Addition Of CaCl2 Research Articles

Rose Hips, a Valuable Source of Antioxidants to Improve Gingerbread Characteristics.

The present study analyzes the complex of bioactive compounds from rose hips pulp powder (RHP) obtained after separating the seeds from Rosa canina L. in order to obtain the oil. The extract prepared from RHP was characterized in terms of the total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, cinnamic acids, flavonols, carotenoids, but also the content of individual polyphenols and carotenoids, antioxidant activity, and CIELab color parameters. The effects of some salts, potentially present in foods, and pH variations were examined to predict possible interactions that could occur when adding rosehip pulp as a food component. The results turned out to be a high content of polyphenols, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. The main phenolic components are procyanidin B1, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, gallic acid, salicylic acid, and catechin. The carotenoid complex includes all-trans-β-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, cis-β-carotene, cis-γ-carotene and cis-lycopene. The addition of CaCl2 and NaCl to the RHP extract reduced the antioxidant activity and the strong acidic environment (pH to 2.5) decreased the antioxidant activity by 29%. The addition of rose hip powder to gingerbread has improved its general characteristics, and increased its antioxidant activity and microbiological stability, the effects of 4% RHP being the most important.

The V-ATPase regulates localization of the TRP Ca2+ channel Yvc1 in response to oxidative stress in Candida albicans

The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a highly conserved protein complex among the eukaryotic cells. We previously revealed that both the V-ATPase and the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel Yvc1 are involved in oxidative stress response (OSR). However, the relationship between V-ATPase and Yvc1 during OSR remains unknown. In this study, disruption of the V-ATPase-encoding genes VPH2 and TFP1, similar with disruption of YVC1, caused H2O2 hypersensitivity and enhancement of vacuolar membrane permeability (VMP) under oxidative stress. Further investigations showed that unlike the wild type strain with vacuole membrane-localized Yvc1, both vph2Δ/Δ and tfp1Δ/Δ had Yvc1 localization in the vacuole cavity, indicating that disruption of VPH2 or TFP1 impaired normal vacuolar membrane-localization of Yvc1. Interestingly, addition of CaCl2 alleviated the growth defect of vph2Δ/Δ and tfp1Δ/Δ under oxidative stress, leading to prevention of VMP, decrease in ROS levels and activation of OSR. In contrast, addition of the Ca2+ chelating agent glycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) aggravated H2O2 hypersensitivity of the mutants. These results showed that the V-ATPase plays an important role in maintenance of normal Yvc1 localization, which contributes to Ca2+ transport from the vacuoles to the cytosol for activation of OSR. This work sheds a novel light on the interaction between V-ATPase and Ca2+ transport for regulation of OSR in C. albicans.

Synergistic fouling behaviors and mechanisms of calcium ions and polyaluminum chloride associated with alginate solution in coagulation-ultrafiltration (UF) process

Effects of calcium ions and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) on membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration (UF) process were investigated in this study. Filtration tests demonstrated three interesting filtration behaviors: 1) high specific filtration resistance (SFR) of alginate solution with low CaCl2 or PACl addition (e. g. 3.51×1015 m·kg -1 under the condition of 1.5 mM CaCl2 addition); 2) unimodal pattern of alginate SFR with PACl or CaCl2 addition alone; 3) synergistic effects between CaCl2 and PACl on alginate SFR. It was found that, the foulant morphological changes driven by the thermodynamic mechanisms based on Flory-Huggins lattice theory take the critical roles in these filtration behaviors. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that initial coordination of Ca2+ and Al3+ ions with alginates tended to form tetrahedron geometry and geometry of coordinating three terminal carboxyl groups, respectively, which facilitated to elongate the alginate chains (without clustering the flocs) and form more stable gel, increasing SFR. Improving Ca2+ and Al3+ dosages triggered transition to other geometries for clustering polymeric network and flocculation, reducing SFR. Due to the higher binding affinity of Ca2+ over Al3+, Ca2+ and Al3+ sequentially take roles of enlarging polymeric network and clustering the coordination compounds, and then facilitate to form large size flocs and reduce SFR, causing the synergistic effects between CaCl2 and PACl additions. The proposed thermodynamic mechanisms satisfactorily explained these interesting fouling behaviors, allowing to further optimize coagulation-UF process.

Control of viscosity by addition of calcium chloride and glucono-δ-lactone to heat treated skim milk concentrates produced by reverse osmosis filtration

The viscosity of skim milk concentrates increases during storage as result of interactions between milk proteins, minerals and other solids. The present study demonstrates how these interactions can be controlled by addition of calcium or glucono-δ-lactone. Milk concentrates, produced from reverse osmosis with 28% total solids, were heat-treated at 75 or 110 °C for 18 s, followed by addition of CaCl2 (0, 25 or 50 mm) and glucono-δ-lactone (0 or 80 mm), before storage at 5 °C for 20 days. Addition of CaCl2, glucono-δ-lactone or their combination were found to reduce the viscosity build-up during storage, but the extension depends on the intensity of heat-treatment and pH of the concentrates. The more pronounced effects were observed for concentrates heat-treated at 110 °C, which were also the more viscous concentrates. An increase of colloidal calcium reduce the partial specific volume of casein micelles leading to a less viscous milk matrix.

Direct conversion of waste loquat kernels to pigments using Monascus purpureus ATCC16365 with proteolytic and amylolytic activity

Kernels of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) fruits are rich in protein and starch contents; however, they have no significant application in world. This study was performed to produce pigments from Monascus purpureus ATCC16365 using loquat kernel powder (LKP) as a fermentation substrate and investigate the effect of four mineral salts (CaCl2, KH2PO4, MgSO4, and FeSO4) on pigment production in LKP-based medium. During the experiments, LKP was not subjected to any chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis, and it was tested directly as a substrate in shaking flask and fermenter cultures. It was found that addition of CaCl2 alone decreased red pigment production but did not cause an important change in synthesis of yellow and orange pigments. Supplementation of KH2PO4, MgSO4, or FeSO4 alone decreased the production of yellow pigment but increased the production of red pigments. When three salts (1.0 g/L KH2PO4, 0.3 g/L MgSO4, and 0.03 g/L FeSO4) were added together to the LKP-based medium, more productions of enzymes (protease and amylase) and red pigments were achieved. When experiments were performed in optimized medium (LKP and three mineral salts), maximum concentrations of red, orange, and yellow pigments were determined as 292, 193, and 171 AU/L in flask culture but 327, 241, and 204 AU/L in fermenter culture, respectively. Amylase and protease activities were 93.4 and 52.3 U/L in flask culture but 93.8 and 52.8 U/L in fermenter culture, respectively. This is the first report on the use of LKP as a substrate in production of enzymes and pigments from M. purpureus.

Transcription Factor RUNX1 Regulates Factor FXIIIA Subunit (F13A1) Expression in Megakaryocytic Cells and Platelet F13A1 Expression is Downregulated in RUNX1 Haplodeficiency

Plasma Factor XIII, a transglutaminase, is a complex of two A (gene F13A1) chains with catalytic activity and two B chains (gene F13B). FXIII induces clot stabilization and retraction via cross-linking of fibrin monomers and other proteins. Factor XIII deficiency in plasma causes a major bleeding disorder with impaired clot retraction. FXIIIA is synthesized in megakaryocytes, and is abundant in platelets. It is expressed on activated platelets and cross-links proteins on platelet surface. Little is known regarding the regulation of F13A1 in megakaryocytes and platelets. RUNX1 is a major hematopoietic transcription factor and regulates expression of numerous genes in megakaryocytes and platelets. Patients with RUNX1 haplodeficiency (RHD) with heterozygous mutations have thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction with impaired responses to activation, and predisposition to myeloid malignancies. Platelet expression profiling using Affymetrix microarrays of a patient (P1) with a heterozygous RUNX1 mutation (c.969-323G>T) revealed decreased F13A expression, which encodes for subunit A of FXIII: fold-change 0.30; p=0.006; patient profiled twice 10 months apart and compared to 6 healthy subjects. These findings were confirmed by qPCR With RT-PCR platelet F13A mRNA expression was decreased to ~ 20% of mean expression in 4 subjects. Platelet F13A protein expression was decreased by ~50% as assessed by corrected total cellular fluorescence imaging. Platelet F13A mRNA expression was also decreased (to less than 20% of expression in 5 controls) in two siblings (P2 and P3 ages 8 and 3 years) from an unrelated family with a heterozygous RUNX1 mutation 508+1G>A). Plasma FXIII was normal in the patient P1. We studied the regulation of F13A by RUNX1 in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells treated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to induce megakaryocytic transformation. In silico analyses of the 5' upstream region of F13A showed 7 RUNX1 consensus sites within 545bp from ATG. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies performed using HEL cells and RUNX1 antibody showed that that RUNX1 binds in the region encompassing site 4 and sites 5-7. In parallel, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) studies showed binding of nuclear protein to labeled DNA probes with sites 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7. RUNX1 antibody produced a "supershift" with addition suggesting RUNX1 binding. Site-directed mutagenesis of the RUNX1 binding sites in F13A1 promoter decreased promoter activity in luciferase reporter studies in HEL cells, providing evidence that the binding sites are functional. Further, overexpression of RUNX1 in HEL cells increased F13A1 promoter activity and protein while siRNA RUNX1 knockdown reduced F13A1 protein. We assessed clot retraction over 90 min at 37oC in the patient P1 and his daughter (also with RUNX1 mutation) in citrated whole blood following addition of tissue factor (1 pM) and CaCl2 (1 mM), and in washed platelets resuspended in platelet poor plasma from a healthy subject supplemented with added fibrinogen (0.5 mg/mL) and stimulated with 0.5 U/mL thrombin in the presence of CaCl2. These preliminary studies suggested that clot retraction was slower in the patient P1 compared to the controls, particularly in studies with platelet suspensions. Conclusions: Overall, these studies provide the first evidence that hematopoietic transcription factor RUNX1 regulates expression of F13A1 in megakaryocytic cells and that platelet expression of F13A1 is decreased in platelets from patients with RUNX1 haplodeficiency. The decreased expression of F13A1 in RHD may contribute to the platelet dysfunction in RHD. These findings are particularly interesting because they reflect regulation of a coagulation protein (FXIIIA) by hematopoietic transcription factor RUNX1. Disclosures Lambert: Dova: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Principia: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Shionogi: Consultancy; Educational Concepts in Medicine: Consultancy; Octapharma: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy; Platelet Disorder Support Association (PDSA): Consultancy; 22qSociety: Consultancy; ITP Australia: Consultancy; CdLS Foundation: Consultancy; RDMD ITP study: Consultancy; Sysmex: Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Argenix: Consultancy; ClinGen: Honoraria.

Evidence of Calcium Signaling and Modulation of the LmrS Multidrug Resistant Efflux Pump Activity by Ca2 + Ions in S. aureus.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a pivotal role in eukaryote cell signaling and regulate many physiological functions. Although a similar role for Ca2+ in prokaryotes has been difficult to demonstrate, there is increasing evidence for Ca2+ as a cell regulator in bacteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate Ca2+ signaling and the effect of Ca2+ on the Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistant efflux pump LmrS. We hypothesized that antibiotics act by increasing Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn enhance the efflux activity of LmrS. These Ca2+ transients were measured by luminometry in response to various antibiotics by using the photoprotein aequorin reconstituted within live bacterial cells. Efflux associated with LmrS was measured by the increase in fluorescence due to the loss of ethidium bromide (EtBr) from both S. aureus cells and from E. coli cells in which the lmrs gene of S. aureus was expressed. We found that addition of antibiotics to cells generated unique cytosolic Ca2+ transients and that addition of CaCl2 to cells enhanced EtBr efflux whereas addition of Ca2+ chelators or efflux pump inhibitors significantly decreased EtBr efflux from cells. We conclude that antibiotics induce a Ca2+ mediated response through transients in cytosolic Ca2+, which then stimulates LmrS efflux pump.

Effects of CaCl2 on cyclic carbonation-calcination kinetics of CaO-based composite for potential application to solar thermochemical energy storage

The calcium looping (CaL) process is a promising thermochemical energy storage option for concentrated solar power systems due to its great advantages of high energy density and low material cost. However, CaO-based sorbents often suffer from continuous degradation in their reversibility due to the formation of a passivation layer and evolution of a sintering effect. In this work, we focused on the effects of CaCl2 as an additive to CaO sorbents with the aim to enhance reversibility by addressing the mass-transfer issue. A variety of CaO-based sorbents with CaCl2 were synthesized, characterized, and examined their reaction patterns during cyclic carbonation-calcination. The experimental results show that the addition of CaCl2 enhances the rate of the carbonation reaction, based on enhanced reactant diffusion. The CaCl2 causes reduction of surface area; however, the addition of MgO effectively delays sintering. Therefore, CaO-based sorbents with CaCl2 and MgO achieved high reversibility with enhanced durability.

Consolidation of cellulose nanofibrils with lignosulphonate bio-waste into excellent flame retardant and UV blocking membranes

The use of biomass to produce value-adding materials is a core objective of the circular economy, which has attracted great research interest in recent decades. In this context, we present here a simple dispersion-casting process for consolidation of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), lignosulphonate (LS)-rich bio-waste and CaCl2 in composite membranes. The addition of CaCl2 to CNF and LS dispersions reduces the ζ potential, due to an electrostatic screening, which promotes the aggregation of CNF, increases its moisture content and promotes LS deposition on CNFs already in the dispersion phase. Addition of both the LS and CaCl2 to CNF dispersion has an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the final membranes. The effectiveness of the new composite membranes has been described in terms of their passive (charring) flame retardancy and 100 % UVA/UVB shielding capacity, both identified for membranes with the highest LS content, as well as high electronic resistance.

Suction and crack propagation in GCLs subjected to drying and wetting in CaCl2-solutions

The current study addresses the cracking and self-healing capacity of Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) subjected to drying and wetting in a divalent salt solution. Commercially available GCLs, initially saturated under a load of 3.92 kPa, were stepwise dried for different durations in an oven at 30 °C and rewetted afterwards in deionised water and divalent salt solutions (CaCl2) of different molarities (0.05 mol/l, 0.5 mol/l and 0.05 mol/l prehydrated). The evolution of cracks and their patterns were studied by analysing X-ray images. In parallel, the water retention behavior was tested on the raw bentonite using micro-cells and a chilled-mirror hygrometer. The morphology of the crack patterns in the GCLs was highly affected by the pore fluid, which was reasoned by reduced tensile strength caused by the salt induced aggregation. The ability to retain water at a given suction was found to be higher for the samples subjected to CaCl2-solutions in comparision to the sample saturated with deionised water. However, a calculation of the osmotic suction caused by the additional CaCl2 in the porewater shows that the matric suction of the samples subjeted to CaCl2 decreases. The crack intensitiy factor (CIF) followed a similar trend and three different drying regimes were identified.

Stabilization of a Clayey Soil with Ladle Metallurgy Furnace Slag Fines.

The research study described in this paper investigated the potential to use steel furnace slag (SFS) as a stabilizing additive for clayey soils. Even though SFS has limited applications in civil engineering infrastructure due to the formation of deleterious expansion in the presence of water, the free CaO and free MgO contents allow for the SFS to be a potentially suitable candidate for clayey soil stabilization and improvement. In this investigation, a kaolinite clay was stabilized with 10% and 15% ladle metallurgy furnace (LMF) slag fines by weight. This experimental study also included testing of the SFS mixtures with the activator calcium chloride (CaCl2), which was hypothesized to accelerate the hydration of the dicalcium silicate phase in the SFS, but the results show that the addition of CaCl2 was not found to be effective. Relative to the unmodified clay, the unconfined compressive strength increased by 67% and 91% when 10% and 15% LMF slag were utilized, respectively. Likewise, the dynamic modulus increased by 212% and 221% by adding 10% and 15% LMF slag, respectively. Specifically, the LMF slag fines are posited to primarily contribute to a mechanical rather than chemical stabilization mechanism. Overall, these findings suggest the effective utilization of SFS as a soil stabilization admixture to overcome problems associated with dispersive soils, but further research is required.

In natura ovine whey proteins concentration by ultrafiltration combining batch and diafiltration operating modes

AbstractThe objective of this study was to concentrate the ovine cheese whey proteins using ultrafiltration (UF). Two different experiments were carried out: in Experiment 1, the whey was concentrated using the batch‐operating mode until a volumetric concentration factor (VCF) of 4, followed by two steps of diafiltration (DF). In the second experiment, an aqueous solution of calcium chloride (0.5 L of CaCl2—60 g/L) was added in order to change the ionic strength of the feed solution, and the same process parameters were used (VCF = 4; DF = 2 steps). For both experiments was observed high occurrence of fouling, in Experiment 1, the water permeance decreased from 38.8 to 1.5 L m−2 hr−1 bar−1 (96.2% of fouling), and in Experiment 2 decreased from 38.0 to 1.0 L m−2 hr−1 bar−1 (97.4% of fouling). The results indicated that the addition of CaCl2 promoted greater protein aggregation and precipitation, resulting in higher protein retention (99.1%). DF steps increased the protein purification in the concentrate fraction, evidencing that UF/DF processes are suitable for whey protein concentration.Practical ApplicationsThis work takes into account the concentration of ovine cheese whey proteins by the ultrafiltration (UF) process. Whey has a high functional and nutritional value since it contains proteins, lactose, and minerals. Specifically, ovine whey has higher protein content in comparison to bovine whey, which makes it a product of greater interest. It is important to emphasize that there is little literature about ovine whey processing. Moreover, one differential of this work was the use of the DF operation mode combined with the UF process, which can improve protein concentrate characteristics. Another differential was the use of fresh ovine whey, showing a more realistic scenario since it involves a feed stream with more complexity, which can expand the ideas for practical possibilities of application. From a novelty perspective, although UF of bovine whey has been studied a lot, the process for ovine whey has not still been studied extensively and deserves attention.

Addition of calcium and magnesium chlorides as simple means of varying bound and precipitated minerals in casein micelle: Effect on enzymatic coagulation

In casein micelle (CM), Ca is either precipitated in the colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) stabilized by clusters of phosphoserine (SEP) residues, or is directly bound to SEP (or glutamic and aspartic acids) of caseins without inorganic phosphate. However, it is currently not possible to titrate separately the different micellar Ca forms, making it difficult to assess their respective importance for CM properties and behavior. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ have the same binding constants with SEP. Moreover, MgHPO4 is more soluble than CaHPO4, and its natural concentration in milk is lower. Thus, upon addition of MgCl2, Mg is mainly exchanged with CM in the bound form, whereas upon addition of CaCl2, Ca is mainly exchanged in the precipitated form. Our objective was to assess the role of the 2 forms of micellar cations (bound and precipitated) during the enzymatic coagulation of cow milk. Magnesium chloride, CaCl2, or KCl (10 mM) were added to milk and pH was adjusted to 6.6 after overnight equilibration. The KCl-supplemented milk was a positive control to assess the effect of the increased ionic strength after MgCl2 and CaCl2 addition. Mineral partition between soluble and colloidal phases after salt addition was assessed both experimentally and by using computer simulation. Enzymatic coagulation was proceeded at 30°C. Hydrolysis of κ-casein was followed by the quantitative determination of caseinomacropeptide released by RP-HPLC, aggregation of para-κ-casein micelles was measured through the evolution of backscattering properties of milk and the gel time and gel firming kinetics were determined using a Chymograph (Chr. Hansen, Horsholm, Denmark). The KCl addition did not affect mineral partition. As expected, CaCl2 addition mainly increased the CCP content, whereas the addition of MgCl2 mainly increased the bound divalent cations content. The kinetics of κ-casein hydrolysis was slowed down after CaCl2 and MgCl2 addition, and was negatively correlated with the concentration of divalent cations in the soluble phase of milk. Aggregation and gel firming curves plotted versus the progress of κ-casein hydrolysis were similar for both CaCl2- and MgCl2-supplemented milk. In view of the dual-binding model for CM assembly, this means that both Ca forms reduce electronegative repulsions between para-micelles by specific charge shielding. Inclusion of 2 Ca forms in structural models for CM allows a more detailed comprehension of how mineral equilibria affect CM properties.

Effects of solution chemistry on conformation of self-aggregated tannic acid revealed by laser light scattering

Inorganic soil solution constituents can alter the charge, size, and conformation of dissolved organic molecules, thus affecting their environmental behavior. Here, we investigated how pH, cation valence and activities induce conformational changes and aggregation-sedimentation reactions of organic polyelectrolytes. For that we determined the hydrodynamic diameter of the model compound tannic acid by laser light scattering at concentrations of 1–30 g L−1 in the pH range from 3 to 10 and with electrolyte additions of CaCl2 and hydroxyl-Al cations. Charge properties were quantified by polyelectrolyte titration and zeta potential measurements. After dispersion by sonication, aggregation was determined in time sequences up to 60 min and suspension stability was traced in sedimentation experiments. Tannic acid was present in ultrapure water in a self-aggregated state. At pH <3 as well as >7.5, its hydrodynamic diameter increased. Whereas at high pH this behavior could be assigned to unfolding of molecular conformations, at low pH it is likely that charge neutralization decreased repulsive forces and facilitated aggregation. At pH 5 and ionic strengths of up to 5 mM, CaCl2 did not affect aggregation state of tannic acid and results resembled those obtained in ultrapure water. Addition of hydroxyl-Al cations broke-up the self-aggregated tannic acid structures under formation of Al-organic coprecipitates. Strong aggregation only occurred at mixing ratios where opposite surface charges were completely balanced. Under natural conditions, self-aggregation of tannic acid can be expected only at higher solution concentrations. However, at acidic pH, hydroxyl-Al cations and tannic acid may form discrete colloidal particles already at low tannic acid concentrations, resulting in the destabilization of suspensions. Our data emphasize that the soil solution composition strongly modifies the physical state of tannic acid, and likely also of other biopolymers, and thus their interactions within environmental matrices.

Influence of the addition of KCl and CaCl2 blends on the physicochemical parameters of salted meat products throughout the processing steps

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different chloride salts (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) on the characteristics of salted meat products through the determination of moisture, pH, aw, chloride, ash levels, cooking loss, and instrumental color during the processing steps. Four salted meat treatments were elaborate using the following salts in the wet and dry salting steps: FC1: 100% NaCl; F1: 50% NaCl + 50% KCl; F2: 50% NaCl + 25% CaCl2; F3: 50% NaCl + 25% KCl + 25% CaCl2. The addition of CaCl2 led to the lowest pH and changes in aw, moisture, ash levels, and instrumental color when compared to the other treatments, which was different from the control (100% NaCl) and F1 (50% NaCl + 50% KCl), thus evidencing the great effect of CaCl2 on the characteristics of salted meat products during the whole processing. The partial replacement of NaCl by KCl and/or CaCl2 greatly increased the cooking loss of salted meat products. The replacement of NaCl by KCl promoted similar quality parameters.

Cellulose Nanowhisker/Silver Nanoparticle Hybrids Sterically Stabilized by Surface Poly(ethylene glycol) Grafting.

Sterically stabilized hybrids of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared via poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafting and subsequent reduction of Ag+ counterions by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for improved dispersion stability after hybridization. The preparation scheme includes surface carboxylation of CNWs using a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-pyperidinyloxy radical (TEMPO), grafting of monomethoxy PEG (mPEG) via amidation mediated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride or 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride, exchange of countercation of residual carboxyls to Ag+, and deposition of AgNPs via reduction with NaBH4. UV-vis spectroscopy and electron microscopy analyses confirmed the successful deposition of AgNPs. Most of the mPEG-grafted hybrids were stable under the presence of an electrolyte, although some of them were precipitated by the addition of 0.1 M CaCl2. The addition of CaCl2 was also found to trigger discoloration of the hybrids, suggesting the partial dissolution of AgNPs and the formation of water-insoluble AgCl.

KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA DAN ORGANOLPETIK PEMPEK LENJER KECIL KERING DENGAN PERLAKUAN KONSENTRASI CaCl2

As an authentic food of Palembang people in South Sumatera Province, pempek is famous local food caused of unique color (yellowish-white color), flavor (fishy flavor), and chewy texture. Pempek as semi-wet food that can be dried to decrease water content and increase the shelf life. Dried pempek has a lighter and smaller volume material and making it easier to distribute and expand marketing. Pempek can be prepared from ground fish (cork fish), tapioca flour, salt, and water. These ingredients are mixed to form a dough. Pempek dough can be formed into a small pempek, such as lenjer, pastel, otak-otak, adaan, keriting, and kapal selam. Pempek is generally has a wet form. Wet pempek has a high water content of 50-60%, so it had shelf life about 3-4 days. Therefore, wet pempek must be dried to make it long shelf life. The aim of the research was to know about small dried pempek lenjer characteristic based on various addition of CaCl2. The treatment of various CaCl2 concentrations has a very significant effect on water content and protein content (chemical value) and significantly influence the organoleptic properties (aroma, color, and taste) of the dried pempek lenjer. The 1.5% concentration of CaCl2 (C3) treatment has the highest average level of likeness on aroma 3.75, color 3.90, and taste 3.95 with preferred criteria on a dried pempek lenjer.&#x0D; Keywords: chemical, organoleptic, small dried pempek lenjer

Development of green binder systems based on flue gas desulfurization gypsum and fly ash incorporating slag or steel slag powders

Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and fly ash (FA) are by-products from coal-fired power plants. This study focuses on using them as the basic components to develop green binder materials. The effects of mineral additions, including ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), steel slag (SS), cement and hydrated lime, and chemical additives, Na2SO4, CaCl2, Al2(SO4)3 and KOH, on the mechanical strengths of the systems were studied. The results showed that with proper dosages, mineral additions in general have positive effects in improving the compressive strengths of the FGDG-FA system. Based on the results, optimal mixes were selected for the three basic systems, i.e. the FFA system (FGDG-FA-cement-lime), the GFA system (GGBS-FGDG-FA-cement-lime) and the SFA system (SS-FGDG-FA-cement-lime). The chemical additives showed different effects on the basic systems. The best chemical additives and dosages for the FFA, GFA and SFA basic systems are 2% CaCl2, 4% CaCl2 and 4% Al2(SO4)3, respectively. Basic properties of the selected optimal mixes, including water demand, setting time, soundness and shrinkage, were tested. It is of interest to mention that the SFA system with Al2(SO4)3 as the additive may be used for shrinkage compensating purposes. Microstructural analyses showed that the main hydration products of the studied systems generally include gypsum, ettringite, C-S-H gels and/or calcium aluminate gels. The results also indicated that the addition of CaCl2 may not induce the formation of the Friedel’s salts in the FFA and GFA systems, and the hydration products of the SFA system with Al2(SO4)3 at late ages have some distinct features compared with that of the FFA and GFA systems.

CaCl2 supplementation of hydrophobised whey proteins: Assessment of protein particles and consequent emulsions

Hydrophobised whey protein particles were prepared through successive acetylation and heat treatment practices, and the particle characteristics were modulated by CaCl2 supplementation. Then, the usefulness of the hydrophobised protein particles for emulsification of a docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil was compared with that of heat-denatured whey protein. Addition of CaCl2 into hydrophobised whey protein resulted in smaller protein particles and lower ζ-potential and interfacial tension values. It also decreased the creaming stability of the consequent emulsions. It was argued that besides Ca2+-protein charge interactions, Cl– anions bind to the hydrophobised particles, and the Pickering stabilisation of oil does not rely on interfacial tension reduction. Compared with heat-denatured whey protein, hydrophobised whey protein afforded a lower protection to oil against oxidation; the peroxide value of the oil emulsified using hydrophobised protein was higher during storage.

Ultrasound and low-levels of NaCl replacers: A successful combination to produce low-phosphate and low-sodium meat emulsions

Meat emulsions were made with 50% of phosphate level commonly used in the meat industry, and 0, 25, and 50% NaCl reduction. In addition, salt replacers (KCl, CaCl2, or MgCl2) were used in the formulations with 25 and 50% salt reduction, corresponding to 10 and 20% of the total amount of salts added, respectively. After embedding in casings, the samples were sonicated (25 kHz and 230 W) in an ultrasonic bath (US) at 20 °C for 0, 18, and 27 min. The addition of CaCl2 or MgCl2 impaired (P < .05) the technological properties of the low-sodium samples. Defects caused by NaCl reduction were not eliminated by 18-min US. However, the combination of KCl and 27-min US eliminated the technological defects caused by the 50% NaCl reduction, with no major impact on lipid oxidation during storage (21 days/4 °C), as observed in the TBARS and sensory profile results. Therefore, it is possible to produce low-phosphate and low-sodium meat emulsions.