Addition Of Waste Cooking Oil Research Articles

Comparative Assessment of Head Deposition, Exhaust Gas Temperature and Sound Emission in CI Engine using Blend Fuel

Energy has a significant role in the socio-economic growth for any country. The energy originates from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable and enact an undesirable impact on the environment. Waste cooking oil can be utilized in diesel engine directly. Preheating and trans-esterification process are expensive to convert waste cooking oil into biodiesel. This research aims to replace diesel with waste cooking oil as binary blend and compared with diesel fuel. Engine testing at the constant speed of 1300 rpm at constant load. This study revealed that, addition of waste cooking oil reduced exhaust gas temperature as compared to base line fuel. In case of noise emission, sound level for emulsion fuel DF95WCO5 was reduced compared to DF. In this study, a single-cylinder CI engine was run for 200 hours on two fuel samples: DF (diesel fuel) as the baseline fuel and DF95WCO5 (5% waste cooking oil and 95% DF). During the endurance test, the effects of DF95WCO5 on engine head deposits were studied. According to the investigation's findings, visual inspection of both fuel samples revealed some deposit buildup on injectors. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis revealed that the engine running with DF95WCO5 formed more carbon deposits on and around the head. It can be concluded that binary emulsion can be used in compression ignition engine without any engine alterations. Consequently, WCO can be proficiently used to reduce detrimental effects and reduce fossil fuel dependency.

Physical property analysis of biodiesel from nyamplung and used cooking oil: density, viscosity, calorific value, and flash point

The increasing dem and for energy and the depletion of fossil fuel shas led to the exploration of alternative fuels like biodiesel, which require sref inement tomatch diesel oil properties. This study investigates the combination of nyamplung oil, a non-edible potential source, with waste cooking oil for biodiesel production, aiming to improve its physical properties. Through a method ological approachin volving degumming, esterification, and transesterification, biodiesel was produce dfrom these oils in 11 different blend compositions. The physical properties of these blends, including density, viscosity, flashpoint, and calorific value, were rigorously tested. Results indicate that incorporating waste cooking oil into nyamplung biodiesel significantly reduces viscosity, density, and flashpoint while increasing the calorific value. Specifically, the addition of waste cooking oil altered the density from 912.74 kg/m³ in pure nyamplung biodiesel to 857.27 kg/m³, decreased the viscosity from 28.02 cStto 4.58 cSt, reduced the flash point from 223°C to 197°C, and increased the heating value from 7,626.59 cal/g to 8,348.94 cal/g.

Influence of waste polyethylene/WCO composite on physical and chemical properties of asphalt.

The use of waste polyethylene (WPE) in modified asphalt is frequently employed to reduce environmental pollution and improve asphalt properties. However, research has shown that using WPE alone as a modifier does not effectively enhance the low-temperature flexibility of asphalt. This study aims to investigate the potential of utilizing WPE and waste cooking oil (WCO) as composite modifiers to enhance the properties of virgin asphalt under both high and low-temperature conditions. The contents of WPE and WCO were used, and the preparation process for the modified asphalt was optimized through an orthogonal experiment. The experimental results indicate that the optimal formulation for the WPE/WCO composite modified asphalt (WPE/WCO-A) is obtained with an additive dosage of 8% and 1% by mass of virgin asphalt for WPE and WCO, respectively, as well as the maintenance process at a temperature of 140°C and a duration of 2h. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) results reveal that WPE/WCO composite modifier can greatly improve the high-temperature deformation resistance of asphalt. Bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests confirm that WPE adversely affects the low-temperature flexibility of asphalt, while the addition of WCO can improve it. WPE/WCO-A has even better low-temperature properties than virgin asphalt (VA). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results suggest that the composite modification of asphalt by WPE/WCO modifiers is dominated by physical action. Furthermore, the fluorescence microscopy test results demonstrate that WCO can promote WPE swelling in asphalt. This study offers a novel approach to improve the comprehensive properties of asphalt through composite modification using WPE and WCO.

Engine behavior analysis on a conventional diesel engine combustion mode powered by low viscous cedarwood oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel/diesel fuel mixture – An experimental study

Binary biofuel is the best alternative source that completely replaces petroleum-based fuel. In this study, we have experimented with the waste cooking oil and cedarwood oil as biofuel in a DI CI engine for various proportions and related its combustion, emission, and performance characteristics to those of base diesel. This study aims to eliminate the utilization of fossil fuel in a diesel engine by introducing green binary fuel (low viscous fuel resulting from the blending of cedarwood oil with WCO biodiesel) successfully. The objective of the study is to convert cedarwood – WCO into green binary fuel and investigate its performance, emission, and combustion properties. The transesterification process is utilized for the enhancement of WCO as biodiesel. It occasioned a reduction in brake thermal efficiency as the addition of waste cooking oil in the blend increased. At the same time, the maximum value of BTE of 27.8% was attained for B10C90 (10% transesterified waste cooking oil and 90% cedarwood oil in volume), whereas it was 28.1% for diesel at maximum load conditions. The BSEC was 15.4 MJ/kW-hr for B10C90 and 12.8 MJ/kWhr for diesel. The emission characteristics, CO, HC, NOx, CO2, and smoke for B10C90 were 17.93 g/kWhr, 0.55 g/kWhr., 20.09 g/kWhr, 2210.9 g/kWhr, and 25.55%. Combustion features such as NHRR, burn duration, MPRR, combustion efficiency, Ignition delay, and coefficient of variance for B10C90 were 53.74 bar, 29.38 CAD, 4.71 bar/CAD, 99.7%, 7.01 CAD, and 4.73% respectively. It showed that B10C90 had comparable performance (BTE) and combustion values to mineral diesel with better emission characteristics.

Evaluation of ammonia emission reducing effect by adding waste cooking oil in pilot-scale composting of dairy cattle manure.

In our previous study, we observed that the addition of waste cooking oil (WCO) reduced ammonia (NH3) emissions during laboratory-scale composting of dairy cattle manure under low-aeration condition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of addition of WCO on NH3 emissions reduction during pilot-scale composting of dairy cattle manure, which is close to the conditions of practical composting treatment. Composting tests were conducted using pilot-scale composting facilities (1.8 m3 of capacity). The composting mixtures were prepared from manure, sawdust, and WCO. Two treatments were set: without WCO (Control) and with WCO added to 3 wt% of manure (WCO3). Composting was conducted under continuous aeration at 40 L/min, corresponding to 22.2 L/(min‧m3) of the mixture at the start of composting. The changes in temperatures, NH3 concentrations in the exhaust gases, and contents of the composted mixtures were analyzed. Based on these analysis results, the effect of WCO addition on NH3 emissions and nitrogen loss during composting was evaluated. During composting, the temperature increase of the composting mixture became higher, and the decreases of weight and water content of the mixture became larger in WCO3 than in Control. In the decrease of weight, and the residual weight and water content of the mixture, significant differences (p<0.05) were detected between the two treatments at the end of composting. The NH3 concentrations in the exhaust gases tended to be lower in WCO3 than in Control. Nitrogen loss was 21.5% lower in WCO3 than in Control. Reduction of NH3 emissions by the addition of WCO under low aeration condition was observed in pilot-scale composting, as well as in laboratory-scale composting. This result suggests that this method is effective in reducing NH3 emissions in practicalscale composting.

Review on Performance of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture with Waste Cooking Oil

To make full use of the regenerative value of waste cooking oil, and to solve the environmental pollution and food security issues caused by waste cooking oil, waste cooking oil was suggested for use in asphalt. Waste cooking oil was used to adjust the performance of virgin and aged asphalt. This review article summarizes research progress on the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil. The results showed that a moderate dosage of waste cooking oil will improved the low-temperature performance and construction workability of petroleum asphalt and aged asphalt. The mixing and compaction temperature of asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil are reduced by up to 15 °C. The rutting resistance and fatigue resistance of modified asphalt and modified asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil are damaged. After the addition of waste cooking oil in aged asphalt, the high-temperature performance and shear rheologic property of aged asphalt will be recovered. The regeneration effect of waste cooking oil on aged asphalt and aged asphalt mixture is close to that of a traditional regeneration agent, and the partial performance of asphalt or asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil is better. There is no chemical reaction between waste cooking oil and asphalt, but the asphalt component and absorption peak intensity of partial functional groups are changed. The light components content of asphalt binder is usually increased. Further research regarding the engineering application of asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil should be conducted. The method for improving the performance of asphalt and asphalt mixture with waste cooking oil will be mainly researched.

Laboratory investigation on added-value application of the COVID-19 disposable mask in hot mix asphalt (HMA)

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated the demand for disposable masks to an unprecedented level, which also poses a significant risk to the natural environment from the improper treatment or disposal of waste masks. To lower such an environmental risk and maximize the added value of the waste masks, this paper proposed to recycle the waste mask fiber (MF) in combination with the waste cooking oil (WCO) for hot mix asphalt (HMA) application. A series of MF + WCO modified asphalt binders were first designed and fabricated. Their performance properties were then systematically measured. The physical-rheological test results showed that the incorporation of MF can significantly improve the high-temperature rutting resistance performance of asphalt binder. However, it may also lower the asphalt's low-temperature anti-cracking performance. The addition of WCO was found to compensate for this low-temperature performance loss effectively, and the MF5% + WCO3% was identified as the best combination. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy test results revealed that the asphalt modified by the MF + WCO involved only a physical modification. The performance test results indicated that the high-temperature permanent deformation resistance and low-temperature anti-cracking of MF5% + WCO3% modified HMA was greatly enhanced, while its moisture stability was slightly reduced but still met the specification requirement. The environmental benefit assessments proved that recycling the waste masks for asphalt paving can provide an enormous added value to pavement engineering in terms of carbon emission reduction and land resource saving.

Effect of waste cooking oil addition on ammonia emissions during the composting of dairy cattle manure.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of waste cooking oil (WCO) addition on ammonia (NH3) emissions during the composting of dairy cattle manure under two aeration conditions.MethodsThe composting tests were conducted using the laboratory-scale composting apparatuses (14 L of inner volume). Three composting treatments (Control, WCO1.5, and WCO3, with WCO added at 0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, and 3 wt% of manure, respectively) were performed in two composting tests: aeration rate during composting was changed from 0.55 to 0.45 L/min in Test 1, and fixed at 0.3 L/min in Test 2, respectively. The NH3 emitted and nitrogen losses during the composting were analyzed, and the effect of the addition of WCO on NH3 emissions were evaluated.ResultsBoth tests indicated that the composting mixture temperature increased while the weight and water content decreased with increasing WCO content of the composting mixtures. On the other hand, the NH3 emissions and nitrogen loss trends observed during composting in Tests 1 and 2 were different from each other. In Test 1, NH3 emissions and nitrogen losses during composting increased with increasing WCO contents of the composting samples. Conversely, in Test 2, they decreased as the WCO contents of the samples increased.ConclusionThe WCO addition showed different effect on NH3 emissions during composting under two aeration conditions: the increase in WCO addition ratio increased the emissions under the higher aeration rate in Test 1, and it decreased the emissions under the lower aeration rate in Test 2. To obtain reduction of NH3 emissions by adding WCO with the addition ratio ≤3 wt% of the manure, aeration should be considered.

Modification of Energy Parameters in Wood Pellets with the Use of Waste Cooking Oil

Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy. It is expected that in the coming decades, biomass will play a major role in replacing fossil fuels. The most commonly used biofuels include wood pellet, which is a cost-effective, uniform and easy-to-use material. In view of the growing interest in this type of resource, novel methods are being investigated to improve the quality of pellet. This article presents the results of a laboratory study focusing on wood pellets refined with waste sunflower cooking oil applied by spraying. In this work, authors attempted to modify the energy parameters of wood pellets with the use of waste cooking oil. Addition of waste cooking oil, applied at the rates of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% relative to the weight of pellets, increased the calorific value of the pellets without decreasing their durability. The highest dose of the modifier (12%) on average led to a 12–16% increase in calorific value. In each case, the addition of sunflower oil resulted in decreased contents of ash in the pellets; on average a decrease of 16–38% was observed in the samples treated with the highest dose of the modifier. The treatment led to a higher content of elements affecting the heating value, i.e., carbon and hydrogen, which on average increased by 7.5–12%, and 7.0–10.0%, respectively. The presented method seems to be a promising way of increasing the calorific value of pellets. Further research on refining the method and the possibility of using it in industry is necessary.

Investigation of physiochemical and rheological properties of waste cooking oil/SBS/EVA composite modified petroleum asphalt

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to investigate the physiochemical and rheological properties of waste cooking oil (WCO)/styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene/ethylene vinyl acetate (SBS/EVA) composite modified asphalt. A petroleum asphalt composite modified with SBS/EVA and oil/SBS/EVA were prepared to undergo the physical, rheological, and microscopic experiments. Comparing these tests results with the properties of unmodified petroleum asphalt, SBS and EVA cause an improvement in pavement performance, but weaken the storage stability. Although the high‐temperature performance undermined by the addition of WCO, the thermal stability, fatigue property, and low temperature crack resistance improved obviously. In addition, WCO mainly composed by low‐weight components, and these can supplement the light components in the polymer‐modified asphalt. EVA could increase the percentage of large molecular size of asphalt, while WCO relieves this trend. The reactions between WCO and these polymers (SBS and EVA) are physical reactions. Atomic force microscopy morphology results reflect that SBS and EVA increase the surface complexity and roughness, and WCO makes the asphalt surface smooth. This indicates WCO increases the dispersion of polymers in asphalt. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48828.

Comparative spectroscopic study inside turbulent flames of diesel and waste cooking oil using hyper-spectral camera

The excitations of molecules due to reactions inside turbulent flames are very complicated to study. In this research, investigation on the intensity of the reaction rates inside and around flames of light diesel oil (LDO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) blends with light and heavy diesel fuel (HDO) using Hyper-spectral camera of wide range of measurements at various fuel/air equivalence ratios. The addition of waste cooking oil to both LDO will achieve fuel saving in which results of peak emissions at fuel/air equivalence ratio (Ф) = 0.96 and Ф = 1.1 are equal at all zones of reactions. But, addition of WCO to HDO make the combustion process tends to lean mixtures where peak emissions values at Ф = 0.75, 0.96 and 1.1 are equal at the last three zones of reaction.

Performance of Waste Cooking Oil in Asphalt Binder Modification

Oxidation, hydrolysis and polymerization process during frying activity has caused the alteration value of the waste cooking oil (WCO) properties which is acid value and water content. This parameter is recognized as the quality measurement of waste cooking oil that might be affecting the performance of WCO in binder modification. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to relate the quality of WCO by the determination of the WCO parameter with the performance of WCO in modified binder by physical and rheological binder testing. Based on the finding, the high and good quality of WCO is recorded in December sample with the lowest acid value (1.66 mL/g) and water content (0.01 ml). The high quality of WCO affected the good performance of rheological properties where the higher rutting resistance and temperature failure at 64 °C is achieved by the modified asphalt binder with the addition of WCO in December sample.

THE POTENTIAL OF WASTE COOKING OIL AS BIO-ASPHALT FOR ALTERNATIVE BINDER – AN OVERVIEW

Enormous quantity of waste products from by-products of frying activity could cause negative impact if not properly managed and disposed. Therefore, recyclability of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) in binder modification to produce bio-asphalt can be a sustainable ways to minimize waste dumping while at the same time to reduce the usage of natural resources. Bio-asphalt can be described as alternative asphalt binder which differs from conventional asphalt in terms of strength and durability. This review has highlighted the potential of bio-binder to replace with conventional binder by the addition of waste cooking oil in the mixture

Effects of the addition of waste cooking oil on heavy crude oil biodegradation and microbial enhanced oil recovery using Pseudomonas sp. SWP- 4

The present work aims to investigate the effects of the addition of waste cooking oil (WCO) on heavy crude oil biodegradation and microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) using Pseudomonas sp. SWP-4. Growth kinetics show Pseudomonas sp. SWP-4 had a maximum dry cell weight of 1.73g/L and cell-surface hydrophobicity of 62.4% against n-hexadecane when degraded the crude oil with the addition of WCO. The maximum rhamnolipid concentration was 6.87g/L, and the culture broth exhibited a higher emulsification efficiency of 58.3% on n-hexadecane and reduced the surface tension of broth to 22.7 mN/m. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas sp. SWP-4 reduced the viscosity of crude oil from 26,300 mPas to 550 mPas (40°C) and successfully degraded most of the n-alkanes. Furthermore, the fluidity of oil had been well improved after degradation. It can be concluded that not only could WCO stimulate the bacterial growth, but also it could enhance the crude oil degradation. Core displacement experiment demonstrates the efficiency of water flooding was just 5.8%, but the microbial flooding produced by Pseudomonas sp. SWP-4 with the addition of WCO effectively improved the oil recovery further with an additional oil recovery efficiency of 24.4%.

Diesel decarbonization via effective catalytic Co-hydroprocessing of residual lipids with gas–oil

This study focuses on evaluating the effect of residual lipid co-hydroprocessing with a heavy petroleum fraction, towards the production of a hybrid diesel fuel of increased sustainability. Firstly, the effect of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) co-hydroprocessing with Heavy Atmospheric Gas Oil (HAGO) at different relative ratios (100/0, 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 80/20 and 70/30v/v) was evaluated in terms of diesel quality. The experimental results showed explicitly that the addition of WCO did not limit any hydroprocessing reactions targeted. Particularly WCO integration led to a significant diesel content increase which reached 13% for the highest WCO content feedstock (30% v/v), while increasing hydrogen consumption. The study showed that co-hydroprocessing of residual lipids within a refinery can provide an effective and no-risk pathway for integrating residual liquid biomass in transportation fuels, without significant capital investments, while the addition of 5–10% v/v WCO in the hydroprocessing feedstock is considered optimal in terms of H2 additional requirements (∼6.5%), product quality and WCO availability.

Effectiveness of CoMo and NiMo catalysts on co-hydroprocessing of heavy atmospheric gas oil–waste cooking oil mixtures

Co-hydroprocessing of fossil fractions with lipids is an alternative pathway for integrating biomass in the transportation sector. This work involves the evaluation of two commercial hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts in terms of their effectiveness and suitability for hydroconversion of heavy atmospheric gas oil (HAGO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) mixtures. As the most common catalysts for conventional gas oil hydroprocessing are CoMo and NiMo over Al2O3, this work focused on comparing a CoMo/Al2O3 and a NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst with respect to the resulting diesel selectivity and quality. Both catalysts were investigated for three feedstocks including pure HAGO, a low WCO content (10% v/v) HAGO/WCO and a higher WCO content (30% v/v) HAGO/WCO mixture under three different reactor temperatures (330°C, 350°C and 370°C). All the experiments were performed at constant pressure 812psig, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 1h−1 and H2/Oil ratio 505.9nl/l. The results have shown that the catalyst HDS efficiency depends primarily upon the reaction temperature and HAGO to WCO ratio, but is quite different for both catalyst types. The HDS effectiveness of the NiMo catalyst is not affected by the addition of WCO, even in the lowest temperature (330°C), while the one of the CoMo catalyst is strongly affected by WCO. The presence of WCO in the feedstock was proven favorable for both diesel yield and saturation, for both catalysts, but affected strongly the deactivation rate of the CoMo catalyst. Based on the experimental results obtained via this study, it was evident that NiMo type catalysts are more suitable for co-hydroprocessing of petroleum fractions with lipid containing feedstocks.

Biodesel Production from Pseudomonas Fluorescens Lp1 Lipase Immobilized on Amino-silane Modified Super Paramagnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

An extracellular lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens Lp1 isolated from oil contaminated soil was immobilized onto amino silane modified superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles, magnetite was synthesized chemically by co-precipitation and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Powder X-ray diffraction studies (XRD). The structure of the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles was uniform, spherical and the size was determined around 31 nm by powder XRD. The biodiesel production mixture was prepared by addition of waste cooking oil, lipase immobilized magnetite and methanol. The transesterified products were analyzed by Gas Liquid chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The methyl esters such as Oxiraneundecanoic acid, 3-pentyl-methyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and 10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester were obtained. The study experimentally proved the use of amino silane modified superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.

Biodegradation and utilization of waste cooking oil by Yarrowia lipolytica CECT 1240

AbstractBiodegradation of waste cooking oil and its application as lipase production inducer in cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica CECT 1240 have been investigated, both in shake flasks and a bench‐scale bioreactor. The ability of this strain to degrade the spent oil was evaluated by monitoring COD throughout the cultures, and a remarkable decrease was recorded (almost 90% decrease in oil COD after 3 days in bioreactor). Moreover, the addition of waste cooking oil to the medium led to a significant augmentation in extracellular lipase production by the yeast, compared to oil‐free cultures. This confirms the suitability of the studied residue as an inducer of lipase biosynthesis, which is a very interesting fact, from an economic standpoint. These results were confirmed when a fed‐batch strategy was proposed. Finally, some properties of the crude enzyme were studied, and compared to the enzymes obtained when non‐used oil was added to the medium.Practical application: New strategies to valorize wastes from the food and agro industries are attracting a great scientific interest due to the important advantages offered from an economic and environmental point of view. For this reason, the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica CECT 1240 is proposed for degrading waste cooking oils. This approach entails also another benefit in terms of lipolytic enzyme synthesis, since the addition of used up oils has a lipase inducer effect. The enormous interest in lipases is reflected in the number of applications that they present. The process was successfully carried out both in shake flasks and a bench‐scale bioreactor, allowing producing high levels of lipolytic activity at the same time that the COD was diminished up to nearly 90%.

廃食用油添加方法の違いが牛糞堆肥化過程の有機物分解に及ぼす影響

本研究では，廃食用油を活用した牛糞オガクズ混合物の堆肥化の方法および窒素源添加の効果について検討した．堆肥化7日後に廃食用油だけの添加では廃食用油の分解に時間を要したが，廃食用油とグリシンを同時に添加すると廃食用油の分解も速やかに進み，発酵温度も高く，持続時間も長かった．堆肥化の途中に廃食用油を添加する場合は，窒素源の添加が必要であった．廃食用油を原料と同時に添加した場合，廃食用油以外の有機物の分解率は無添加と比べて低くなった．廃食用油がほとんど無くなった後も廃食用油以外の有機物分解率は無添加と比べて低くなった．堆肥化7日後に廃食用油とグリシンを同時に添加した場合，廃食用油以外の有機物分解率も無添加区に近い値となった．牛糞オガクズ堆肥に廃食用油を添加するには，堆肥化7日後に窒素源と同時に添加するのが有効であった．