Addition Of Diethylene Glycol Research Articles

Effect of Diethylene Glycol on the Inkjet Printability of Reactive Dye Solution for Cotton Fabrics.

Digital inkjet printing technology plays an increasingly important role in textile printing. The printing printability of reactive dye inks is the key to improving the quality of printed fabrics. In this study, an eco-friendly and simple method to improve the inkjet printability of reactive dye solutions was proposed. The influence of diethylene glycol on the surface tension, rheology, and dye molecule aggregation properties for three reactive dye solutions was investigated. The jetting performance of dye solutions was explored by observing droplet formation. Moreover, the color performance of printed cotton fabrics, including reactive dye solution penetration, colorimetric values, and color strength, was evaluated. Addition of diethylene glycol could change the aggregation of dye molecules by hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds. Diethylene glycol could inhibit formation of satellite droplets by changing the viscosity and surface tension of solutions, which made the pattern printed on cotton fabrics show regular edge sharpness. Furthermore, the dye solutions containing 10% DEG not only satisfied various properties of reactive dye inks but also had the highest color strength and the deepest and brightest colors.

Preparation of a PANI/ZnO Composite for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Blue.

Polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) composite photocatalysts were prepared from neutral media by in situ chemical oxidation of aniline (ANI) in the presence of different amounts of diethylene glycol (DEG). The PANI/ZnO composite photocatalysts were synthesized to efficiently remove organic dye (acid blue, AB25) from model wastewater. The PANI/ZnO composite photocatalysts were studied with the intention of efficient removal of organic dye (acid blue, AB25) from wastewater to obtain low-cost heterogeneous catalysts that offer high catalytic activity and stability. The conductive PANI polymer, which absorbs Vis irradiation, was used in this work as ZnO absorbs only ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; thus, the composite photocatalysts’ activity was broadened into the Vis region. Characterization of the composite photocatalysts was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, electric conductivity, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and by specific surface area (SBET) measurements. The composites’ photocatalytic activity under solar irradiation was validated by monitoring degradation of the AB25 dye. This study presented that it was possible both to prepare PANI and to prevent ZnO dissolution if in situ polymerization starts from neutral media with the addition of DEG. Additionally, efficient removal of AB25 dye, about 90% in 60 min, was achieved. The first-order rate constants of the photodegradation of AB25 by PANI/ZnO 0.02/0.024/0.04 DEG (and pure ZnO)) were computed to be 0.0272/0.0281/0.0325 (and 0.0062) min−1, indicating that the morphology and surface of the photocatalysts have significantly influenced the catalytic activity.

Self-aggregation of ionic liquid-cationic surfactant mixed micelles in water and in diethylene glycol–water mixtures: Conductometric, tensiometric, and spectroscopic studies

Interaction of imidazolium based surface-active ionic liquid (SAIL), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C10mim][Cl], with cationic surfactant cetrimide (CET) has been studied by using conductometric, tensiometric, and spectroscopic methods in pure water and in presence of diethylene glycol (DEG)–water binary mixtures. Addition of DEG has marked effect on the thermodynamic and aggregation behavior of these studied systems. From conductometric approach various parameters have been calculated such as critical micelle concentration, (cmc), micellar mole fraction, X1, of component 1 (CET), micellar interaction parameter, β, activity coefficients ƒ1 and ƒ2 of component 1 and component 2 (SAIL), standard Gibbs energy of micellization (ΔGm0), and degree of counter ion dissociation (g). Rubingh's non-ideal solution theory confirms the attractive and non-ideal behavior among the surfactant molecules in the mixed micelles. From the tensiometric studies different parameters such as surface tension reduction efficiency (pC20), maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax), minimum area per surfactant molecule (Amin) and standard Gibbs free energy of adsorption ΔGad0 at the interface were evaluated. The packing parameters of amphiphiles in the micelles, P, volume contribution of the hydrophobic chain, v, and its effective length, lC have also been evaluated for the pure and mixed systems. The micelles/mixed micelles formed have spherical geometry. Cresol red, an anionic dye, was used as a probe for UV–visible spectra of pure and mixed systems, which supports the role of SAIL in the mixed micellization process.

Microbial Secretion of D-Lactate-Based Oligomers

Here, we report the one-step secretory production of D-lactate (LA)-based oligomers (D-LAOs) by engineered Escherichia coli from glucose. Notably, D-LAOs are spontaneously secreted into the medium without the introduction of exogenous exporters. This study was originated from the finding that a small amount of oligo[LA-co-3-hydroxybutyrate(3HB)] was secreted by the cells expressing the D-specific LA-polymerizing enzyme (LPE). To increase D-LAOs production, we attempted to increase the frequency of chain transfer (CT) reaction of LPE using CT agents, which bear alcoholic moiety. As the result, addition of diethylene glycol into the culture medium was found to be particularly effective. The highest yield of D-LAOs production of 8.3 ± 1.5 g L−1 from 20 g L−1 glucose was 57% of the theoretical maximum. Furthermore, we demonstrated the covalent conjugation of diethylene glycol at the carboxyl terminal of D-LAOs by NMR analyses. The secreted D-LAOs have the potential to be used as precursors of lactide, enablin...

OBSTRUCTION OF STORAGE HARDENING IN NR BY USING POLAR CHEMICALS

ABSTRACT The effect of the polar chemicals phenol, diethylene glycol, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride on obstruction of storage hardening in NR was examined. A decrease in gel content and molecular weight of NR was observed after addition of diethylene glycol and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, whereas no significant change was observed after addition of phenol. The storage hardening behavior of NR containing these polar chemicals was investigated by accelerated storage with phosphorus pentoxide. The gel content, Mooney viscosity, and Wallace plasticity values of NR containing phenol increased obviously during accelerated storage hardening, whereas these values increased gradually in the presence of diethylene glycol and were constant in the presence of hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The efficiency of these polar chemicals for inhibiting storage hardening in NR follow the order hydroxylamine hydrochloride, diethylene glycol, and phenol, respectively. The mechanism of network formation during accelerated storage hardening was proposed to involve phospholipids at the chain ends of the NR molecule. Molecular structure analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that hydroxylamine inhibits storage hardening in NR by chemical interaction with phospholipid, apart from its polarity.

The fabrication of hollow magnetite microspheres with a nearly 100% morphological yield and their applications in lithium ion batteries

Abstract Hollow Fe 3 O 4 (H-Fe 3 O 4 ) microspheres were fabricated through a facile one-step solvothermal synthesis, which was performed in an ethylene glycol (EG)–diethylene glycol (DEG) mixed solvent using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the stabilizer. The addition of DEG increased the viscosity of the system, which caused the Fe 3 O 4 primary crystal to aggregate slower and the morphological yield to approach nearly 100%. The as-prepared hollow Fe 3 O 4 microspheres show promise for application in lithium ion battery anodes and showed a reversible specific capacity of 453.3 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles at 100 mA g −1 .

Structured elastomeric submillimeter films displaying magneto and piezo resistivity

ABSTRACTStructured elastomer films (100–150 µm) presenting piezo and magneto resistance are described. The films are composites of filler particles, which are both electrically conductive and magnetic, dispersed in an elastomeric matrix. The particles consist of magnetite (6 nm) grouped in silver‐coated aggregates (Fe3O4@Ag). The matrix is styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) in which diethylene glycol (DEG) is added. The particles, SBR and DEG, are dispersed in toluene and then placed between two rare earth magnets. Formation of pseudo‐chains (needles) of inorganic material aligned in the direction of the magnetic field is obtained after solvent evaporation. The addition of DEG is substantial to obtain an electrically conductive material. The electrical conductivity is anisotropic and increases when applying normal stresses and/or magnetic fields in the direction of the needles. The elastomers, particles, and needless were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR, DSC, TGA, VSM, profilometry, and stress–strain analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 574–586

Preparation of thermal transfer ink using disperse fluorescent yellow 82 for polyester substrates

Purpose – A disperse fluorescent yellow paste was mixed with a dispersant naphthalene sulfonic derivative via wet grinding process to prepare thermal transfer ink with good fluorescence. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The surface tension, viscosity, pH value, zeta potential, stability and the morphology of ink samples were tested after the storing process. Findings – The morphology of paste was homogeneous nearly spherical nanoparticles and the particle size was about 100 nm from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which was similar to the average particle size obtained from the particle size analyser. Research limitations/implications – The paste particle size was 126.8 nm after storing at 50°C for one week. The addition of diethylene glycol was conducive to high fluorescent reflectivity and gave good line image quality both in warp and weft directions due to the low viscosity. Inkjet printed polyester fabrics achieved excellent rubbing, laundering and thermal subliming fastnesses. Originality/value – The polyester fabrics thermal transferred with the ink contained diethylene glycol represented higher fluorescent reflectivity and gave better line image quality both in warp and weft directions. The inkjet printed polyester fabrics showed excellent colour reproducibility and all the fastnesses, including rubbing, laundering and thermal subliming, were higher than Grade 4.

CO2 Capture by Aqueous Solution Containing Mixed Alkanolamines and Diethylene Glycol in a Rotating Packed Bed

In this study, an effective absorbent, 23.5% diethylenetriamine (DETA)/19.6% piperazine (PZ)/37.7% diethylene glycol (DEG)/19.2% H2 O, was proposed to capture CO2 from a nitrogen gas stream containing 10% of CO2 in a rotating packed bed (RPB). The addition of DEG could improve the solubility of PZ in absorbent, and there was no precipitation observed in CO2 - rich solution after CO2 absorption for the proposed absorbent. The regeneration energy could be reduced because the heat capacity and vapor pressure of DEG are lower than that of water. The higher gas-liquid contact area and mass transfer rate as well as the smaller size were observed in a RPB as compared with a packed bed to achieve the same CO2 capture efficiency.

Synthesis and Study of Electrical Properties of Di Ethylene Glycol Embedded ZrO2 Films as a Gas Sensor

In this paper, the effect of Di ethylene glycol (DEG) embedded zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) on microstructure and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) sensing characteristics of ZrO2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method were investigated. The films are prepared at X wt. % concentrations (X = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of DEG. Microstructure of ZrO2 thin film was drastically changed by the addition of DEG, indicating that the addition of DEG was effective to prevent the agglomeration of ZrO2 particles. The high material and phase purities are found from the characterization studies in all as-prepared films. The better sensitivity factor (SF) values SF ~102 (at T = 450C) and SF = 100 (at T = 37oC) are obtained at 1 wt. % and 5 wt. % of DEG respectively. It is observed that the gas sensing characteristics of these films are strongly influenced by the optimum concentration of DEG due to the high surface area of nano-sized ZrO2 particles.

Continuous-flow preparation of nanoporous metal/polymer composite particles by in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles in photopolymerized acrylate/diethylene glycol droplets

The principle of micro continuous-flow synthesis of polymer microparticles using a co-flow arrangement with integrated in situ photopolymerization was applied for the synthesis of nanoporous acrylate particles and for polymer composite microparticles containing silver and gold/silver metal nanoparticles. The nano porosity is induced by the addition of diethylene glycol (DEG). Nanoporous and composite polymer particles with sizes between about 50 and 500 μm have been obtained depending on the diameter of the applied glass capillary and the flow conditions during droplet formation. DEG acts as a mediator for miscibility and allows the addition of silver salt and tetrachloroauric acid as well as ascorbic acid for enhancing the reduction of metal ions in the reaction mixture. The formation of metal nanoparticles takes place mainly during the UV-light-induced polymerization. The presence of metal nanoparticles inside the polymer matrix was proved by SEM imaging and EDX analysis.

Production and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxyhexanoate)-poly(ethylene glycol) hybird copolymer with adjustable molecular weight

A novel natural-synthetic hybrid block copolymer was synthesized by Aeromonas hydrophila 4AK4 in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, Mn = 200) modified fermentation. This hybrid biomaterial consists of the natural hydrophobic polymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrat-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) end-capped with hydrophilic PEG, which has the increased flexibility as well as the improved thermal stability. Addition of diethylene glycol (DEG) and ethylene glycol could not result in the accumulation of hybrid block copolymer. DEG and ethylene glycol, together with PEG-200, could cause a reduction of molar mass of PHBHHx, resulting in a series of low molecular weight polymer and the reduction of the polymer yield as well as the cellular productivity. In vitro degradation of PHBHHx and PHBHHx-PEG with different molecular weight showed that the decrease of molecular weight accelerated the degradation of copolymers, but PEG modification has little effect on its degradation rate. The results in this study provided a convenient and direct method to produce a series of PHBHHx and PHBHHx-PEG materials with adjustable molecular weight and broad molecular weight distribution which will be very useful for the biomedical applications.

Microemulsion Approach to Non‐Agglomerated and Crystalline Nanomaterials

AbstractA wide variety of different nanomaterials, including ZnO, (NH4)Y(C2O4)2·H2O, Y(OH)3, Y2O3, In2O3:Sn, CePO4:Tb, CaCO3, CuS, Co3[Co(CN)6]2, and K3[Co(NO2)6] are realized by a microemulsion approach. While heating the micellar system to reflux (200 to 215 °C), highly crystalline materials can be realized, which are still nanosized and do not agglomerate afterwards. Furthermore, a phase separation is initiated by the addition of diethylene glycol, which allows a facile removal of the nanomaterials by the application of low solvent quantitities, and again excludes agglomeration. Both aspects—the realization of highly crystalline materials and the facile separation of non‐agglomerated particles—represent a useful extension of microemulsion techniques. Besides the number and quality of the nanomaterials, the success of the experimental approach is further proven by the realization of physical properties that are restricted to crystalline materials. Namely, these are the bright colors of Co3[Co(CN)6]2 and K3[Co(NO2)6] as pigments, the electrical conductivity of In2O3:Sn (ITO), and the luminescence of CePO4:Tb.

Monte Carlo simulation of the sol-gel process for the hydrolysis and polycondensation of tin tetra-n-butoxide

The sol-gel process for the hydrolysis and polycondensation of tin tetra-n-butoxide in butanol was followed by viscosity measurements. The precipitation of tin-containing ultrafine particles was observed without any variation in the solution viscosity in the absence of diethylene glycols, while the viscosity increase was made without any precipitation by the addition of diethylene glycol. The induction period and the rate of the viscosity increase after the induction period was independent of the diethylene glycol content but depended upon the water content. The Monte Carlo simulation data were consistent with data for the viscosity experiment. The simulation was based on a kinetic model of the slow hydrolysis of tin tetra-n-butoxide, the reverse reaction of hydrolysis, and the polycondensation of the hydroxy derivatives.

Conductance behaviour of HCl in water-ethylene glycol, water-diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol-diethylene glycol mixtures

The conductance behaviour of HCl in water-ethylene glycol, water-diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol-diethylene glycol mixtures was investigated in the complete range of solvent compositions of 25°C by applying the three-parameter conductance equation. No appreciable association of the acid was observed in any of the mixed solvents. The large decrease ofΛ 0 andΛ 0 η 0 of the acid in the early and end composition region of the mixed solvents has been attributed to the drastic structural changes brought about by the addition of the organic component in the aqueous solvent mixtures and by the addition of diethylene glycol in the case of ethylene glycol-diethylene glycol mixtures.

Studies in isodielectric media. Part IV. Thermodynamics of protonation ofp-nitroaniline in ethylene glycol?Diethylene glycol mixtures at 25�C

The thermodynamic ionisation constant ofp-nitroanilinium ion was determined spectrophotometrically at 25°C in the near isodielectric mixtures of ethylene glycol (EG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) over the complete range of solvent compositions. thepK of the ion decreases continuously with the addition of diethylene glycol, passes through a minimum around 80 wt% of the same solvent and then increases. The variation of ΔpK (pKmixed solvent−pKEG) with solvent composition was analyzed in terms of the changes inGibbs energies of transfer of the different species involved in the ionisation process in these mixtures.

Studies in Isodielectric Media. The Standard Potentials of Ag–AgCl and Ag-AgBr Electrodes in 1,2-Ethanediol-2,2′-Oxydiethanol Mixtures at 25 °C

Abstract Standard potentials of Ag-AgCl and Ag-AgBr electrodes in various compositions of 1,2-ethanediol-2,2′-oxydiethanol (ethylene glycol-diethylene glycol) mixtures at 25 °C are reported. The free energies of transfer of the hydrogen halides from ethylene glycol to the mixtures were evaluated on mole fraction scale. The transfer free energies of H+ and the halide ions were determined employing the ferrocene reference method. The results suggest that the basicity of the mixtures increases with the addition of diethylene glycol and that it is more basic than ethylene glycol.

Effect of mixed organic solvents on atomic absorption spectrophotometry of refractory metals

The effect of various organic solvents on the absorption characteristics of vanadium was studied in fuel-rich oxy-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames. The absorption of the 3183.9 Å line of vanadium was greatly enhanced by the use of various mixed organic solvents when fed to oxy-acetylene flames. In the case of the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame, the addition of diethylene glycol (about 8% in the final solution) and similar compounds to the aqueous solution of vanadium increased the absorption by about 50%. The observations and the possible role of the mixed organic solvents are discussed.