Addition Of PEO Research Articles

Examining the potential of peppermint essential oil-infused pectin and kappa-carrageenan composite films for sustainable food packaging

Essential oils are key ingredients in the development of edible films and provide a diverse approach to improving food preservation, as well as sensory qualities. The pectin and kappa-carrageenan composite films were obtained by adding peppermint essential oil in different quantities. The films after their fabrication were thoroughly evaluated for their attributes, which included mechanical, barrier, optical, chemical, thermal, and antioxidant properties. The visual assessment of the films demonstrated that PEO-loaded films showed a uniform, homogenous, and slightly yellowish appearance. There was an increase in the thickness (0.045 ± 0.006 to 0.060 ± 0.008 mm), elongation at break (12.73 ± 0.74 to 25.05 ± 1.33 %), and water vapor permeability (0.447 ± 0.014 to 0.643 ± 0.014 (g*mm)/(m2*h*kPa)) was observed with the addition of PEO. However, tensile strength (45.84 ± 3.69 to 29.80 ± 2.10 MPa) and moisture content (25.83 ± 0.046 to 21.82 ± 0.23 %) decreased with the incorporation of PEO. Furthermore, thermal and antioxidant properties were enhanced by the inclusion of PEO. The presented investigation can be employed to synthesize food packaging material with antioxidant properties with potential applications in food packaging.

Ab initio modeling and experimental analysis of electronic conductivity in PEDOT:PSS-PEO films for extrusion-based manufacturing

In this study, a combination of ab initio modeling and experimental analysis is presented to investigate and elucidate the electronic conductivity of films composed of conducting polymer blend PEDOT:PSS-PEO. Detailed density functional theory (DFT) calculations, aligned with experimental data, aided at profound understanding of the chemical composition, band structure, and the mechanical behavior of these composite materials. Systematic evaluation across diverse ratios of PEDOT, PSS, and PEO revealed a pronounced transformation in electronic properties. Specifically, the addition of PEO into the polymer matrix remarkably changes the band gap, with a marked alteration observed near a PEO concentration of 52 wt-%. This adjustment led to a substantial enhancement in the electrical conductivity, exhibiting an increase by a factor of approximately 20, compared to the original PEDOT:PSS polymer. The present investigation determined the crucial role of the PEDOT to PSS ratio in band gap determination, emphasizing its significant impact on the material's electrical conductivity. Concurrently, the mechanical property analysis unveiled a consistent increase in Young's modulus, reaching up to 765.93 MPa with increased PEO content, signifying a notable mechanical stiffening of the blend. The obtained combined theoretical and experimental insights illustrate a detailed perspective on the conductivity anomalies observed in PEDOT:PSS-PEO systems, establishing a robust framework for designing highly conducting and mechanically stable polymer blends. This comprehensive approach elucidates the interplay between chemical composition and electronic behavior, offering a strategic pathway for extrusion-based manufacturing techniques such as Direct Ink Writing (DIW).

Fabrication of ethosuximide loaded alginate/polyethylene oxide scaffolds for epilepsy research using 3D-printing method.

Epilepsy is a medical condition that causes seizures and impairs the mental and physical activities of patients. Unfortunately, over one-third of patients do not receive adequate relief from oral Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) and continue to experience seizures. In addition to that, long term usage of Antiepileptic Drugs can cause a range of side effects. To overcome this problem, the precision of 3D printing technology is combined with the controlled release capabilities of biodegradable polymers, allowing for tailored and localized AED delivery to specific seizure sites. As a result of this novel technique, therapeutic outcomes can be enhanced, side effects of AEDs are minimized, and patient-specific dosage forms can be created. This study focused on the use of ethosuximide, an antiepileptic drug, at different concentrations (10, 13, and 15mg) loaded into 3D-printed sodium alginate and polyethylene oxide scaffolds. The scaffolds contained varying concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% w/v) and had varying pores created by 3D patterning sizes from 159.86 ± 19.9µm to 240.29 ± 10.7µm to optimize the releasing system for an intracranial administration. The addition of PEO changed the Tg and Tm temperatures from 65°C to 69°C and from 262°C to 267°C, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays using the human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) showed that cell metabolic activity reached 130% after 168h, allowing the cells to develop into mature neural cells. In vitro testing demonstrated sustained ethosuximide release lasting 2hours despite crosslinking with 3% CaCl2. The workpaves the way for the use of ethosuximide -loaded scaffolds for treating epilepsy.

3D printing of poly(ethylene oxide) or electrospun polystyrene microtube embedded sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel

Tissue engineering has gained numerous attentions in recent years and was considered the one of the alternative treatments for tissue regeneration and organ repair. Nowadays, many natural and synthetic materials were selected as biomaterial to fabricate artificial tissue scaffolds. However, poor mechanical strength and biocompatibility are still challenging. In this study, polystyrene (PS) electrospun microtubes and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were added into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/sodium alginate (SA) composite hydrogel for printing. Viscosity, filament size, filament collapse, swelling, tensile, and compressive tests were applied to investigate their different properties. The results indicated that the addition of PS microtubes in SA hydrogel significantly increased filament size. Although the addition of PEO and microtubes had less influences on printability, the group of CMC/SA/PEO presented the highest collapse area factor. The tensile test showed that CMC/SA/PS had highest tensile strength and elongation. This research verified the feasibility of adding microtubes into hydrogel as potential soft tissue scaffolds material.

Electrolytes for Zn Batteries: Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer Gels.

Gel polymer electrolytes composed of deep eutectic solvent acetamide4 :Zn(TFSI)2 and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are prepared by using a fast, solvent-free procedure. The effect of the PEO molecular weight and its concentration on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes are studied. Gels prepared with ultrahigh molecular-weight PEO present pseudo-solid behavior and ionic conductivity even higher than that of the original liquid electrolyte. A decrease in the dendritic growth in soft gels with PEO contents up to 1 wt % is demonstrated. The changes in the chemical structure of the electrolyte produced by the strong interactions between ethylene oxide units and Zn2+ have also been studied. The addition of PEO takes the electrolyte out of its original eutectic composition, producing blend crystallization. However, it is possible to retain the eutectic point of the electrolyte in a gel form if the addition of PEO is accompanied by the reduction of acetamide.

Preparation of thin-film composite membrane with Turing structure by PEO-assisted interfacial polymerization combined with choline chloride modification to improve permeability

BackgroundThe speed of the interfacial polymerization reaction is considered to be the decisive factor for the thickness and surface morphology of the polyamide layer. The reaction rate can be controlled by controlling the diffusion rate of the aqueous monomer. MethodsHere, firstly, polyethylene oxide was added into the aqueous solution to increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase to reduce the reaction rate. Then choline chloride (CC) was grafted on the surface of the nascent polyamide membrane by a surface grafting method for secondary modification. A polyamide nanofiltration membrane with a special Turing structure was prepared on the surface of polyethersulfone support membrane. The desalination performance of composite membrane was investigated. Significant findingsThe results showed that the addition of PEO resulted in the regular Turing structure on the surface of the composite membrane. When the addition amount reached 1%, the performance of the composite membrane was the best. After the secondary modification of CC, the rejection rate of Na2SO4 was more than 96%, and the permeation flux could reach 125.9 L/(m2·h·MPa). It is expected to be applied in the fields of seawater desalination and sewage purification.

Development of highly-reproducible hydrogel based bioink for regeneration of skin-tissues via 3-D bioprinting technology

3-D Bioprinting is employed as a novel approach in biofabrication to promote skin regeneration following chronic-wounds and injury. A novel bioink composed of carbohydrazide crosslinked {polyethylene oxide-co- Chitosan-co- poly(methylmethacrylic-acid)} (PEO-CS-PMMA) laden with Nicotinamide and human dermal fibroblast was successfully synthesized via Free radical-copolymerization at 73 °C. The developed bioink was characterized in term of swelling, structural-confirmation by solid state 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), morphology, thermal, 3-D Bioprinting via extrusion, rheological and interaction with DNA respectively. The predominant rate of gelation was attributed to the electrostatic interactions between cationic CS and anionic PMMA pendant groups. The morphology of developed bioink presented a porous architecture satisfying the cell and growth-factor viability across the barrier. The thermal analysis revealed two-step degradation with 85 % weight loss in term of decomposition and molecular changes in the bioink moieties By applying low pressure in the range of 25–50 kPa, the optimum reproducibility and printability were determined at 37 °C in the viscosity range of 500–550 Pa. s. A higher survival rate of 92 % was observed for (PEO-CS-PMMA) in comparison to 67 % for pure chitosan built bioink. A binding constant of K ≈ 1.8 × 106 M−1 recognized a thermodynamically stable interaction of (PEO-CS-PMMA) with the Salmon-DNA. Further, the addition of PEO (5.0 %) was addressed with better self-healing and printability to produce skin-tissue constructs to replace the infected skin in human.

Core-Shell Gyroid in ABC Bottlebrush Block Terpolymers.

Block polymer self-assembly provides a versatile platform for creating useful materials endowed with three-dimensional periodic network morphologies that support orthogonal physical properties such as high ionic conductivity and a high elastic modulus. However, coil configurations limit conventional linear block polymers to finite ordered network dimensions, which are further restricted by slow self-assembly kinetics at high molecular weights. A bottlebrush architecture can circumvent both shortcomings owing to extended backbone configurations due to side chain crowding and molecular dynamics substantially free of chain entanglements. However, until now, network morphologies have not been reported in AB bottlebrush block copolymers, notwithstanding favorable mean-field predictions. We explored the phase behavior by small-angle X-ray scattering of 133 poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)-b-polystyrene (PEP-PS) diblock and PEP-PS-PEO triblock bottlebrush copolymers prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene-functionalized poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (PEP), poly(styrene) (PS), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers with total backbone degrees of polymerization Nbb between 20 and 40. The PEP-PS diblocks exhibited only cylindrical and lamellar morphologies over the composition range of ca. 30-70%. However, addition of variable-length bottlebrush PEO blocks to diblocks containing 30-50% PS led to the formation of a substantial core-shell double gyroid (GYR) phase window containing 20 bottlebrush triblock specimens, which is the focus of this report. Encouragingly, the GYR unit cell dimensions increased as d ∼ Nbb0.92, portending the ability to access larger network dimensions than previously obtained with linear AB or ABC block polymers. This work highlights extraordinary opportunities associated with applying facile ROMP chemistry to multiblock bottlebrush polymers.

Ionic Conductivity Enhancement in UHMW PEO Gel Electrolytes Based on Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Physical gels made of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and deep eutectic solvents urea-Li bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) and ethylene glycol/LiTFSI, or pyrrolidinium ionic liquid solutions PYR13TFSI-LiTFSI and PYR14TFSI-LiTFSI, are prepared by a fast, single-step process, which involves no auxiliary solvents or intermediates and is reproducible and scalable. The properties of these gels are studied as a function of the PEO content and its molecular weight and the nature of the liquid electrolyte. The gels prepared with a low concentration (1–5 wt %) of ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) PEO are tough, stretchable materials which resemble soft elastomers and are also self-healing and transparent. Their rheology shows the conventional behavior of physical polymer gels, so that the higher the molecular weight of PEO, the lower the polymer concentration needed to produce the gel. However, the ion conductivities and diffusivities of the gels are striking, in many cases being equal to or significantly higher than those of pure liquid electrolytes. This ion conductivity enhancement is the highest for the lowest PEO concentration with the highest molecular weight. This unprecedented molecular weight dependence of conductivity and diffusivity is the result of two combined effects: the liquid electrolyte chemical structure modification as a consequence of the addition of PEO and the development of elastic networks, where ion mobility and rheology are uncoupled when the PEO added is of UHMW.

Effect of EC plasticizer on Na+ ion based PMMA:PEO blend solid polymer electrolyte system

Solution casting method was used to prepare the Ethylene Carbonate (EC) doped in NaClO4 salt added PMMA:PEO blend polymer electrolyte thin films. Different characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, DSC and FTIR were employed to study the effect on structural properties of these prepared thin films. The XRD, SEM and DSC results revealed the dominant presence of amorphous content in PMMA based polymer blend with the addition of PEO, NaClO4 and EC, which functions to enhance in ionic conductivity. FTIR spectra results elucidated that the vibrational band peaks corresponds to PMMA shifted towards lower or higher wave number side in presence of PEO, NaClO4 and EC, which confirms the interaction/complexation between PMMA, PEO polymers with NaClO4 salt and EC plasticizer.

Polymer‐Induced Inversion of the Li+ Drift Direction in Ionic Liquid‐Based Ternary Polymer Electrolytes

AbstractWhile salt‐in‐ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes provide a promising alternative to organic electrolytes, they suffer from large ionic clusters impeding lithium ion transport. Here, a lithium‐coordinating polymer is added and the transition from salt‐in‐IL to IL‐based ternary polymer gel electrolytes is followed, investigating the influence of the composition on Li transport mechanisms. The electrolyte is composed of the salt lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA), the IL 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium (Pyr14) TFSA, and a variable amount of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Impedance spectroscopy, multinuclear (1H, 7Li, and 19F) diffusion NMR and electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) yield electrophoretic mobilities, transference numbers, partial conductivities, and effective charges of all ionic species. As the polymer fraction increases, the lithium ion drift direction is inverted. The sign reversal of Li+ mobility and transference number occurs at the optimum coordination of 5–6 ethylene oxide units per Li+ ion. The dominant Li+ transport mechanism shifts from a vehicular transport via anionic clusters to chain‐dominated transport mechanisms. It is concluded that the lithium transport properties of IL‐based electrolytes can be vastly improved by the addition of PEO. Tuning the composition of the ternary electrolyte reveals optimal Li+ transport properties at moderately high polymer contents as well as high salt concentrations.

Development of a 3D-Printed Dosing Platform to Aid in Zolpidem Withdrawal Therapy.

The long-term use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) is associated with multiple side effects, such as increased sedation, hangover or an elevated risk of dependency and abuse. Unfortunately, the long-term use of BZRAs is reaching worrying intake rates, and therefore, the need for action is high. It was demonstrated already that the overall willingness of patients for deprescription increased when a slow dose reduction scheme with the possibility for dose increase, if needed, is employed. The current study aims to develop a flexible dosing platform of zolpidem hemitartrate (ZHT) to facilitate such withdrawal therapy. As this is the first report on the extrusion and 3D printing of ZHT, its thermal behaviour and sensitivity towards photolytic degradation was characterised. It was shown that ZHT possesses multiple polymorphs and was especially prone to oxidative photolysis. Next, a variety of immediate release polymers (Eudragit EPO, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon 12PF and Soluplus) were blended and extruded with Polyox WSR N10 to investigate their feedability and printability by mechanical and rheological analysis. The addition of PEO was shown to enable printing of these brittle pharmaceutical polymers, although the processing temperature was deemed critical to avoid surface defects on the resulting filaments. An EPO(70)PEO(30) system was selected based on its suitable mechanical properties and low hygroscopicity favoring ZHT stability. The matrix was blended with 1% or 10% API. The effect of certain printing parameters (caplet size, nozzle diameter, % overlap) on dissolution behaviour and caplet weight/dimensions/quality was assessed. A flexible dosing platform capable of delivering <1 mg and up to 10 mg of ZHT was created. Either caplet modification (incorporation of channels) or disintegrant addition (Primojel, Explotab, Ac-Di-Sol, Primellose and Polyplasdone-XL) failed to achieve an immediate release profile. This study provides the first report of a 3D-printed flexible dosing platform containing ZHT to aid in withdrawal therapy.

Manipulating Zn anode reactions through salt anion involving hydrogen bonding network in aqueous electrolytes with PEO additive

Abstract The reaction kinetics, reversibility and long-term stability of Zn anodes are crucial for rechargeable aqueous Zn batteries. Polymer electrolyte additives are low cost and effective to modify the deposition behavior of Zn anodes. Here, an interesting phenomenon appears that cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency of Zn anodes are improved by PEO additive in dilute aqueous electrolytes with different Zn salts, while the overpotential and long-term stability of Zn anodes vary significantly with different anions. Systematic electrochemical analysis coupled with NMR and MD simulation was performed to reveal the crucial role of salt anion in tuning the specific solvation structures and hydrogen bonding network of aqueous electrolytes with PEO additive, and interfacial double layer capacitance structures. The reaction kinetics and stability of Zn anodes were, therefore, intensively tuned by salt anions in aqueous electrolytes with PEO additives. The cycle life of Zn anode can be improved by 7–10 times with significantly reduced overpotential in bulky anion such as TFSI- based aqueous electrolyte than compact anion such as SO42- in PEO containing aqueous electrolytes. This work provides useful and low-cost concepts to effectively improve Zn anodes reaction dynamics and cycle life by choosing optimal electrolyte salts and additives.

Effect of poly(ethylene oxide) on the properties of poly(lactic acid)-based blends

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with four different molecular weights of 1 × 105, 2 × 105, 3 × 105, and 4 × 105 g/mol to improve the flexibility of PLA. The blends were compounded in an internal mixer at 190 °C with 50 rpm for 15 minutes and using a hot press to mold rectangular sample sheets. The mechanical properties of PLA blends were analyzed to prove the ductility. Additionally, phase morphologies of blends were investigated by using tensile fracture surface. The addition of PEO into PLA matrix leads to slight increase in tensile strength, while the elongation at break was decreased by increasing the molecular weight of PEO. However, the elongation at break of PLA/PEO blends was higher than the one of neat PLA. In other words, PEO enhanced the flexibility of PLA blends, according to scanning electron microscope images. In brief, PLA-based blends greatly increased in ductility.

폴리에틸렌옥사이드가 PLA/PBAT 블렌드 물성에 미치는 영향

The blends of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) have been recognized as a replacement for commodity plastic films and bags in biodegradable packaging industries. The purpose of this study is to identify changes in the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT blends with the addition of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO). PLA (80%) and PBAT (20%) were melt mixed with 0 to 10 phr of PEO and processed using a hot press. The addition of PEO into PLA/PBAT increased the elongation at break and improved thermal stability. With PEO addition, two melting temperature (Tm) peaks of PLA/PBAT merged into one peak showing improved miscibility. The result of this study showed that the addition of PEO increased the ductility and thermal stability of PLA/PBAT blends.

Whispering Gallery Mode Lasing from CH3NH3PbBr3/PEO Composites Grown in a Microcapillary

Methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composites are fabricated by a simple microcapillary method. The addition of PEO into a precursor solution of CH3NH3PbBr3 improv...

Effect of Slurry Dispersion on Properties of Silica Fiber Based Thermal Insulation Materials

Short silica fibers are prone to conglomerate in aqueous medium, which means that dispersity and suspension stability show key effect on the uniformity of ceramics with silica fibers as raw materials. In this work, various parameters including pH values, dispersants and dispersing approaches, were systematically studied to investigate the effect of slurry dispersion on properties of thermal insulation materials with silica fibers as matrix. Moreover, the novel composite dispersants were creatively introduced in this work and the corresponding synergetic dispersion mechanism was investigated as well. Fiber slurries with optimized dispersing and suspension properties was obtained when pH values were set as 4, the content of R type dispersant was adjusted to 0.12% and the addition of PEO was fixed at 0.04%. After settling for 360s, no obvious agglomeration could be found. Rigid thermal insulation materials with homogeneous structure and high performance were obtained with conditions mentioned above, which can be expected to further expand the application of short silica fibers.

Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend film: effects of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol) on the properties

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) film plasticized with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) at various weight percentages (1–5 wt%) was prepared to improve the elongation, thus overcoming the inherent brittleness of the material. After optimization of the amount of PEO (4 wt%) through mechanical analysis, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a well‐established plasticizer of PLA, was added (0.5–1.5 wt%) without hampering the transparency and tensile strength much, and again its amount was optimized (1 wt%). Neat PLA and PLA with the other components were solvent‐cast in the form of films using chloroform as a solvent. Improvement in elongation at break and reduction in tensile strength suggested a plasticizing effect of both PEO and PEG on PLA. Thermal and infrared data revealed that the addition of PEO induced β crystals in PLA. Scanning electron micrographs indicated a porous surface morphology of the blends. PEO alone in PLA exhibited the best optical clarity with higher percentage crystallinity, while PEG incorporation in PLA/PEO resulted in superior barrier properties. Also, the stability of the blends under a wide range of pH means prospective implementation of the films in packaging of food and non‐food‐grade products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Non-isothermal crystallization of copper-containing composite based on polymer alloy of poly(ethylene oxide) and polyethylene

Non-isothermal crystallization behavior of copper/poly(ethylene oxide)/low density polyethylene (Cu/PEO/LDPE) composite was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry, and the feasibility of various models for determination the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and activation energy of its LDPE matrix were evaluated in this work. The results show that the crystallization of its LDPE matrix was retarded by the addition of PEO with a higher molecular weight and accelerated by cooling with a larger cooling rate. The results also show that the crystallization kinetics of the LDPE matrix was not affected by the PEO molecular weights, but the crystallization activation energy of the LDPE matrix was affected and increases with the increase of PEO molecular weight. Additionally, Avrami-Ozawa equation is desirable to determinate the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of their LDPE matrix, and isoconversional method modified by Vyazovkin is more suitable to calculate the non-isothermal crystallization activation energy of their LDPE matrix.

Nanostructure of propylammonium nitrate in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide) and halide salts.

Nanoscale structure of protic ionic liquids is critical to their utility as molecular electrochemical solvents since it determines the capacity to dissolve salts and polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Here we use quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impact of dissolved halide anions on the nanostructure of an archetypal nanostructured protic ionic liquid, propylammonium nitrate (PAN), and how this impacts the solvation of a model PEO polymer. At the molecular level, PAN is nanostructured, consisting of charged/polar and uncharged/nonpolar domains. The charged domain consists of the cation/anion charge groups, and is formed by their electrostatic interaction. This domain solvophobically excludes the propyl chains on the cation, which form a distinct, self-assembled nonpolar domain within the liquid. Our simulations demonstrate that the addition of Cl- and Br- anions to PAN disrupts the structure within the PAN charged domain due to competition between nitrate and halide anions for the ammonium charge centre. This disruption increases with halide concentration (up to 10 mol. %). However, at these concentrations, halide addition has little effect on the structure of the PAN nonpolar domain. Addition of PEO to pure PAN also disrupts the structure within the charged domain of the liquid due to hydrogen bonding between the charge groups and the terminal PEO hydroxyl groups. There is little other association between the PEO structure and the surrounding ionic liquid solvent, with strong PEO self-interaction yielding a compact, coiled polymer morphology. Halide addition results in greater association between the ionic liquid charge centres and the ethylene oxide components of the PEO structure, resulting in reduced conformational flexibility, compared to that observed in pure PAN. Similarly, PEO self-interactions increase in the presence of Cl- and Br- anions, compared to PAN, indicating that the addition of halide salts to PAN decreases its utility as a molecular solvent for polymers such as PEO.