Additional Financial Incentives Research Articles

Personnel motivation in the sphere of business management

Introduction. The paper deals with the peculiarities of personnel motivation in the field of business management that organization and use of values management help to strengthen the value of staff identity and is focused on the formation of the value system in the company as a whole. The purpose of the paper is to study of the personnel motivation system in the field of business management. Results. The result of the study is the generalization and systematization of the concepts of management of value staff. According to the results of the study, dominant trends in the organizational behavior of employees were revealed, depending on their level and tendency to changes in work. Increasing labor productivity and efficiency can be achieved by using your own potential through a motivational mechanism and makes work interesting. The peculiarities of changes in the work used by employees in organizations do not allow them to reduce the stress of working with people, which inevitably leads to psycho-emotional burnout. The methods used allow to provide the risks of professional burnout, the dismissal of the employee and the reduction of qualitative indicators, as well as to determine the dominant strategy of rethinking their organizational behavior. Conclusion. Value management integrates economic (labor efficiency) and psychological (involvement, relationships, satisfaction from work). It is an integral part of a developed organizational culture and becomes available only at a certain stage of the company's life cycle. The management of values based on a resource approach allows the leader to improve the economic indicators of the organization at the expense of personal resources of employees (through their involvement, identification of personal values with values of the organization) without the use of additional financial incentives and penalties.

Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in a Carbon Sequestration Program – A Discrete Choice Experiment

Farmers can counteract global warming by drawing carbon dioxide from the air into agricultural soils by building up humus. Humus programs were developed to motivate farmers for even more humus formation (= carbon sequestration) through an additional financial incentive. These programs are still at an early stage of development, which is why the number of participating farmers and research work is still low. This study is the first to analyze the willingness of German farmers to participate in hypothetical humus programs. The results of a discrete choice experiment show that a (higher) threshold for the payout of the premium, regional (rather than field-specific) reference values, and the risk of repayment clearly discourage farmers from participating. Program providers must more than double the premium (set at around 240 € per hectare and 0.1% humus increase) to maintain farmers’ willingness to participate despite a payout threshold. Regional reference values and an additional premium/repayment system would lead to an increase in the premium of around 20 € per hectare in order to keep the willingness to participate at the same level. The motivation to build up humus, the desire to maximize subsidies, and a higher livestock density have a positive influence on farmers’ decision to participate. Farm size and risk attitude have an impact on farmers’ preferences for program design. The study is relevant for policymakers and non-governmental organizations concerned with carbon management, as our findings highlight pathways for efficient, targeted designs of humus programs and carbon sequestration policies.

Experimental evidence on how implicit racial bias affects risk preferences

ABSTRACT We ask how human behavior changes when racial discrimination is costly and when choices are risky. By asking N = 4,944 participants in Germany to form a soccer team in a series of online experiments, we measure decision-making in an accessible way. Higher costs of discrimination can reduce disparities, but we show that these costs can also trigger implicit racial bias: participants who received an additional financial incentive to select more skilled soccer players outperformed nonincentivized participants and differentiated less based on skin color. However, when confronted with risky choices in a lottery, incentivized participants are more likely to gamble to avoid players with a darker skin color. That is, racial (minority) markers alter the risk preferences of people when their decisions carry costly consequences. This implicit racial bias may partly explain why members of visible minority groups are regularly discriminated against in real-world competitive markets.

Company management based on key performance indicators: Industry overview

Key performance indicators (KPIs) act as a specific indicator of productivity, and reflect the degree of implementation of goals and objectives that have been set for specific employees, departments, or the organization as a whole. There are different key performance indicators depending on the scope of the organization. In any case, as a rule, indicators are divided into different groups to optimize the process of developing an organization’s strategic plan. For organizations, depending on the field of activity, the main KPIs and industry performance indicators are identified, the use of which is designed to increase the efficiency of activities, increase profits and motivation of employees. An important point in optimizing the company’s activities is the formation of an understanding among employees that the achievement of their goals depends on the achievement of the goals of the organization as a whole, since payments of additional financial incentives are made from the profit of the organization. Thus, KPI acts not only as a motivation system for employees, but also reflects the degree of achievement of goals by the business as a whole. Using the example of the gold mining industry, construction, transport and a number of other sectors of the national economy, the main key performance indicators are determined. It is concluded that in addition to the industry specifics, it is very important to take into account the specifics of a particular company when forming a KPI system.

The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Private Health Sector: Profiting without Socially Contributing.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the mobilization of all available health care resources, including private, for-profit ones. The aim of this multiple methods study (combination of document and secondary data analysis) was to assess government regulations facilitating the private health sector's participation in the COVID-19 response in Greece. During the pandemic, the government made three successive increases in private providers' reimbursement fees, provided additional financial incentives to private providers, and allocated €280 million of emergency funding for the private sector's involvement in the national COVID-19 response. In response, private hospitals made available on average 2.2% of their total bed capacity per epidemic wave for the treatment of COVID-19 patients and 1.7% of their total bed capacity for the treatment of non-COVID-19 patients transferred from National Health System (NHS) hospitals. In 2020 the five largest health care corporate groups maintained their revenues, while in 2021 they increased them by 18.7%-a striking comparison with the 9% recession experienced by the Greek economy in 2020 and its 8.4% recovery in 2021. In a time of an acute public health crisis, private health care providers responded to society's pressing health care needs by insulating their facilities from COVID-19 patients and NHS patient transfers, minimizing their social contribution and safeguarding their revenues and profits.

Audit of the effectiveness of the organic farming development in European countries

The article presents the results of the audit of the development of organic production in the EU countries using the example of Poland. It is noted that today Poland is significantly behind the average level in the European Union, where the share of organic land is 8.1%. It has been proven that in order to reach the level of other EU countries by the end of 2030, the average annual rate of growth of organic and transitional lands should be at least +11.2%, and the share of transitional lands in them should be 25.1%. It is noted that the strategic goal of the EU by 2030 is to convert a quarter of all agricultural land into organic. In this case, the average annual rate of growth of the corresponding areas in Poland should be +22.8%, and the share of transitional lands in them should be at least 40.6%. It is calculated that, given the relatively low level of productivity, Poland can achieve this level only through state support and the creation of additional financial incentives

Energy poverty in the Netherlands at the national and local level: A multi-dimensional spatial analysis

The strong increase in energy prices since 2021 has led to a turning point in thinking about energy poverty in the Netherlands, where the concept of energy poverty was thus far neglected in national policy making. Against this background we present the first multifaceted spatial analysis of energy poverty in the Netherlands, which will serve as the analytical foundation to set up a national energy poverty monitor. In doing so, we make a novel contribution to the literature by estimating and systematically comparing a new set of energy poverty indicators for the Netherlands, taking into account the spatial dimension of the energy poverty problem by using georeferenced microdata at the household level, covering nearly 80 % of Dutch households. We measure three dimensions of the energy poverty problem: (i) the affordability of energy, (ii) the energetic quality of houses and (iii) households' ability to participate in the energy transition. Our analysis shows that at 2019 energy prices, approximately 7 % of Dutch households face a combination of high energy costs, inadequate insulation and low income. However, almost half of all Dutch households (48 %) cannot participate in the energy transition in the built environment on their own, because they live in a poorly or moderately insulated house that they are unable to upgrade because they are either tenants, or owners with insufficient financial wealth. About 75 % of energy-poor households live in a dwelling owned by a social housing association. These observations challenge the dominant policy perspective that greening of the housing stock mainly requires providing home-owners limited financial incentives in the form of subsidies. As regards the geography of energy poverty, we find that severe energy poverty is much more spatially concentrated than income poverty, and mainly occurs in peripheral regions of the Netherlands plus some densely populated urban districts. We argue that energy poverty is a symptom of slow diffusion of energy-saving technologies due to a combination of investment barriers, which should be addressed with a balanced mix of additional financial resources, price incentives and home insulation standards.

Association between better night-shift nurse staffing and surgical outcomes: A retrospective cohort study using a nationwide inpatient database in Japan.

Although many studies have investigated the relationship between patient outcomes and the level of nurse staffing, little is known about the association between increased night-shift nurse staffing and patient outcomes. In the Japanese universal health insurance system, a new scheme of additional financial incentives for acute care hospitals was launched in 2012 to increase the number of nurses during the night shift in general wards. The objective of this study was to investigate whether an additional financial incentive to increase night-shift nurse staffing in general wards was associated with better patient outcomes. Adoption of the above-mentioned scheme of additional financial incentives was used as a natural experiment, and the difference-in-differences method was conducted to evaluate the effect of the scheme. The study was performed using a nationwide inpatient database and hospital information in Japan. To conduct a difference-in-differences analysis, first, hospitals with and without increased night-shift nurse staffing were matched using propensity score matching. A patient-level difference-in-differences analysis was then conducted. The intervention group comprised the hospitals that adopted the new scheme of additional financial incentives. The outcome measures were in-hospital mortality, failure to rescue, and length of hospital stay. Subjects were 403,971 adult patients who underwent planned major surgeries in Japanese acute care hospitals from April 2012 to March 2018. The adjusted difference-in-differences estimates were not significant for in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 0.83; 95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 1.01; p=0.07) or failure to rescue (odds ratio: 0.92; 95% confidence interval: 0.73 to 1.14; p=0.44). The adjusted difference-in-differences estimate for length of hospital stay was significant (percent change: -3.2%; 95% confidence interval: -6.1 to -0.3%; p=0.029), indicating that the adoption of the scheme was associated with a decreased length of hospital stay. Increased night-shift nurse staffing was not associated with a decrease in in-hospital mortality or failure to rescue, but it was associated with a reduction in the length of hospital stay. It may be necessary to consider changes in policy content to make the policy more effective. The findings of this study are potentially useful for medical policymakers considering nurse staffing to decrease the length of stay, which may decrease costs. This study showed that increased night-shift nurse staffing was not associated with a decrease in in-hospital mortality or failure to rescue, but it was associated with a reduction in the length of hospital stay. The examination of the effectiveness of increasing nurse staffing during a specific shift in acute care hospitals is potentially useful for health policymakers worldwide in their considerations of future nurse staffing policies.

Food Security in Case of Negative Changes in the Environment

Agricultural production is more affected by the increasing changes in the planet's climate than industrial sectors. To this are added global economic and geopolitical aggravations affecting agro-industrial production. The article presents the results of a study of changes in the use of natural resources in agriculture in Russia and, in this regard, an analysis of possible directions in the implementation of the national economic program of food security. The solution of this problem is closely connected with the need to reform the practice of providing state assistance to agricultural enterprises in the near future. The essence of the necessary changes is that additional financial incentives should be provided for farms that adhere to socially useful areas of activity – ​the use of high-performance modern production technologies, its greening, lowering product sales prices, increasing its supplies to domestic and foreign markets. The article also examines the possibility of expanding the use of land, water and biological resources in connection with solving the problem of food security. One of the possible schemes for managing the agro-industrial complex at the national economic level is shown, taking into account the negative impact on its development of external factors due to globalization natural and economic changes.

Optimizing contract allocation for risky conservation tenders

In the face of a shrinking budget for environmental activities, conservation agencies must design and implement agri-environmental policies that cost-effectively meet the environmental objectives. However, designing such programs is often challenging due to different uncertainties. For example, landholders may be exposed to risks when carrying out conservation projects. To minimise the negative impact of unexpected losses, landholders may require additional financial incentives as compensation for undertaking “risky” conservation projects. In such situations, the conservation agency risks over-spending public funds because of prohibitively high opportunity costs from landholders or failing to meet the environmental target. We used analytical and simulation approaches to explore optimal budget allocation in a target-constrained conservation tender. We also compared the performance of the tender with and without own-cost uncertainty. Results showed that as landholders’ own-cost uncertainty rises, the conservation agency is forced to allocate more funding to secure the same level of the environmental target. We found that the optimal funding level is sensitive to landholders’ competition uncertainty and the magnitude of expected losses.

Does crop insurance inhibit climate change technology adoption?

Changing temperatures and precipitation patterns from climate change are a major risk to crop yields. Producers have technology options for mitigating this risk with one such technology termed drainage water recycling (DWR). DWR involves diverting subsurface drainage water to ponds where it is stored for later irrigation. Crop insurance may interfere with DWR adoption by providing producers with another avenue to manage climate change risk. It is hypothesized that government-subsidized crop insurance reduces climate change technology adoption. Based on real options, this analysis considers two policy regimes: when crop insurance is in effect and not. In a Poisson jump process, it further considers the insurance effect of producers’ returns jumping when facing a crop disaster. Results indicate crop insurance has a minimal effect on DWR adoption, and in most scenarios, the DWR adoption thresholds are too large for a producer to invest for climate change adaptation without additional financial incentives. The baseline DWR adoption scenario, with no crop insurance impact, requires revenue of $1,114/acre, or 1.57 times current conventional revenue.

Pay-for-performance and dental procedures: A longitudinal analysis of the Brazilian Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of Dental Specialities Centres.

Evaluate the impact of a pay-for-performance program on changes in the number of dental procedures performed by public secondary dental care services in Brazil. A longitudinal study was carried out with 932 public Dental Specialities Centres (Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas - CEO) that participated in the pay-for-performance Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of Dental Specialities Centres Services (PMAQ/CEO) and 379 non-CEO centres with secondary dental production. The non-CEO and a group of CEOs did not receive financial incentives from the PMAQ-CEO and served as control groups. Three CEOs groups received additional financial incentives of 20%, 60% or 100% over maintenance values, based on their performance scores. The outcome was the increase (yes/no) in the number of dental procedures between 2011/2013 and 2015/2017. Analyses were carried out using logistic regressions. The number of specialized procedures increased in 48.4% of the services, 44.6% among non-CEO, 52.3% among CEO with no financial incentive and 59.1% among CEO with 100% incentive. The fully adjusted model showed that CEOs receiving 100% of the financial incentive had greater odds of increasing the production of dental procedures (OR=1.65, 95%CI: 1.09-2.51). Services that increased the number of specialist dentists had (OR=2.35, 95%CI 1.88-2.94). Municipalities that increased in coverage of private dental insurance had OR=0.98 (95%CI: 0.94-1.02), and those with higher coverage of primary dental care had OR=1.02 (95%CI: 0.99-1.05). Pay-for-performance may increase the production of dental procedures by CEOs, and mechanisms explaining it must be further investigated.

Land-sharing logging is more profitable than land sparing in the Brazilian Amazon

Selective logging is pervasive across the tropics and a key driver of forest degradation. Two competing harvest management strategies have been proposed: Land sharing via low-intensity logging throughout a concession; and high-intensity land-sparing logging across a smaller area, protecting part of the concession as primary forest. Empirical research points to land sparing being more optimal for maintaining biodiversity and carbon, especially under secure land tenure, but a key question for forest-based economies is how each strategy affects the profitability of logging. We combine detailed financial data with harvest simulations to assess the profitability of land-sharing and land-sparing logging in the Brazilian Amazon. Under business-as-usual, land-sharing is significantly more profitable than land-sparing logging, whether sparing is conducted in a single block or targeting the highest-density timber stocks, highlighting a conflict between economic and conservation priorities. Land-sharing logging is also more profitable than hybrid strategies whereby a mix of land-sharing and land-sparing logging is employed. Conservation-based restrictions that apply quotas on species in different size classes reduces the opportunity cost of land sparing, but even under tight restrictions land sharing remains more profitable and land sparing often returns a loss. Additional financial incentives, including timber certification schemes and carbon-based payment for ecosystem services, are needed to bridge the opportunity cost of land-sparing logging and minimise ecological damage to tropical rainforests.

Partner-delivered HIV self-test kits with and without financial incentives in antenatal care and index patients with HIV in Malawi: a three-arm, cluster-randomised controlled trial

SummaryBackgroundSecondary distribution of HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits by patients attending clinic services to their partners could improve the rate of HIV diagnosis. We aimed to investigate whether secondary administration of HIVST kits, with or without an additional financial incentive, via women receiving antenatal care (ANC) or via people newly diagnosed with HIV (ie, index patients) could improve the proportion of male partners tested or the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV.MethodsWe did a three-arm, open-label, pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial of 27 health centres (clusters), eligible if they were a government primary health centre providing ANC, HIV testing, and ART services, across four districts of Malawi. We recruited women (aged ≥18 years) attending their first ANC visit and whose male partner was available, not already taking ART, and not already tested for HIV during this pregnancy (ANC cohort), and people (aged ≥18 years) with newly diagnosed HIV during routine clinic HIV testing who had at least one sexual contact not already known to be HIV-positive (index cohort). Centres were randomly assigned (1:1:1), using a public selection of computer-generated random allocations, to enhanced standard of care (including an invitation for partners to attend HIV testing services), HIVST only, or HIVST plus a US$10 financial incentive for retesting. The primary outcome for the ANC cohort was the proportion of male partners reportedly tested, as ascertained by interview with women in this cohort at day 28. The primary outcome for the index cohort was the geometric mean number of new HIV-positive people identified per facility within 28 days of enrolment, as measured by observed HIV test results. Cluster-level summaries compared intervention with standard of care by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03705611.FindingsBetween Sept 8, 2018, and May 2, 2019, nine clusters were assigned to each trial arm, resulting in 4544 eligible women in the ANC cohort (1447 [31·8%] in the standard care group, 1465 [32·2%] in the HIVST only group, and 1632 [35·9%] in HIVST plus financial incentive group) and 708 eligible patients in the index cohort (234 [33·1%] in the standard care group, 169 [23·9%] in the HIVST only group, and 305 [42·9%] in the HIVST plus financial incentive group). 4461 (98·2%) of 4544 eligible women in the ANC cohort and 645 (91·1%) of 708 eligible patients in the index cohort were recruited, of whom 3378 (75·7%) in the ANC cohort and 439 (68·1%) in the index cohort were interviewed after 28 days. In the ANC cohort, the mean proportion of reported partner testing per cluster was 35·0% (SD 10·0) in the standard care group, 73·0% in HIVST only group (13·1, adjusted risk ratio [RR] 1·71, 95% CI 1·48–1·98; p<0·0001), and 65·2% in the HIVST plus financial incentive group (11·6, adjusted RR 1·62, 1·45–1·81; p<0·0001). In the index cohort, the geometric mean number of new HIV-positive sexual partners per cluster was 1·35 (SD 1·62) for the standard care group, 1·91 (1·78) for the HIVST only group (incidence rate ratio adjusted for number eligible as an offset in the negative binomial model 1·65, 95% CI 0·49–5·55; p=0·3370), and 3·20 (3·81) for the HIVST plus financial incentive group (3·11, 0·99–9·77; p=0·0440). Four self-resolving, temporary marital separations occurred due to disagreement in couples regarding HIV self-test kits.InterpretationAlthough administration of HIVST kits in the ANC cohort, even when offered alongside a financial incentive, did not identify significantly more male patients with HIV than did standard care, out-of-clinic options for HIV testing appear more acceptable to many male partners of women with HIV, increasing test uptake. Viewed in the current context, this approach might allow continuation of services despite COVID-19-related lockdowns.FundingUnitaid, through the Self-Testing Africa Initiative.

The place of reporting in the management of financial results of the enterprise

The purpose of the article is to determine the place and impact of indicators of financial, non-financial and internal reporting on the management of financial results of enterprises. It is determined that the primary cause of significant losses in the activities of enterprises is the global epidemic COVID-19, which reduced economic activity, gave impetus to additional investment and financial incentives. It is proved that in order to increase the efficiency of profitability management, enterprises need to systematically analyze the indicators of financial, non-financial and internal reporting and investigate the factors influencing their importance and make appropriate changes to the financial performance management system. The place of different types of reporting in the process of managing the financial results of the enterprise is considered. In order to obtain the highest quality, objective and true forecast indicators of financial results, a sequence of analysis of indicators based on financial statements has been developed. In order to determine the financial indicators, strengths and weaknesses of the entity and the list of issues that should be disclosed in the internal financial statements, it is proposed to conduct a survey of stakeholders. It is proved that the mechanism of financial results management should be based on special indicators that comprehensively characterize the tax, investment, innovation, social and environmental components of the business model of the entity, which is most fully implemented in integrated reporting. It is proposed to constantly assess the risks that may arise when expecting excess profits from its use and in the event of certain deviations to make appropriate adjustments to financial policy, analyzing the indicators of integrated reporting. A matrix for monitoring the financial reliability of the business model of the business entity has been developed. Factors that significantly affect the financial results of the enterprise are classified according to the following characteristics: attitude to the enterprise (external and internal); time of action (permanent, temporary, past, current and future); content (economic, social and environmental).

Regulatory impact of photovoltaic prosumer policies in Brazil based on a financial risk analysis

In 2018, A Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) was launched to review the Brazil's prosumer remuneration scheme in Brazil. Six policy alternatives that can impose different financial risks on photovoltaic prosumers, including whether or not there are complementary incentives, are considered. Policy implications are based on an analysis of the financial risk to prosumers in São Paulo state in terms of the Conditional Value at Risk of Net Present Value. The results reveal that additional financial incentives can mitigate the financial risk of some alternatives. Some alternatives impose financial risk that may discourage new prosumers in some of the São Paulo regions studied.

Evaluation of primary care services in Hungary: a comprehensive description of provision, professional competences, cooperation, financing, and infrastructure, based on the findings of the Hungarian-arm of the QUALICOPC study.

Primary health care provision in terms of quality, equity, and costs are different by countries. The Quality and Costs of Primary Care (QUALICOPC) study evaluated these domains and parameters in 35 countries, using uniformized method with validated questionnaires filled out by family physicians/general practitioners (GPs).This paper aims to provide data of the Hungarian-arm of the QUALICOPC study and to give an overview about the recent Hungarian primary care (PC) system. The questionnaires were completed in 222 Hungarian GP practices, delivered by fieldworkers, in a geographically representative distribution. Descriptive analysis was performed on the data. Financing is based mostly on capitation, with additional compensatory elements and minor financial incentives. The gate-keeping function is weak. The communication between GPs and specialists is often insufficient. The number of available devices and equipment are appropriate. Single-handed practices are predominant. Appointment instead of queuing is a new option and is becoming more popular, mainly among better-educated and urban patients. GPs are involved in the management of almost all chronic condition of all generations. Despite the burden of administrative tasks, half of the GPs estimate their job as still interesting, burn-out symptoms were rarely found. Among the evaluated process indicators, access, continuity, comprehensiveness, and coordination were rated as satisfactory, together with equity among health outcome indicators. Financing is insufficient; therefore, many GPs are involved in additional income-generating activities. The old age of the GPs and the lack of the younger GPs generation contributes to a shortage in manpower. Cooperation and communication between different levels of health care provision should be improved, focusing better on community orientation and on preventive services. Financing needs continuous improvement and appropriate incentives should be implemented. There is a need for specific PC-oriented guidelines to define properly the tasks and competences of GPs.

Incentivizing by example and money

Leaders are role models that affect their employees’ efforts. The effect depends on how much an employee identifies with the “boss”. Since this degree of identification is private information of the employee, additional financial incentives must be provided. Therefore, we study a principal-agent problem in which the principal affects the agent’s effort by her own effort and by financial incentives. The resulting principal-agent problem has a few non-standard specifics such as: (i) bilateral externalities as the principal’s effort affects the agent and vice versa and (ii) endogenous reservation utility of the agent. Combined, this leads to non-trivial and interesting contracts.

Mental traumatization of police officers during service in a medical and biological emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic

Relevance. Internal Affairs employees during the anti-epidemic measures of COVID-19 period protected public order and the safety of citizens in crowded places. During the pandemic, according to departmental statistics, morbidity rates in police officers were 6.6 times higher than in general population and close to the healthcare professionals. Due to police officers' professional activities, the COVID-19 pandemic was associated not only with high contamination risks, but also with certain emotional stress and destabilization.Intention. To identify mental traumatization features in police officers who serve to protect public order and citizens safety during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methodology. 371 male employees of the Internal Affairs Headquarters in Moscow were surveyed. Three groups were identified: Group I - 127 police officers (average age 33.3 ± 1.1 years, service experience 6.1 ± 1.3 years) with positive test results and COVID-19 clinical manifestations (mild and moderate severity, inpatient and outpatient treatment) over the period from 10.04.2020 to 9.06.2020 (the restrictive measures and self-isolation period announced by the decree of the Russian Chief State Sanitary Doctor on 30.03.2020 N 9 “On additional measures to prevent the COVID-2019 spread in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic”); Group II - 118 healthy police officers (average age 30.9 ± 1.5 years, service experience 5.6 ± 1.9 years), without COVID-19 clinical manifestations but released from their duties as contacts; Group III - 126 healthy police officers (average age 32.4 ± 1.5 years, service experience 7.1 ± 1.9 years) not released from their duties during the COVID-19 pandemic, who protected public order in crowded places (patrolling streets, metro duty, etc.). Our questionnaire was intended for self-assessing mental state, and experimental psychological examination was also included. To meet the anti-epidemic requirements, respondents were surveyed online using electronic digital resources.Results and Discussion. Based on self-assessment results, police officers in all groups showed high levels of well-being, mood, performance and emotional stability on duty during the COVID-19 pandemic.Mental traumatization in police officers of the Group 1 was associated with increased personal anxiety and responses to everyday situations tended to be maladaptive, with physical and verbal aggression, irritation. In Group 2 employees, mental trauma included emotional stress and situational anxiety associated with the COVID-19 risk. Healthy police officers who were not released from their duties during the COVID-19 pandemic and continued to serve as law enforcement officers in crowded areas were prone to non-constructive responses to stress in the form of feelings of guilt, hostility, and irritability. In all respondents, constructive business relationships with direct managers and additional financial incentives helped prevent psychological trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusion. The study results justify developing an algorithm for psycho-prevention in police officers during medical and biological emergencies, including psychological support, social support and a positive social environment in service teams. This will help prevent the psychological trauma and borderline mental disorders in police officers and, accordingly, increase their personal reliability and reduce damage to the Department image.

Analiza empiryczna zróżnicowania rezultatów pracy ankieterów w kontekście konstrukcji systemu premiowania

The introduction of an additional financial incentive for statistical interviewers aims to improve the quality of statistical surveys carried out in households as well as the quality of quotation of goods and services conducted in retail outlets and service points, inter alia, by increasing the completeness of these surveys. These are conducted by Statistics Poland and its local agendas, i.e. statistical offices. The aim of the article is to analyse the diversity of results of interviewers’ work in the context of construction of the bonus system.As a measure of the result of the interviewerʼs work, the survey completeness index was used, which may be the basis for the level of thresholds defining the amount of the bonus.