabilization using a unilateral 5-hole 2-0 UniLock implant in eight dogs and two cats with trauma-induced thoracolumbar vertebral luxation/subluxation and presumed instability, as assessed by a combination of preoperative radiographs and MRI using a 3-compartment method. The UniLock plate was secured with four monocortical locking screws in adjacent vertebral bodies. Additional pins and facet screws were used in several patients. Postoperative radiographs and MRI studies showed restoration of the main spinal axis in all patients and satisfactory implantation of the screws in the vertebral bodies, with no intrusion in the vertebral canal or in the adjacent intervertebral disc spaces. Neurological status improved in nine patients six weeks postoperatively. Partial implant failure was detected in three patients with no long-term consequences. After 12 months, seven patients reached full recovery with no neurological deficit, two patients were euthanized (including one owing to an unrelated condition), and one remained paraparetic. The results of this study demonstrate that using a 2-0 UniLock implant to stabilize the thoracolumbar spine results in satisfactory long-term recovery in most dogs and cats with traumatic spinal luxation/subluxation and presumed instability. Complications may occur but do not require revision surgery and do not affect clinical outcomes.

452 Lateral Interbody Fusion Using a 3D Navigation-guided, Prone, Single Position Approach: A Case Series

INTRODUCTION: Interbody fusion via the lateral approach provides certain biomechanical advantages over the posterior approach, including the larger allowable implant size and more anterior implant position. However, current methods for lateral interbody placement require either a two-staged procedure or a lateral single position with limited access to the posterior spine. We present our case series of the first 10 patients who underwent novel single position prone lateral approach, which provides simultaneous full access to the anterior and posterior lumbar spine. METHODS: We combined prospective collection of operative and surgical outcome data with retrospective analysis for patients with prone lateral lumbar interbody fusion (Pro-LLIF). Propensity score matching was used to identify 10 control patients who had undergone comparable levels of oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) for comparison. RESULTS: Single position prone lateral approach allows both lateral lumbar interbody placement and direct posterior decompression and pedicle screws placement in one position. 3D navigation is utilized to plan lateral spine trajectory and interbody cage placement. Tubular retractors are used for quick and safe access to the retroperitoneal space. Under direct vision, direct psoas muscle dissection is performed and additional retractor pins are placed to minimize risks to the lumbar plexus. Our cohort comprised eight female and two male patients with average BMI of 28.5 and average age of 66.5 years. Average total operative time for Pro-LLIF was 4.5 hours compared to 4.33 hours for OLIF (p &gt; 0.5). Mean estimated blood loss was 240 mL and 262.5 mL for Pro-LLIF and OLIF, respectively (p &gt; 0.5). Pro-LLIF patients did not experience significantly different lengths of stay or discharge rates to rehabilitative facilities. CONCLUSION: Single position prone lateral approach provides safe and simultaneous access to lateral interbody cage placement and direct posterior neural decompression and segmental fixation. Efficiency will improve with increased experience with this promising technique.

Simulations of a digital ion filter and a digital ion trap for heavy biomolecules

Ion trajectories have been simulated for an assembly of a linear quadrupole ion-filter and a linear Paul trap with additional pin electrodes for MS SPIDOC, a project in preparation for the study of biomolecules by single-particle imaging with X-ray pulses. The ion-optical components are based on digital RF guiding and trapping fields. In order to carefully handle biomolecules over a wide mass-over-charge range, the module presented consists of separate components for filtering and accumulation/trapping in order to select the ions of interest and to convert the beam from a continuous ion source to ion bunches, respectively, as required for the experiments downstream. The present analysis focuses on the transmission efficiency and mass resolving power of the filter, as well as the buffer-gas-pressure-dependent ion capture and thermalization in the trap for the example of a mass-to-charge ratio equivalent to hemoglobin 15+ ions. The resulting optimized ion bunch delivered by the assembly is characterized.

OBET: On-the-Fly Byte-Level Error Tracking for Correcting and Detecting Faults in Unreliable DRAM Systems.

With technology scaling, maintaining the reliability of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) has become more challenging. Therefore, on-die error correction codes have been introduced to accommodate reliability issues in DDR5. However, the current solution still suffers from high overhead when a large DRAM capacity is used to deliver high performance. We present a DRAM chip architecture that can track faults at byte-level DRAM cell errors to address this problem. DRAM faults are classified as temporary or permanent in our proposed architecture, with no additional pins and with minor DRAM chip modifications. Hence, we achieve reliability comparable to that of other state-of-the-art solutions while incurring negligible performance and energy overhead. Furthermore, the faulty locations are efficiently exposed to the operating system (OS). Thus, we can significantly reduce the required scrubbing cycle by scrubbing only faulty DRAM pages while reducing the system failure probability up to 5000∼7000 times relative to conventional operation.

A Mini-Open Approach to Medial Pinning in Pediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fractures May Be Safer Than Previously Thought.

Displaced pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures (SCHFs) are stabilized after reduction by smooth pins. Although some SCHFs are biomechanically stable after lateral-only entry pinning (lateral pinning), an additional medial entry pin (cross-pinning) confers superior stabilization in some SCHFs. There is a recognized risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury with medial entry pinning. The best existing evidence has estimated an iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury rate of approximately 3.4% in cross-pinning. In similar studies, the rate of iatrogenic nerve injury (all nerves) in lateral pinning is estimated at 1.9%. This study aimed to use a large, single-center, single-technique (mini-open) retrospective case series to determine the rate of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury in cross-pinning. Patients undergoing percutaneous cross-pinning via the mini-open technique for SCHFs from 2007 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Injury characteristics, operative variables, fixation technique, and complications, such as iatrogenic nerve injury, were recorded. Patients who underwent operative treatment at another hospital, had no postoperative follow-up, or died due to polytrauma were excluded. In this study, 698 patients undergoing cross-pinning during the study period were identified. Patients treated with cross-pinning had severe fractures, including a total of 198 preoperative neurovascular injuries (28.4%), 32 patients (4.6%) with skin tenting, and 19 patients (2.7%) with open fractures. Iatrogenic nerve injury was reported in 3 cases (0.43%), all of which affected the ulnar nerve. In 2 of 3 cases of iatrogenic nerve injury, the ulnar nerve symptoms resolved at a mean follow-up of 15 weeks. The mini-open approach for medial pin insertion is safer than previous estimates. Here, in the largest single-center study of cross-pinning for SCHFs, the iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury rate of 0.43% was nearly 10 times lower than estimated rates from recent meta-analyses. Considering all nerves, the iatrogenic injury rate for this cross-pinning cohort was also lower than the estimated iatrogenic nerve injury rate for lateral pinning. Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Machine learning applications for water-induced soil erosion modeling and mapping

Assessment of water-induced soil erosion as a crucial part of soil conservation plans is costly and time-consuming when applied to an extensive area. In this study, we propose a methodology based on recording the annual soil erosion in a portion of the study area using erosion pins and assessing the spatial distribution of soil erosion for the entire area using machine learning techniques. First, soil erosion pins were installed, and the amount of soil loss in each pin was recorded. The controlling factors of soil erosion (percentage of vegetation canopy, curvature, slope degree, slope length, percentage of sand, percentage of silt, and percentage of clay) were determined, and the dataset was divided into training (75% of the data) and testing (25% of the data) subsets. Three machine learning algorithms, namely boosted regression trees (BRT), deep learning (DL), and multiple linear regression (MLR), were employed to identify the relationship between soil erosion and its controlling factors. Then, the methods were evaluated by comparison between the predicted and observed values on the testing subset using statistical coefficients including coefficient of determination (R-squared), normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). Results show that the BRT outperformed the other algorithms in the assessment of the annual soil erosion (R-squared: 0.92, NSE: 0.9, and NRMSE: 0.32). Finally, the optimal algorithm (BRT) was selected to estimate the spatial distribution of soil erosion across the entire study area, and the final erosion map was verified using additional verification pins.

A Brief Overview of On-Chip Voltage Regulation in High-Performance and High-Density Integrated Circuits

With the increase of density and complexity of high performance integrated circuits and systems, including many-core chips and system-on-chip (SoC), it is becoming difficult to meet the power delivery and regulation requirements with off-chip regulators. The off-chip regulators become a less attractive choice because of the higher overheads and complexity imposed by the additional wires, pins, and pads. The increased $I^{2}R$ loss makes it challenging to maintain the integrity of different voltage domains under a lower supply voltage environment in the smaller technology nodes. Fully integrated on-chip voltage regulators have proven to be an effective solution to mitigate power delivery and integrity issues. Recently, there has been a surge of interest among the academic and industrial research communities to explore and design different types of on-chip voltage regulators. This survey presents a brief overview of the on-chip power delivery system and the classification and working principles of on-chip voltage regulators. The main focus of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive study of two of the most promising on-chip voltage regulators – (i) the low-drop-out (LDO) regulator and (ii) the switched-capacitor (SC) regulator. This article elaborates on the design specifications, optimization techniques, advantages, and limitations of LDO and SC type on-chip voltage regulators.

Comparing Standardized and Manufacturers’ Interfaces for Waveguides Used at Submillimeter Wavelengths

This article presents a comparison between the specified dimensions given in document standards (IEEE Std 1785.2-2016) and the measured dimensions for interfaces used with rectangular metallic waveguides at submillimeter wavelengths. The standardized dimensions of these waveguide interfaces are compared with several waveguides in the WM-380 band (500–750 GHz) manufactured by two different companies. The measured electrical performance (in terms of reflection coefficient) for these waveguide interfaces is also compared with values given in documentary standards. The article shows that although the manufactured waveguides do not strictly adhere to the dimensions given in the standard, very good electrical performance is still achievable by using slightly different dimensions for the manufactured waveguide interfaces. The use of additional alignment dowel pins (as specified in the IEEE standard) further improves the electrical performance of these interfaces.

Effect of Additional Pin Electrode Placing at the Bottom of the Plasma Jet and Flow Behavior on Radical Generation and Propagation

In this article, the effect of an additional pin electrode at the bottom of the plasma jet on a double electrode atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) jet in radical generation and propagation along the jet were investigated. An additional pin electrode at the bottom of the plasma jet connecting to the ground voltage resulted in triggered glow discharge near the additional pin electrode is similar to the streamer-triggered glow discharge at the ground electrode for double electrode configuration. This leads to an increase in the intensity of excited radicals along the plasma jet with the secondary radical generation at the bottom of the plasma jet. The effect of changes in flow behavior from laminar to turbulent flow on the generation and propagation of radicals along the jet were also investigated for the double electrode configuration. Experimental observations confirm that changes in flow regimes affecting the radical generation and propagation. Increase of flow in the laminar regime increases the radical intensity and decreases the intensity as the flow becomes turbulent.

Reducing Measurement Time in Direct Interface Circuits for Resistive Sensor Readout.

Direct Interface Circuits (DICs) carry out resistive sensor readings using a resistance-to-time-to-digital conversion without the need for analog-to-digital converters. The main advantage of this approach is the simplicity involved in designing a DIC, which only requires some additional resistors and a capacitor in order to perform the conversion. The main drawback is the time needed for this conversion, which is given by the sum of up to three capacitor charge times and their associated discharge times. This article presents a modification of the most widely used estimation method in a resistive DIC, which is known as the Two-Point Calibration Method (TPCM), in which a single additional programmable digital device pin in the DIC and one extra measurement in each discharge cycle, made without slowing down the cycle, allow charge times to be reduced more than 20-fold to values around 2 µs. The new method designed to achieve this reduction only penalizes relative errors with a small increase of between 0.2% and 0.3% for most values in the tested resistance range.

Edge Triggered Clock with Mtcmos Level Shifter Design for Soc Applications

Level shifter is used to communicate between low core voltage to high input and output voltage. It is an interfacing component between two voltages. Level Shifter enters between different modules for voltage communication without using any additional pin. To minimize power consumption due to different supply voltages in the level shifter circuits, voltage shifting from low to above threshold. MTCMOS is used in this technique along with edge triggered flip flop. In this technique the predicted power consumption reached below 1.5mW from the conventional power consumption. Using Different power supply predicted power consumption is achieved in this Technique.

CRK5 Protein Kinase Contributes to the Progression of Embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The fine tuning of hormone (e.g., auxin and gibberellin) levels and hormone signaling is required for maintaining normal embryogenesis. Embryo polarity, for example, is ensured by the directional movement of auxin that is controlled by various types of auxin transporters. Here, we present pieces of evidence for the auxin-gibberellic acid (GA) hormonal crosstalk during embryo development and the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase-Related Kinase 5 (AtCRK5) in this regard. It is pointed out that the embryogenesis of the Atcrk5-1 mutant is delayed in comparison to the wild type. This delay is accompanied with a decrease in the levels of GA and auxin, as well as the abundance of the polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins PIN1, PIN4, and PIN7 in the mutant embryos. We have previously showed that AtCRK5 can regulate the PIN2 and PIN3 proteins either directly by phosphorylation or indirectly affecting the GA level during the root gravitropic and hypocotyl hook bending responses. In this manuscript, we provide evidence that the AtCRK5 protein kinase can in vitro phosphorylate the hydrophilic loops of additional PIN proteins that are important for embryogenesis. We propose that AtCRK5 can govern embryo development in Arabidopsis through the fine tuning of auxin-GA level and the accumulation of certain polar auxin transport proteins.